This document provides an overview of petroleum formation and uses. It discusses that petroleum is formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. The key compounds in petroleum are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Petroleum is found underground in porous rock formations and is trapped by impermeable layers. It can be extracted and refined for various applications like gasoline and other fuels. While petroleum provides energy, its extraction and use also causes environmental issues like pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and health risks. Pipelines, trucks, rail, and tankers are used to transport petroleum around the world.

1. Dr. Maziyar Sabet
Date: 2021

2. Outline
▶ Introduction
▶ What is the petroleum
▶ Origin of petroleum
▶ Petroleum Formation
▶ Conclusions
▶ References

3.  The word petroleum comes from the Latin petra, meaning “rock,” and
oleum, meaning “oil.”
 Petroleum is the product of natural changes in organic materials over millions of
years ago..
 Petroleum is formed by hydrocarbons with the addition other substances, primarily
sulphur.
 Originally the primary use of petroleum was as a lighting fuel.

4. it is flammable, yellow-to-black color mixture of gaseous, liquid,
and solid hydrocarbons that happen naturally under the earth's
gas,
surface, can be divided into fractions including natural
gasoline, oil , kerosene, fuel and , paraffin wax, and asphalt.
Refrences:2 :Standard handbook of petroleum natural gas engineering ,Elsevier ,second edition,USA,2005

5. 1 • FORMATION OF PETROLEUM
2
• MIGRATION OF PETROLEUM
3
• ACCUMULATION OF PETROLEUM

6. 1
•The Organic theory
2
•The Inorganic theory

7. Organic theory
95% on scientist believe this theory :
▶ crude oil contains chlorophyll (Chlorophyll derivatives) and derivatives (Alhman)
that Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in plants either the (Hemin) is the animal's blood
pigment.
▶ In 1934 he found the world (Treibs) that chlorophyll derivatives more than thirty times the
derivative (Alhman) has therefore been suggested to create a plant-based oil and to the
large number of chlorophyll derivatives in the crude oil.
▶ In (1962) could the world (Mair) from isolated nuclei and this nucleus are found in living
organisms only, it means that the oil may be out of living organisms came the discovery.
Refrences:2 :Standard handbook of petroleum natural gas engineering ,Elsevier
,second edition,USA,2005

8. Many scientists believe that the origin of the oil is not a living organism, but
its origin
compound
element
calcium
carbon and certain carbon compounds inorganic
carbide for CaC2 example where he gripped the
CaC2 + 2H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2
Refrences:2 :Standard handbook of petroleum natural gas engineering ,Elsevier ,second edition,USA,2005

9. ▶
▶

10. figure:1 :

11. Accumulation of Petroleum
▶ Accumulation and storage happen when the migrating fluids encounter
an impermeable shale or dense layer of rock.(figure 2)&(figure 3)
▶ After accumulation, the fluids tend to stratify according to their
relative densities:
▶ Gas
▶ Oil
▶ Water

12. Figure3:Accumulation of Petroleum
Figure(2) :earth structures

13. ▶ There are three basic types of traps
1-Anticlinal traps: result of compression of strata and are the most common
traps. The largest oil and gas fields of the world are in anticline and dome.
Anticline trap

14. 2-Faults. These traps are formed when rocks subjected to tensile
strength, pressure, and thus crack the rocks and crevasses do this on
a non-permeable layers in the face of oil-bearing layers, which leads
to lack of movement and stored in the trap .
Fault trap

16. 3-Stratigraphic traps: those where impermeable strata seal the permeable
reservoir. It is formed by changes in rock type unconformity, or sedimentary features
such as reefs. stratigraphic trap, different within the rock layer themselves (e.g., a change
in the local porosity and permeability of the reservoir rock, a change in the kinds of
rocks laid down, or a termination of the reservoir rock) play the important role. The
stratigraphic variations associated with the reservoir rocks are the main influence on the
areal extent of the reservoirs in these traps.

17. Refining petroleum
Refining petroleum is the process of converting crude oilinto more useful produce .
Crude oil comes out of the ground with impurities,from sulfur to sand. These
components have to be separated. This is done by heating the crude oil in a
distillation tower that has trays and temperatures set at different levels. Oil’s
hydrocarbons and metals have different boiling temperatures, and when the oil is
heated, vapors from the different elements rise to different levels of the tower
before condensing back into a liquid on the tiered trays.
Propane, kerosene, and other components condense on different tiers of the tower,
and can be individually collected. They are transported by pipeline, ocean vessels,
and trucks to different locations .
Refrences 3: Handbook of petroleum refining process , meyers. A. Robert. third edition.2005

19. ▶
petroleum contain many elements the key compounds are carbon (83% – 87%),
hydrogen (10% - 14%), nitrogen (0.1% - 2%), oxygen (01.% - 1.5%) and sulphur
(0.5% - 6%) with a few metals making up a very small percentage of the
petroleum composition.
Refrences 4:Standard handbook of petroleum natural gas engineering ,Elsevier ,second edition,USA,2005

20. Petroleum-composition
▶ The exact molecular composition varies widely from formation to
formation but the proportion of chemical elements vary over fairly
narrow limits as follows:
Composition by weight
Element Percent range
Carbon 83 to 87%
Hydrogen 10 to 14%
Nitrogen 0.1 to 2%
Oxygen 0.1 to 1.5%
Sulfur 0.06 – 2%
Metals 0.1%
Refrences:4 :Standard handbook of petroleum natural gas engineering ,Elsevier ,second edition,USA,2005

21. ▶ High Energy Density oil has one of the highest energy
densities which means that a small amount of oil can produce
a large amount of energy.
▶ Constant Power Source and Reliability - Unlike solar and
wind energy, oil can produce power 24/7 and is highly
reliable. Oil engines are a mature technology and highly
reliable to work with.
▶ We use petroleum in different industry (Dyes - Pharmacy-
Agriculture)ect…

22. Disadvantages of petroleum :
▶ Pollution of Water and Earth :Oil Spills have caused massive pollution of water bodies
as huge oil supertankers lead oil. This leads to the death of thousands of animals and
fishes every year beside damage the local ecology..(figure 4)
▶ Greenhouse Gas Emissions : One of the biggest Disadvantages of Oil is that it emission
Carbon Dioxide.(figure5)
Figure 4 : Pollution of Water and Earth Figure 5 : Greenhouse Gas Emissions

23. ▶ Growth in Terrorism and Violence due to the desire of powerful countries to obtain
more oil and control the largest oil reservoirs in the world.
▶ Emission of Harmful Substances like Sulfur Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Acid
Rain such as Sulfur Dioxide which cause health danger among the population
(figure 6) Emission of Harmful Substances

24. Transportation of petroleum
Pipelines
Oil pipelines are made from steel. They usually have an inner diameter of about
10 to 120 cm (about 4 to 48 inches) and can run for hundreds or thousands of
kilometers. Advances in technology are constantly improving the size and
strength of these pipelines.

25. Transportation of petroleum by Pipelines

26. Roads and railway
Oil products are also transported from storage
centres to distribution areas on specialized
railway tankers and trucks. These are large,
long and have special storage units to protect
against accidents.

27. Transportation of petroleum by Roads and railway

28. Ocean tankers
Oil tankers are large, specialized ocean going ? ships specifically built to carry unrefined?
Crude oil from one part of the world to another. They ? usually carry oil from where it is
produced to ? where it is refined and consumed? Oil tankers are? classified by their size,
which can ? range from small coastal tankers to ultra large ? crude carrier The largest ?
tankers often travel from the Gulf region and West ?Africa to Japan and other Asian
countries. Other ? tankers travel to the northeastern United ? States and to countries across
the ? Mediterranean region.

29. Transportation of petroleum by Ocean tankers

30. Conclusions
▶ Petroleum is one of the most important natural sources of different industry and sources economy
▶ Crude oils are complex mixtures containing many different hydrocarbon compounds that vary in
appearance and composition from one oil field to another
▶ petroleum and gas accumulation are found between the surface and depth levels of about 6000 to
7000 meters and deeper.
▶ petroleum and gas must move through pores saturated with water at fluid pressures ranging
between 100 bar and 1400 bar and at temperatures from about 50 C° to about 250 C°.
▶ a trap is geological feature which enables migration petroleum to accumulate and be preserved for
a certain time interval . a traps occur in fundamentally different forms.
▶ the petroleum is the source of non-renewable,we consume can not be compensated quickly,need
to configure a period of time ranging from 5 to 100 million years old,so you must economize in
consumption so as not to lose it

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edition.2005
4. Advance in petroleum geochemistry, Academic press .harcourt brace
jovanovanovich,London,1984
5. Chemical analysis: series of monographs on analytical chemistry and its
applications , Mark F.Vitha,series editor ,handbook of petroleum.
Product analysis ,James G.seight.

32. For listening