This document provides information on various solid fuels including wood, charcoal, peat, and coal. It discusses their origins, compositions, characteristics, and significance. Wood is a domestic fuel that is commonly used in tropical countries and consists mainly of cellulose and lignin. Charcoal is superior to wood and is produced through carbonization or heating wood in the absence of air. Peat represents an early stage in coal formation and varies in composition. Coal is a combustible sedimentary rock formed from the partial decay and burial of plant materials over millions of years. The rank of coals ranges from peat to lignite to anthracite as they gain carbon content and heat value over time. Analysis of coal involves determining its moisture,

1. A Presentation on

2. Topics
 Wood
 WoodCharcoal
 Peat
 Coals’ Origin
Composition
Characteristics
significanceof its constituents

3. Wood
 A domestic fuel
 Used in tropical countries
 Basically cellulose &
lignin

4. Features of Wood
 Easy ignition
 Low ASH content (<1%)
 Burns with long non-smoky flame
 Low calorific value (4000-5000)
------Because of high O2 content(45%)
 Produce Wood Charcoal & Producer Gas

5. Charcoal
A bit Superior fuel than Wood
Found from wood carbonisation

6. Carbonisation
Heating in absence of air
Moisture Removed
Volatile matters Reduces
 Produces CHARCOAL
 Byproducts are Wood gas,tar etc
As a result:

7. Features of Charcoal
 High calorific value (7500-8000 kcal/kg)
 High specific surface area
 Poor mechanical strength
 Raw material for CS2
 Used for removing obnoxious and colouring
materials

8. Peat
First stage of coal formation
from wood
Most immature coal
or
Originates from Vegetable matter

9. Features of peat
 Friable
 Composition & property varies place to place
 Moderate calorific value
 Low furnace temperature & efficiency
 Used for fertilizer and power generation

10. Coal

11. Coal
 Combustible black or brownish black sedimentary rock
 Occurs in the earth’s crust
 Formed by partial decay of plant materials
 A runtime of several million years
 Driven by bacteria,temperature and pressure

12. Origin & Formation of coal
 Burial
 Pressure
 Heat
 Time
Bacterial
decay

13. Formation of coal
Geological aspects
In situtheory
Drift theory

14. Formation of coal
Peat Lignite Brown-coal Sub-Bituminus Bituminus
Semi-anthracite
Anthracite
Graphite

15. Rank of coal
Peat Lignite Bituminus Anthracite
Moisture content decreases
Volatile matter decreases
Carbon content increases
Calorific value increases
Hardness increases

16. Peat
 Starting point of coal formation
 High moisture content
 Carbon : 60-64%
 Oxygen : 35-30%
 Coparatively low CV
 Light brown colour

17. Lignite
 Second stage of coal formation
 Moisture up to 60%
 Carbon : 60-75%
 Oxygen : 30-20%
 Brown appearance
 CV of 5000 kcal/kg

18. Sub-Bituminus
 Low moisture content
 Carbon : 70-80%
 Oxygen : 10-20%
 Black and Smooth
 CV of 7000 kcal/kg
 No caking power

19. Bituminus
 Low moisture content (<10%)
 Carbon : 75-90%
 Oxygen : 5-10%
 Black and Brittle
 CV of 9000 kcak/kg

20. Semi anthracite
 Harder than bituminous coal
 Carbon : 90-93%
 Oxygen : 1-4%
 Also known as Steam coal
 CV of 8600 kcal/kg

21. Anthracite
 Highest rank of coal
 Very low moisture content
 Carbon : 93+%
 Oxygen : 1-2%
 Harder,glossy and black
 Zero caking power
 CV of 8000-8500 kcal/kg

22. Graphite
 Technically the highest rank
 Difficult to ignite
 Not used as fuel

23. Unusual Coals
 Found Rarely
 High H2 content
 Does not fall in any category
Channelcoal :

24. Unusual Coals
 Also known as boghead coal
 Rich in parafin oil
 Does not fall in any category
Torbanites :

25. Analysis of Coal
Proximateanalysis
Ultimate analysis
Heating/Calorific value

26. Proximate analysis
1. Moisture content
2. Volatile matter
3. Ash content
4. Fixed carbon
Parametes :

27. Ultimate Analysis
Parameters :
1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
3. Oxygen
4. Sulphur
5. Nitrogens
6. Chlorine
 Mercury

28. Effects of the componants
Moisture :
 Reduces Calorific value
 Increase coal consumption for heating purpose
 Lengthens time for heating
 Aids radiation heat transfer

29. Effects of the componants
Volatile matter :
 Lowers ignition temperature
 Reduces calorific value
 Increase quantity of coke oven gas
 Sets minimum limit on furnace size

30. Effects of the componants
Ash content :
 Reduces calorific value
 Reduces burning capacity
 Causes Clinkering an Slagging

31. Effects of the componants
Fixed Carbon :
 Increases the Calorific value with constant
proportionality

32. Effects of the componants
Hydrogen :
 Increases the Calorific value

33. Effects of the componants
Oxygen :
 Reduces the Calorific value
 Reduces Caking power

34. Effects of the componants
Nitrogen :
 Reduces the Calorific value

35. Effects of the componants
Sulphur :
 Increases Calorific Value
 Creates corrosive environment
 Causes HOT-SHORTNESS
 Limits exit flue gas temperature

36. Effects of the componants
Chlorine :
 Reduces fusion points of ash in coal

37. Effects of the componants
Phosphorus :
 Creates COLD-SHOTNESS in steelmaking

38. Uses of Coal
85% for electrical power generation.
15% for manufacturing as Coke.

39. References
• Elements of Fuels, Furnaces & Refractories
-By O.P. Gupta
• http://f03.classes.colgate.edu/fsem037-
coal/Coal/Default/composition_of_coal.htm
• https://www.worldcoal.org/coal
• https://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalform.htm
• http://www.coaleducation.org/q&a/how_coal_formed.htm

40. Presented by :
Nabila Ali (1311035)
Shimul Chandra Das (1311034)
Mehedi Mehetab Shihab (1311029)