Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry is a technique used to measure light absorbance across the ultraviolet and visible ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. When incident light strikes matter it can either be absorbed, reflected, or transmitted. The absorbance of radiation in the UV-Vis range causes atomic excitation, which refers to the transition of molecules from a low-energy ground state to an excited state.
describes the complete history, mechanisms, instrumentation(jablonski diagram), types, comparision and factors affecting, applications of fluorescence and phosphorescence and describes about quenching and stokes shift.
Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry is a technique used to measure light absorbance across the ultraviolet and visible ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. When incident light strikes matter it can either be absorbed, reflected, or transmitted. The absorbance of radiation in the UV-Vis range causes atomic excitation, which refers to the transition of molecules from a low-energy ground state to an excited state.
describes the complete history, mechanisms, instrumentation(jablonski diagram), types, comparision and factors affecting, applications of fluorescence and phosphorescence and describes about quenching and stokes shift.
Spectroscopy is the branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. OR
It is the measurement of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) absorbed or emitted when molecule or ions or atoms of a sample move from one energy state to another energy state.
Spectroscopy is the most powerful tool available for the study of atomic & molecular structure and is used in the analysis of a wide range of samples .
Spectroscopy techniques, it's principle, types and applications NizadSultana
Spectroscopy and it's applications as well as it's types like Infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectroscopy and principle of spectroscopy why we use spectroscopy.
Spectroscopy is the branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. OR
It is the measurement of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) absorbed or emitted when molecule or ions or atoms of a sample move from one energy state to another energy state.
Spectroscopy is the most powerful tool available for the study of atomic & molecular structure and is used in the analysis of a wide range of samples .
Spectroscopy techniques, it's principle, types and applications NizadSultana
Spectroscopy and it's applications as well as it's types like Infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectroscopy and principle of spectroscopy why we use spectroscopy.
X- Rays were discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen, so x-rays are also called Roentgen rays.
X-ray diffraction in crystals was discovered by Max von Laue. The wavelength range is 10-7 to about 10-15 m.
The penetrating power of x-rays depends on energy-
Hard x-rays: High frequency & More energy
Soft x-rays: Less penetrating & Low energy
X-rays are short-wavelength electromagnetic radiations produced by the deceleration of high energy electrons or by electronic transitions of electrons in the inner orbital of atoms.
X-ray region- 0.1-100 A˚
Analytical purpose- 0.7-2 A˚
Properties: Highly penetrating invisible rays
Liberate minute amounts of heat on passing through matter
Not deflected by electric and magnetic fields
Poly energetic, having widespread energies and wavelengths
Cause ionization (adding or removing electrons in atoms and molecules)
Transmitted by (pass-through) healthy body tissue
Principle: X-ray diffraction is based on constructive interference of monochromatic x-rays and a crystalline sample.
The interaction of incident rays with the sample produces constructive interference when conditions satisfy Bragg’s law.
Production of x rays: X- Rays are generated when the high velocity of electrons impinge on a metal target.
1% of total energy of the electron beam is converted into X –radiation.
SPECTROSCOPY is defined as the study of the interactions between radiations and matter as function of wavelength λ .
Interactions with particle radiation or a response of a material to an altering field
or varying frequency.
SPECTRUM : A plot of the response as a function of wavelength or more commonly frequency is referred to as spectrum.
SPECTROMETRY : It is measurement of these responses and an instrument which performs such measurements is a spectrophotometer or spectrograph, although
these terms are more limited in use to original field of optics from which the
concept sprang.
Usually, analysis is not considered an easy subject and it can't be understood on its own if you don't have some proper notes and clear concepts so I am here to help you in analysis for clearing few concepts on UV-Visible spectrophotometer, soon will come up with a new set of notes on new topic depending upon the response.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
1. INSTITUTE OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES,
BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY, JHANSI
SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES
PRESENTED BY- Ms. PALAK AGRAWAL
2. INTRODUCTION
‘Spectroscopy’ is a branch of science that
deals with the study of interaction of matter
with light, using electromagnetic radiation
as an investigation to obtain information
about atoms and molecules that are too
small to see. It is an analytical, structural
elucidation technique which helps us to “see
the unseeable”.
3. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
Electromagnetic radiation consists of
particles representing a quantum of
light or discrete packages of energy
known as ‘photons’. A photon carries
energy proportional to the radiation
frequency but has zero rest mass.
It consists of an oscillating electric field
(E) and an oscillating magnetic field
(B), which are perpendicular to each
other.
6. The relationship between wavelength & frequency can
be written as:
c = ν λ
As photon is subjected to energy, so
E = h ν = h c / λ
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible
wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, ranging from
high energy gamma rays through visible light and down to
low energy radio waves.
Various astronomical phenomenon can only be
observed via specific wavelengths different from visible
light.
7.
8. On passage through a glass prism, the white light is
separated into its component colors - red, orange, yellow,
green, blue, indigo and violet. The separation of
visible light into its different colors is known as ’Dispersion
of Light’.
10. Law of Absorption : THE BEER-LAMBERT LAW
SOURCE OF
RADIATION
BEAM
SELECTOR
BEAM
SPLITTER
WAVELENGTH
SELECTOR
MONOCHROMATIC
RADIATION
MIRROR
REFERENCE CUVETTE
SAMPLE CUVETTE
ELECTRON
PHOTOPLATE
ELECTRON
CAPTURE
CIRCUIT
A
Io
Io
I
I
WATER
ABSORBING MEDIA
11. BEER’S LAW A ∝ c
LAMBERT’S LAW A ∝ l
On combining the two laws, we get the BEER-LAMBERT
LAW as follows :
Log10 Io/I = Ɛ.l.c or A = Ɛ.l.c
where, Io = Intensity of incident light
I = Intensity of transmitted light
A = Absorbance
l = Path length of absorbing media (in cm)
c = Concentration (in moles/litre)
Log10 Io/I = Absorbance or optical density
Ɛ = Molar extinction coefficient or Molar
absorptivity constant
12. UV-VIS ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY or
ELECTRONIC EXCITATION SPECTROSCOPY
This spectroscopy is based on the transitions of electron
from ground state molecular orbital to excited state due to
the absorption of electromagnetic radiation from UV and
visible region.
13. ORGANIC ABSORPTION AND ELECTRONIC
TRANSITONS
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION : The Energy Level Diagram
These are
normally empty
Contain lone pair
These contain
normal bonding
pair of electron
14. • σ → σ* transition1
• π → π* transition
2 • n → σ* transition
3
• n → π* transition4
TYPES OF ELECTRONIC
TRANSITIONS
18. USES OF UV-VIS SPECTROSCOPY :
Quantitative measurement.
Structural elucidation for presence of n electrons
(heteroatom).
Identify the degree of unsaturation.
Determination of λmax.
LIMITATIONS OF UV-VIS SPECTROSCOPY :
It is measured ideally in micromole(μmol)
concentration and shows inappropriate results beyond
it.
19. INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY / VIBRATIONAL
SPECTROSCOPY / FUNCTIONAL GROUP
SPECTROSCOPY
‘IR Spectroscopy’ is capitalized on the concept that
functional groups absorb specific frequencies of energy
based on their structure. So basically, it measures the
vibrations of atoms which make it possible to determine
which functional group is present.
The radiations used in IR spectroscopy are low energy
infrared radiation and microwaves.
Infrared radiation is commonly divided into three sub-
regions:
(1) Near – IR or NIR
(2) Mid – IR or MIR
(3) Far – IR or FIR
22. USES OF IR SPECTROSCOPY :
It is used to identify the presence or absence of
a heteroatom in a molecule.
Various parameters of a molecule like bond length,
bond angle and bond energy are also identified from
this technique.
LIMITATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY :
Poor sensitivity to molecular units with small oscillatory
dipoles during a vibrational transition since these
modes
do not absorb strongly in the infrared.
It does not provide information about the relative
location
23. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
‘NMR’ is a spectroscopic technique that involves
change in
nuclear spin energy in the presence of an external
magnetic field.
It is based on the absorption of electromagnetic
radiation
in the radio-frequency/ radiowave region.
The radiowaves flip the nucleus from lower energy state
to
higher energy state. The nucleus now wants to return to
the lower energy state and when it does so, the energy
26. USES OF NMR SPECTROSCOPY :
It is one of the most advanced spectroscopic techniques
used to identify the position of heteroatom in molecular
form.
A very important diagnostic tool in medicine that is
based on the principle of NMR is a technique known as
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). It uses strong
magnetic fields and radiowaves to form images of the
body. It is used for the diagnosis and evaluation of
diseases.
LIMITATIONS OF NMR SPECTROSCOPY :
Long duration of analysis.
High cost.
27. ELECTRON SPIN
RESONANCEESR is a method for studying materials
with unpaired electrons (radical study).
The basic concept of ESR are analogous to
those of NMR but it is electron spins that
are excited instead of the spins of atomic
nuclei.
ESR is particularly useful for studying
metal complexes or organic radicals.
29. OPTICAL ROTATORY DISPERSION /
CIRCULAR DICHROISM
Most of the biological compounds are optically active,
and show optical rotation. The technique of ORD
measures the ability of optically active compounds to
rotate the PPL as a function of wavelength.
When PPL is passed through a solution that contains an
optically active compound, there is net rotation of the
PPL. The light is rotated either clockwise (dextrorotatory)
or counterclockwise (laevorotatory) by an angle that
depends on the molecular structure and concentration of
the compound, the pathlength and wavelength of light.
31. In CD, circularly polarised light is used, which is
obtained by superimposing two PPL’s of same
wavelengths and amplitudes which are polarised in
two perpendicular planes, but there is a phase
difference of 90° between them.
POLARISER PLANE
POLARISED
LIGHT
PHASE
CHANGER
SUPERIMPOSED RADIATION
(CIRCULARLY POLARISED)
33. USES OF ORD/CD SPECTROSCOPY
Excellent method for the study of conformations
adopted by proteins and nucleic acids due to various
interactions in a solution.
Comparison of secondary and tertiary structure of wild
type and mutant proteins.
Used in determining direction and angle of deflection of
chiral compounds (D or L).
LIMITATIONS OF ORD/CD SPECTROSCOPY
It only provides qualitative analysis of data and does not
provide atomic level structural analysis.
The observed spectrum is not enough for claiming one
and only possible structure.
34. X-RAY DIFFRACTION (XRD)
“ Every crystalline substance gives a pattern; the same
substance always gives the same pattern; and in a mixture
of substances each produces its pattern independently of
the
others”
The X-Ray diffraction pattern of a pure substance is
like a fingerprint of the substance. It is based on the
scattering of X-Rays by crystals.
The atomic planes of a crystal cause an incident beam
of X-rays to interfere with one another as they leave the
crystal. This phenomenon is called X-Ray diffraction.
36. When an incident X-Ray beam hits a scatterer,
scattered X-Rays are emitted in all directions. Interference
occurs among the waves scattered by the atoms when
crystalline solids are exposed to X-Rays. There are 2 types
of interference patterns depending on how the waves
overlap one another :
37. The constructive interference from a diffracting
crystal is observed as a pattern of points on the
detector. The relative positions of these points
are related mathematically to the crystal’s unit
cell dimensions.
38. BRAGG’S LAW
(BY W.L. BRAGG & W.H. BRAGG)
The X-Ray diffracted from atoms in crystal planes obey
the laws of reflection.
The two rays reflected by successive planes will be in
phase if the extra distance travelled by the second ray is
an integral number of wavelengths.
BRAGG’S
EQUATION :
nλ = 2d sinθ
where, n = Integer
d = Lattice spacing
θ = Angle of incidence
λ = Wavelength of incident X-Rays
40. USES OF X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
:
To find the structure of an unknown material.
To determine the atomic arrangement of a crystal.
To measure the thickness of thin films and multilayers.
The powder XRD pattern may be thought of as finger
print of the single crystal structure, and it may be used
to conduct qualitative and quantitative analysis.
LIMITATIONS OF X-RAY
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY:
High cost.
Time consuming.
The technique ionizes the sample, thereby, the sample
cannot be used again.
41. MASS SPECTROMETRY
Mass Spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that
measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. The results
are typically presented as a mass spectrum, a plot of
intensity as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio.
It is based on the absorption of electromagnetic
radiation
in the gamma wave region.
This technique basically studies the effect of ionizing
energy on molecules.
In the past few years, ongoing technological
developments have contributed substantially to
46. USES OF MS :
The mass spectra are used to determine the elemental
or isotopic signature of a sample, the masses of particles
and of molecules, and to elucidate the chemical identity
or structure of molecules and other chemical
compounds.
The high sensitivity, detection selectivity, qualitative
capability and mass accuracy of the instrument makes
its use in drug testing and discovery, food
contamination detection, pesticide residue analysis,
isotope ratio determination, protein identification and
carbon dating.LIMITATION OF MS :
If the isomers of a compound have the same m/z
ratio,
they will not be distinguished by the MS.
47. EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY
Atoms or molecules that are excited to high energy
levels can decay to lower levels by emitting radiation.
The substance first absorbs energy and then emits this
energy as light.
Emissions can be induced by sources of energy such as
flames or EMR. For atoms excited by high temperature,
the light emission is commonly called atomic emission
(emission spectroscopy) and for atoms excited with
EMR, the light emission is called atomic flourescence
(flourometry).
48. FLOURESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY
Flourescence is an emission phenomenon and is
observed when after excitation by the absorption of a
photon, an electron returns from the first excited state to
the ground state.
When photons are incident with original intensity Io,
they induce some energy to the sample, thereby, exciting
the electrons of the same energy level. These particles
then emit radiations in all directions.
50. USES OF FLOURESCENCE
SPECTROSCOPY : Used for heavy metal detection.
Used in flourescent solar collector.
Diagnostic and research tool in medical field.
Quantitative measurement up to femtomoles.
Allows real-time labelling of molecules of interest.
LIMITATIONS OF FLOURESCENCE
SPECTROSCOPY :
All molecules are not flourescent hence, only a few can
be detected.
Loss of recognition capability and photostability.
Susceptible to auto-flourescence.
51. ‘SCIENCE’ is simply the
word we use to describe
a method of organizing
our ‘CURIOSITY’
- TIM MINCHIN
Thank You!