This document discusses transcultural nursing and provides definitions, terminology, models, theories, and the role of nurses in providing culturally sensitive care. It begins by defining transcultural nursing as the comparative study of cultures and subcultures in relation to caring behaviors, health beliefs, and nursing practices. Several models of transcultural nursing are outlined, including Leininger's Sunrise Model and the modalities of cultural preservation, restructuring, and accommodation. Standards of transcultural nursing focus on social justice, evidence-based practice, and advocacy. The document emphasizes that nurses must be aware of a patient's cultural values and beliefs in order to provide culturally congruent care.

1. TRANSCULTURAL NURSING
Presentation By
Reshma S R
1st Year Msc Nursing
P D Hinduja College Of Nursing

2. OBJECTIVES
 Define transcultural nursing
 Enumerate terminologies in transcultural nursing
 Underline the importance of transcultural nursing
 Narrate the theory of transcultural nursing
 Explain the transcultural nursing models
 Enlist the standards of transcultural nursing
 Recognises nurse’s role in providing culturally sensitive care

4. INTRODUCTION
Transcultural Nursing is a specialty within nursing focused on the
comparative study and analysis of different cultures and sub- cultures.
Various groups are examined with respect to their caring behaviour,
nursing care, health and illness values, beliefs and patterns of behaviour.
When caring for a patient from a culture different from your own, you
need to be aware of and respect his cultural preferences and beliefs;
otherwise, he may consider you insensitive and indifferent, possibly even
incompetent. But beware of assuming that all members of any one culture
act and behave in the same way; in other words, don't stereotype people.

5. DEFINITION
“It is a substantive area of study and practice that focuses on the
comparative cultural values of caring, the beliefs and practices of
individuals or groups of similar or different cultures”
- Madeleine Leininger, The pioneer of transcultural nursing-1995

6. TERMINOLOGIES IN TRANSCULTURAL NURSING

7. Stereotyping
Making assumption that an individual reflects all
characteristics associated with being a member in a group.
Stereotyping serves barrier to communication and
understanding and propagates discriminatory behaviour.
Discrimination
Refers to differential and negative treatment of individuals
on the bias of their races, ethnicity, or gender.

8. Assimilation
Process by which an individual develops new cultural
identity.
Acculturation
Occurs when people incorporate traits from another culture
Generalisations
Statements about common cultural pattern. Generalisations
may not hold true at the individual level.

9. Prejudice
It’s the preconceived judgement that is not based on sufficient
knowledge. It may be favourable or unfavourable.
Unfavourable prejudices may lead to stereotyping and
discriminatory behaviour toward group of people
Microculture
Microculture is a small culture group like gender, age, or
religious belief.

10. Ethnocentrism
It’s the belief in the superiority of one’s own culture and
lifestyle.
Culture
It’s the thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs,
values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or social
group.

11. Macro culture
Macro culture is a large culture group like national, ethnic, or racial
groups.
Nationality
It refers to the country where one has membership, which may be
through birth, through inheritance of parents or through
naturalisation.

12. Religion
System of beliefs, practices, and ethical values about divine or
superhuman power worshiped as the creators and rulers of the
universe.
Subculture
Composed of people who have distinct identity and yet are related to
larger culture group.
Shares ethnic origin or physical characteristics within larger cultural
group.
E.g.- occupational group- nurses, Societal groups- feminists.

13. Bicultural
A person who has dual pattern of identification when crosses two
cultures.
E g: when a person’s father and mother from different counties, he
will be influenced by both cultures.

14. Race
Often used interchangeably with culture and ethnicity.
Race should not be interpreted as being primarily biological or
genetic in reference. Race and ethnicity may be thought of in terms
of social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry.
E g: white/black/African/American, Indian, Chinese, Asian, Korean.
There is not scientific merit to concept of race, whereby social
meaning perceived physical differences resulting in inequality.
There is only one race called: human race.

15. Ethnicity
It’s interchangeably used with race.
It’s the relationship between individuals who believe that they have
distinctive characteristics that make them in a group.
Ethnicity changes may shift over time. Migration and intermarriage
show that people move into another ethnic group.

16. Diversity
The fact or state of being different.
Many factors account for diversity.
E g: sex, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education, religion.
Diversity not only between two culture groups but also within
cultural group.

17. Culturally diverse nursing care
An optimal mode of health care delivery; it refers to the
variability of nursing approaches needed to provide
culturally appropriate care that incorporates an individual’s
cultural values, beliefs, and practices including sensitivity
to the environment from which the individual comes and to
which the individual may ultimately return.

18. Culturally responsive care
•The care should be centered on the clients cultural
perspectives and integrates clients values and beliefs into
plan of care.
•self awareness of his/ her own culture, attitude and beliefs
into plan of care and examine the biases and assumptions
they hold about different cultures
•self awareness, deliberate cultural assessment , and
incorporation of the clients culture into the plan of care

19. THE GOALS OF TRANSCULTURAL NURSING
 To give culturally congruent nursing care
 To provide culture specific and universal nursing care practices
for the health and well-being of people
 To aid them in facing adverse human conditions, illness or death
in culturally meaningful ways

20. Migration
Health care
delivery
Multicultural
identification
Gender issues
Cultural
conflicts
Health care
demands
Health care
technologies
Legal issues
Population

21. LEININGER’S CULTURAL CARE
DIVERSITYAND UNIVERSALITY THEORY
• Leininger produced the sunrise model to depict her theory of cultural
care diversity and universality.
• Leininger states that her theory is the only one focussed inequity of
culture care, examining what is universal among cultures and what
varies
• Leininger presents three interventional models

22. FOUNDER
As the initiator of and the leader in the field of transcultural nursing, Madeleine
Leininger was the first professional nurse who finished a doctorate degree in
anthropology
Leininger first taught a transcultural nursing course at the University of
Colorado in 1966. In 1998, Leininger was honoured as a Living Legend of the
American Academy of Nursing
Leininger was the editor of the Journal of Transcultural Nursing, the official
publication of the Transcultural Nursing Society, from 1989 to 1995
She authored books about the field of transcultural nursing.[1]

23. HISTORY
Transcultur
al nursing
was
established
from
1955-
1975.
In 1975,
"sunrise
model"
concept.
It was
further
expanded
from
1975-
1983.
international
establishment
as a field in
nursing
continued
from 1983 to
the present.
nursing
course
in 1966 at
the
University
of
Colorado,
masters and
doctoral
preparation
s during the
early parts
of the 1970s

24. TRANSCULTURAL NURSES
Nurses who practice the discipline of transcultural nursing are called
transcultural nurses. Transcultural nurses, in general, are nurses who act
as specialists, generalists, and consultants in order to study the
interrelationships of culturally constituted care from a nursing point of
view. They are nurses who provide knowledgeable, competent, and safe
care to people of diverse cultures to themselves and others.

25. Certification
Certification as a transcultural nurse is offered under a graduate study or track
programs by the Transcultural Nursing Society since 1988
Transcultural Nursing Society
The Transcultural Nursing Society is the official organization of transcultural
nurses. Chartered in 1974, the society is the publisher of the Journal of
Transcultural Nursing, a publication that had been in existence since 1989
Publications
Apart from the Journal of Transcultural Nursing, other publications related to
transcultural nursing include the Journal of Cultural Diversity (since 1994), and
the Journal of Multicultural Nursing (since 1994, currently published as the
Journal of Multicultural Nursing and Health: Official Journal of the Center for the
Study of Multiculturalism and Health Care )

26. Models of transcultural nursing
1) Sunrise Model of Madeleine Leininger’s Theory
2) Giger and Davidhizar Transcultural Assessment Model
3) Purnell model for cultural competence
4) Campinha-Bacote Model of Cultural Competence in Healthcare
Delivery

27. MADELEINE LEININGER

28. Leininger’s Sunrise Model

29. Major concepts of the transcultural nursing theory
Nursing Professional Care Systems Culture Shock
Ethno-nursing Ethnohistory Etic
Human Beings Emic Cultural Imposition
Health Generic (Folk or Lay) Care Systems Care as a noun
Society and Environment Culture Care Care as verb
Cultural Congruent
(Nursing) Care
Environmental Context Cultural and Social
Structure Dimensions
Worldview Culture Care Universality Culture Care Diversity
Transcultural Nursing Culture Care diversity

30. Modalities of transcultural nursing theory
Cultural
preservation/
maintenance
Cultural care
repatterning/
restructuring
Cultural
accommodation/
negotiation

31. Cultural Care Re-Patterning or Restructuring
Cultural Care Re-Patterning or Restructuring refers to
therapeutic actions taken by culturally competent nurses.
These actions help a patient to modify personal health
behaviours towards beneficial outcomes while respecting
the patient’s cultural values.

32. Cultural Care Preservation or Maintenance
Cultural Care Preservation or Maintenance refers to nursing
care activities that help people from particular cultures to
retain and use core cultural care values related to healthcare
concerns or conditions.

33. Cultural Care Accommodation or Negotiation
Cultural Care Accommodation or Negotiation refers to
creative nursing actions that help people of a particular
culture adapt or negotiate with others in the healthcare
community in an effort to attain the shared goal of an
optimal health outcome for patients of a designated culture.

34. The Giger and Davidhizar: ‘Transcultural
Assessment Model’
Communication Space
Social
organization
Time Environmental
control
Biological
variation

36. Purnell model for cultural competence
i.Culture and
heritage
i.Communication i.Family roles
and Organization
i.Workforce
issues
i.Bio-cultural
ecology
i.High-risk
behaviours
i.Nutrition i.Pregnancy
i.Healthcare
practices
i.Healthcare
professionals
i.Death rituals

38. Campinha-Bacote Model of Cultural Competence in
Healthcare Delivery
i.Cultural awareness
i.Cultural desire
Cultural knowledge
Cultural encounter
i.Cultural
skill

39. Standards of transcultural nursing
Social Justice Critical Reflection
Evidence-Based Practice and
Research
Transcultural Nursing Knowledge
Cross Cultural Practice Healthcare Systems and Organizations
Patient Advocacy and Empowerment Multicultural Workforce
Education andTraining Cross Cultural Communication
Cross Cultural Leadership Policy Development

40. Transcultural Nursing Society
Mission
The mission of the Transcultural Nursing Society (TCNS) is to enhance
the quality of culturally congruent, competent, and equitable care that
results in improved health and well being for people worldwide.
Vision
The TCNS seeks to provide nurses and other health care professionals
with the knowledge base necessary to ensure cultural competence in
practice, education, research, and administration.

41. Philosophy/Values
• Transcultural Nursing (TCN) is a theory based humanistic
discipline, designed to serve individuals, organizations,
communities, and societies. Human care/caring is defined within
the context of culture. Culturally competent care can only occur
when culture care values are known and serve as the foundation
for meaningful care.
• Scholarship is the foundation of the discipline of
TCN. Advanced educational preparation in TCN enhances the
practice of culturally competent care. Certification
documents evidence of the ability to provide culturally competent
care. To achieve our vision, the TCNS requires a stable financial
base.

42. Goals
• To advance cultural competence for nurses worldwide
• To advance the scholarship (substantive knowledge) of the
discipline
• To develop strategies for advocating social change for culturally
competent care
• To promote a sound financial non-profit corporation

43. •*Scholarship in nursing can be defined as those activities
that systematically advance the teaching, research, and
practice of nursing through rigorous inquiry that
• 1) is significant to the profession
•2) is creative
•3) can be documented
•4) can be replicated or elaborated
•5) can be peer-reviewed through various methods.

44. Nurses role
•Assessment
•Planning
•Implementation
•Evaluation

45. Research article-1
Mapping the literature of transcultural nursing
Sharon C. Murphy, MLS, RN, AHIP, Associate Librarian
ABSTRACT
Overview: No bibliometric studies of the literature of the field of transcultural nursing
have been published. This paper describes a citation analysis as part of the project
undertaken by the Nursing and Allied Health Resources Section of the Medical Library
Association to map the literature of nursing.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the core literature and determine
which databases provided the most complete access to the transcultural nursing
literature.

46. Methods: Cited references from essential source journals were analyzed for a
three-year period. Eight major databases were compared for indexing coverage
of the identified core list of journals.
Results: This study identifies 138 core journals. Transcultural nursing relies on
journal literature from associated health sciences fields in addition to nursing.
Books provide an important format. Nearly all cited references were from the
previous 18 years. In comparing indexing coverage among 8 major databases, 3
databases rose to the top.
Conclusions: No single database can claim comprehensive indexing coverage
for this broad field. It is essential to search multiple databases. Based on this
study, PubMed/MEDLINE, Social Sciences Citation Index, and CINAHL
provide the best coverage. Collections supporting transcultural nursing require
robust access to literature beyond nursing publications.

47. Research article-2
Transcultural Nursing: Current Trends in Theoretical Works
Eun-OkIm1YaelimLee
ABSTRACT
Purpose: To explore the current trends in theoretical works related to
transcultural nursing through an integrated literature review.
Methods: The literature on theoretical works related to transcultural
nursing during the past 10 years was searched through multiple
databases and reviewed to determine themes reflecting the current
trends in theoretical works related to transcultural nursing.

48. Results: Through the review and analysis process, four themes
reflecting the current trends in theoretical works related to
transcultural nursing were found: (a) purposes of exploring,
defining and clarifying, and reflecting; (b) various theorizing
methods; (c) multiple sources of theorizing; and (d) clear linkages
to nursing practice and research.
Conclusion: Continuous efforts need to be made to further develop
the theoretical works related to transcultural nursing to reflect
changes in this ever-changing nursing world.

49. Conclusion
Nurses need to be aware of and sensitive to the cultural needs of
clients. The practice of nursing today demands that the nurse identify
and meet the cultural needs of diverse groups, understand the social
and cultural reality of the client, family, and community, develop
expertise to implement culturally acceptable strategies to provide
nursing care, and identify and use resources acceptable to the client.

50. Reference
1. Murphy, Sharon C. Mapping the literature of transcultural nursing, Transcultural nursing, Medical
Library Association, Health Sciences Library State University of New York, New York, April 2006
2. Sharon A. Gates, what works in promoting and maintaining diversity in nursing programs, Nursing
Forum. Wiley Online Library.2018
3. Linda K. Darnell, Shondell V. Hickson, Culturally Competent Patient-Centred Nursing Care, Nursing
Clinics of North America.2015
4. Sun Hee Kim, Kyung Won Kim, Kyung Eui Bae, Experiences of Nurses Who Provide Childbirth Care
for Women with Multi-cultural Background, Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2014
5. Scott J. Saccomano, Geraldine A. Abbatiello, Cultural considerations at the end of life, The Nurse
Practitioner.2014
6. Leninger M. Culture Care Theory: A Major Contribution to Advance Transcultural Nursing Knowledge
and PracticesJournal of Transcultural Nursing, Vol. 13 No. 3, July 2002