Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D NMR) is a set of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) methods which give data plotted in a space defined by two frequency axes rather than one.
Types of 2D NMR include correlation spectroscopy (COSY), J-spectroscopy, exchange spectroscopy (EXSY), and nuclearOverhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY).
Introduction
working principle
fragmentation process
general rules for fragmentation
general modes of fragmentation
metastable ions
isotopic peaks
applications
PRINCIPLES of FT-NMR & 13C NMR
Fourier Transform
FOURIER TRANSFORM NMR SPECTROSCOPY
THEORY OF FT-NMR
13C NMR SPECTROSCOPY
Principle
Why C13-NMR is required though we have H1-NMR?
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF 13 C NMR
Chemical Shifts
NUCLEAR OVERHAUSER ENHANCEMENT
Short-Comings of 13C-NMR Spectra
MASS SPECTROSCOPY ( Molecular ion, Base peak, Isotopic abundance, Metastable ...Sachin Kale
CONTENT:
Molecular Ion Peak
Significance of Molecular ion & Graphically Method
Base Peak
Isotopic Abundance
Metastable Ion
Significance of Metastable ion
Nitrogen Rule & graphs
Formulation of Rule
Introduction
working principle
fragmentation process
general rules for fragmentation
general modes of fragmentation
metastable ions
isotopic peaks
applications
PRINCIPLES of FT-NMR & 13C NMR
Fourier Transform
FOURIER TRANSFORM NMR SPECTROSCOPY
THEORY OF FT-NMR
13C NMR SPECTROSCOPY
Principle
Why C13-NMR is required though we have H1-NMR?
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF 13 C NMR
Chemical Shifts
NUCLEAR OVERHAUSER ENHANCEMENT
Short-Comings of 13C-NMR Spectra
MASS SPECTROSCOPY ( Molecular ion, Base peak, Isotopic abundance, Metastable ...Sachin Kale
CONTENT:
Molecular Ion Peak
Significance of Molecular ion & Graphically Method
Base Peak
Isotopic Abundance
Metastable Ion
Significance of Metastable ion
Nitrogen Rule & graphs
Formulation of Rule
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopyVK VIKRAM VARMA
SPECTROSCOPY
NMR SPECTROSCOPY
HISTORY
THEORY
PRINCIPLE
INSTRUMENTATION
SOLVENTS USED IN NMR(PROTON NMR)
CHEMICAL SHIFT
FACTORS AFFECTING CHEMICAL SHIFT
RELAXATION PROCESS
SPIN-SPIN COUPLING
푛+1 RULE
NMR SIGNALS IN VARIOUS COMPOUNDS
COUPLING CONSTANT
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC DOUBLE RESONANCE/ SPIN DECOUPLING
FT-NMR
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
APPLICATIONS
REFERENCE
Two dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (2D NMR) refers to a set of multi pulse techniques which were introduced to overcome the complex spectra obtained with NMR.
It is a set of NMR methods which give data plotted in a space defined by two frequency axes rather than one.
Quadrupole and Time of Flight Mass analysers.Gagangowda58
Description about important mass analysers Quadrupole and TOF: Principle, Construction and Working, Advantages and Disadvantages and their Applications.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopyVK VIKRAM VARMA
SPECTROSCOPY
NMR SPECTROSCOPY
HISTORY
THEORY
PRINCIPLE
INSTRUMENTATION
SOLVENTS USED IN NMR(PROTON NMR)
CHEMICAL SHIFT
FACTORS AFFECTING CHEMICAL SHIFT
RELAXATION PROCESS
SPIN-SPIN COUPLING
푛+1 RULE
NMR SIGNALS IN VARIOUS COMPOUNDS
COUPLING CONSTANT
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC DOUBLE RESONANCE/ SPIN DECOUPLING
FT-NMR
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
APPLICATIONS
REFERENCE
Two dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (2D NMR) refers to a set of multi pulse techniques which were introduced to overcome the complex spectra obtained with NMR.
It is a set of NMR methods which give data plotted in a space defined by two frequency axes rather than one.
Quadrupole and Time of Flight Mass analysers.Gagangowda58
Description about important mass analysers Quadrupole and TOF: Principle, Construction and Working, Advantages and Disadvantages and their Applications.
Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D NMR) is a set of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) methods which give data plotted in a space defined by two frequency axes rather than one.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei.
NMR, principle and instrumentation by kk sahu sirKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
History
Principle
Assembly
Solvents
Chemical shift
Factors affecting chemical shift
2D NMR
NOE effect
NOESY
COSY
Application
Conclusion
References
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) GULSHAN.pptxGULSHAN KUMAR
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy is a non-destructive analytical technique that is used to probe the nature and characteristics of molecular structure.
Gout is a common and complex form of arthritis that can affect anyone. It's characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling, redness and tenderness in one or more joints, most often in the big toe
Typhoid fever is a life-threatening infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. It is usually spread through contaminated food or water. Once Salmonella Typhi bacteria are ingested, they multiply and spread into the bloodstream
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that most often affects the lungs and is caused by a type of bacteria. It spreads through the air when infected people cough, sneeze or spit. Tuberculosis is preventable and curable. About a quarter of the global population is estimated to have been infected with TB bacteria
It includes Defination,Classification of powders.Special Types of Powders like effervesent,effloroscent,Eutectic mixture.Fomulation of powder with mixing technique of powder.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
3. INTRODUCTION
⚫Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy (2D NMR) is a setof nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy (NMR) methods which give
data plotted in a space defined by two frequency
axes rather than one.
⚫Types of 2D NMR include correlation
spectroscopy (COSY), J-spectroscopy, exchange
spectroscopy (EXSY), and nuclearOverhauser
effect spectroscopy (NOESY).
4. ⚫Two-dimensional NMR spectra provide more
information about a molecule than one-dimensional
NMR spectra and are especially useful in
determining the structure of a molecule.
⚫Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio
frequency (RF) pulses with delay periods in between
them. It is the timing, frequencies, and intensities of
these pulses that distinguish different NMR
experiments from one another.
⚫ Almost all two-dimensional experiments have four
stages:
5. 1. THE PREPARATION
PERIOD
2. The evolution period
3. The mixing period
4. Detection period
STAGES OF 2D NMR EXPERIMENTS
6. The two dimensions of a two-dimensional NMR
experiment are two frequency axes representing a
chemical shift.
Each frequency axis is associated with one of the
two time variables, which are the length of the
evolution period (the evolution time) and the time
elapsed during the detection period (the detection
time).
They are each converted from a time series to a
frequency series through a two-dimensional Fourier
transform.
7. HOMONUCLEAR THROUGH-BOND
CORRELATION
METHODS
In these methods, magnetization transfer occurs
between nuclei of the same type, through J-
coupling of nuclei connected by up to a few bonds.
Correlation spectroscopy (COSY)
Used toidentify spins which are coupled toeach
other. It consists of a single RF pulse (p1) followed by
the specific evolution time (t1) followed by a second
followed by a measurepulse (p2) ment period (t2).
8. The two-dimensional spectrum that results from
the COSY experiment shows the frequencies for a
single isotope, most commonly hydrogen (1H) along
both axes.
COSY spectra show two types of peaks:
A. Diagonal peaks
B. cross peaks
9. In standard COSY, the preparation (p1) and mixing
(p2) periods each consist of a single 90° pulse separated
by the evolution time t1, and the resonance signal from
the sample is read during the detection period over a
range of times t2.
10. Example of a COSY NMR spectrum: PROGESTERONE.
The spectrum that appears along both the horizontal
and vertical axes is a regular one dimensional 1H
NMR spectrum. The bulk of the peaks appear along
the diagonal, while cross-peaks appear symmetrically
above and below the diagonal.
1H COSY spectrum of progesterone
11. ⚫Another related new method COSY technique is
double quantum filtered (DQF COSY).
Exclusive correlation spectroscopy (ECOSY)
ECOSY was developed for the accurate measurement
of small J-couplings. It uses a system of three active
nuclei (SXI spin system) tomeasure an unresolved
coupling with the help of a larger coupling which is
resolved in a dimension orthogonal to the small
coupling.
12.
13. Total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY)
The TOCSY experiment is similar tothe COSY
experiment, in that cross peaks of coupled protons
are observed.
However, cross peaks are observed not only for nuclei
which are directly coupled, but also between nuclei
which are connected by a chain of couplings.
This makes it useful for identifying the larger
interconnected networks of spin couplings.
EX- Oligosaccharides, each sugar residue is an isolated
spin system, so it is possible to differentiate all the
protons of a specific sugar residue.
14. HETERO NUCLEAR THROUGH-BOND
CORRELATION METHODS
Hetero-nuclear correlation spectroscopy gives signal
based upon coupling between nuclei between two
different types. Often the two nuclei are protons and
another nucleus (called a "hetero-nucleus").
TYPES:
Hetero-nuclear single-quantum correlation
spectroscopy (HSQC)
Hetero-nuclear multiple-bond correlation
spectroscopy (HMBC)
17. HETERO-NUCLEAR MULTIPLE-
BOND CORRELATION
SPECTROSCOPY (HMBC)
HMBC detects hetero- nuclear correlations over
longer ranges of about 2–4 bonds.
In HMBC, this difficulty is overcome
by omitting one of these delays from
an HMQC sequence.
18. ⚫This increases the range of coupling constants that
can be detected, and also reduces signal loss from
relaxation. The cost is that this eliminates the
possibility of decoupling the spectrum, and
introduces phase distortions into the signal. There is
a modification of the HMBC method which
suppresses one-bond signals, leaving only the
multiple-bond signals
19. THROUGH-SPACE
CORRELATION METHODS
These methods establish correlations between nuclei
which are physically close to each other regardless of
whether there is a bond between them. They use
the Nuclear Over-hauser effect (NOE) by which
nearby atoms (within about 5 Å) undergo cross
relaxation by a mechanism related to spin–lattice
relaxation.
20. NUCLEAR OVER-HAUSER EFFECT
SPECTROSCOPY (NOESY)
The spectrum obtained is similar to COSY, with
diagonal peaks and cross peaks, however the cross
peaks connect resonances from nuclei that are
spatially close rather than those that are through-
bond coupled to each other. NOESY spectra also
contain extra axial peaks which do not provide extra
information and can be eliminated through a different
experiment by reversing the phase of the first pulse.
21. ⚫ One application of NOESY is in the study of large bio-
molecules such as in protein NMR, which can often be
assigned using sequential walking.
ROTATING FRAME NUCLEAR
OVERHAUSER EFFECT
SPECTROSCOPY (ROESY)
ROESY is similar to NOESY, except that the initial state is
different. Instead of observing cross relaxation from an
initial state of z-magnetization, the equilibrium
magnetization is rotated onto the x axis and then spin-locked
by an external magnetic field so that it cannot process.
22. This method is useful for certain molecules
whose rotational correlation time falls in a range
where the Nuclear Overhauser effect is too weak
to be detectable, usually molecules with
a molecular weight around 1000 Daltons,
because ROESY has a different dependence
between the correlation time and the cross-
relaxation rate constant.
23. In NOESY the cross-relaxation rate constant goes
from positive to negative as the correlation time
increases, giving a range where it is near zero,
whereas in ROESY the cross-relaxation rate constant
is always positive.
ROESY is sometimes called "cross relaxation
appropriate for mini molecules emulated by locked
spins" (CAMELSPIN).
24. Unlike correlated spectra, resolved spectra spread
the peaks in a 1D-NMR experiment into two
dimensions without adding any extra peaks. These
methods are usually called J-resolved spectroscopy,
but are sometimes also known as chemical shift
resolved spectroscopy or δ-resolved spectroscopy.
They are useful for analysing molecules for which
the 1D-NMR spectra contain overlapping multiplets
as the J-resolved spectrum vertically displaces the
multiplet from each nucleus by a different amount.
RESOLVED-SPECTRUM
METHODS
25. Each peak in the 2D spectrum will have the same
horizontal coordinate that it has in a non-decoupled
1D spectrum, but its vertical coordinate will be the
chemical shift of the single peak that the nucleus has in
a decoupled 1D spectrum.
Higher-dimensional Methods
3D and 4D experiments can also be done, sometimes
by running the pulse sequences from two or three 2D
experiments in series.
26. Many of the commonly used 3D experiments,
however, are triple resonance experiments;
examples include the HNCA and HNCOCA
experiments, which are often used in protein NMR.