Download to read offline
More Related Content
Petroleum
- 1. TIMPANY STEEL CITY SCHOOL SOCIALSCIENCE POWER POINT PRESENTATION TOPIC: PETROLEUM NAME : K.SAI SNEHITA CLASS: X ‘A’ ROLL.NO:12
- 2.
- 3. INDEX INTRODUCTION OF MINERALS CLASSIFICATIONOF MINERALS USES OF MINERALS WHAT IS PETROLEU? MAGIC OF PETROLEUM HOW IS PETROLEUM FORMED CONSTITUIENTS OF PETROLEUM COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM WHAT IS OIL WELL? REFINNING OF PETROLEUM LEADING PETROLEUM PRODUCERS Excess of USAGE LEADS TO…. HAZARDS OF PETROLEUM CONCLUSION
- 4. INTRODUCTION OF MINERALS Mineralsare one of the most important resources of a country. Almost all the things we use in our daily life are made up of some or the other mineral. They play an important role in the economic and industrial development of a country. DEFINITION : A mineral is a homogenous, inorganic solid substance having a definite chemical composition and is a naturally occurring substance.
- 5.
- 6. USES OF MINERALS Agriculture: Phosphate rock, potash and lime are used in agricultural fertilisers and other mineral products are used to improve soil. Packaging :Food and drink may be packaged in cans made from aluminium or steel, or in glass made from silica sand. Plastic packaging is made from chemicals obtained from petroleum Utensils : ceramic plates and made from clay, glasses are made from silica sand, and cutlery from metals – usually aluminium or steel. Construction :Minerals are used in building houses, schools, libraries, hospitals, offices and shops. Buildings use a wide range of minerals
- 7. Energy : Energyminerals – coal, oil, gas, uranium – are used to give heat and electricity. Cars, buses and trains all use fuel which mainly comes from oil. Transportation :Cars, trains, planes, boats and bicycles are all made using metals such as steel and aluminium. Aircraft engines depend on mixtures of metals called alloys which are made from metals including nickel, cobalt, chromium, aluminium and titanium. Technology : Information technology is part of our daily lives. Many of us have access to a computer and mobile phone, and many services depend on computers and other forms of telecommunication. These technologies require a wide range of minerals and metals, including copper, gold, platinum, tantalum, tin, zinc and nickel.
- 8. WHAT IS PETROLEUM? DEFINITION: A thick, flammable, yellow-to-black mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons that occurs naturally beneath the earth's surface, can be separated into fractions by the process called fractional distillation. The word petroleum comes from the Latin petra, meaning “rock,” andoleum, meaning “oil.”
- 9. 9 Petroleum has beenused by humans for millennia, originally for fires and warfare. In the Middle East, oil fields were exploited for naphtha, tar, and kerosene in the 8th to 12th centuries. These early users depended on seeps (like this modern one), where petroleum rises naturally because of subsurface pressure. Beverly Hillbillies theme MAGIC OF PETROLEUM
- 10. 10 The demand forpetroleum on the world market grew slowly, but started to take off in the 1800s. Whale oil was replaced by kerosene lamps starting around 1860. Coal was still the major fuel source in the world until about 1940, when petroleum passed it and became the most valuable commodity in the global marketplace.
- 11. HOW IS PETROLEUMFORMED? Theworlds first oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania USA, in 1859. Petroleum was formed million of years ago from the dead organisms of the sea. Sea organisms died and got accumulated at the bottom of the sea . In course of time sand and clay got deposited over these deposits . The movement of water lead to the deposition of more sand and clay on these dead organisms. Over a period of millions of years a thick layer was thus formed . This thick covering of sand and clay compressed the organic material. The three necessary conditions that help to convert dead organic matter into petroleum are: High pressure High temperature Decomposition of sea organisms in the absence of air Petroleum deposits in the earth are dug up and deep digging drillers are used to pump the petroleum out . It is then processed and refined into petrol and diesel.
- 12.
- 13.
- 14. Composition Element Percent range Carbon83 to 87% Hydrogen 10 to 14% Nitrogen 0.1 to 2% Oxygen 0.1 to 1.5% Sulfur 0.5 to 6% Metals < 0.1% COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM
- 15. WHAT IS OILWELL? An oil well is a general term used for any boring through earth’s surface that is designed to find and acquire petroleum oil hydrocarbons . It is used to pump out petroleum.
- 16. FRACTIONS OF PETROLEUM FractionBoiling/Range No. of carbons Uses Petroleum gas Below 40 1-4 Fuel for cooking petrol (gasoline) 40-75 5-10 fuel for car engines Naphtha 75-150 7-14 Chemical feedstock Kerosene 160-250 11-16 Fuel for jet engines Diesel 250-300 16-20 Fuel for diesel engines Lubricants 300-350 20-35 Making of wax and lubricant oils
- 17. PROCESS OF FRACTIONALDISTILLATION
- 18. Top World OilProducers, 2005* (OPEC members in underlined italics) Rank Country Total Oil Production** (million barrels/day) 1 Saudi Arabia 11.1 2 Russia 9.5 3 United States 8.2 4 Iran 4.2 5 Mexico 3.8 6 China 3.8 7 Canada 3.1 8 Norway 3.0 9 United Arab Emirates 2.8 10 Venezuela 2.8 11 Kuwait 2.7 12 Nigeria 2.6 13 Algeria 2.1 14 Brazil 2.0 *Table includes all countries total oil production exceeding 2 million barrels per day in 2005. **Total Oil Production includes crude oil, natural gas liquids, condensate, refinery gain, and other liquids.
- 19. Excess of Petroleumproducts usage leads to... Generation of hundreds of millions of tons of waste products is pro Acid rain from high sulfur coal Interference with groundwater and water table levels Contamination of land and waterways and destruction of homes from fly ash spills Impact of water use on flows of rivers and consequential impact on other land-uses
- 20. Dust nuisance Subsidence above tunnels, sometimes damaging infrastructure Coal-fired power plants shorten nearly 24,000 lives a year in the US, including 2,800 from lung cancer Coal-fired power plants emit mercury, selenium, and arsenic which are harmful to human health and the environment Release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, which causes climate change and global warming according to the IPCC. Coal is the largest contributor to the human-made increase of CO2 in the air
- 21. Hazardinvolvedduringprocessingof petroleumproducts Extraction • Oil extractionis costly and sometimes environmentally damaging, although Dr. John Hunt of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution pointed out in a 1981 paper that over 70% of the reserves in the world are associated with visible macro seepages, and many oil fields are found due to natural seeps. Offshore exploration and extraction of oil disturbs the surrounding marine environment. Oil spills • Crude oil and refined fuel spills from tanker ship accidents have damaged natural ecosystems in Alaska, the Galapagos Islands, France and many other places. • The quantity of oil spilled during accidents has ranged from a few hundred tons to several hundred thousand tons (e.g., Atlantic Empress, Amoco Cadiz). Smaller spills have already proven to have a great impact on ecosystems, such as the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
- 22. • Oil spillsat sea are generally much more damaging than those on land, since they can spread for hundreds of nautical miles in a thin oil slick which can cover beaches with a thin coating of oil. This can kill sea birds, mammals, shellfish and other organisms it coats. Oil spills on land are more readily containable if a makeshift earth dam can be rapidly bulldozed around the spill site before most of the oil escapes, and land animals can avoid the oil more easily. • Control of oil spills is difficult, requires ad hoc methods, and often a large amount of manpower. The dropping of bombs and incendiary devices from aircraft on the Torrey Canyon wreck produced poor results; modern techniques would include pumping the oil from the wreck, like in the Prestige oil spill or the Erika oil spill.
- 23.