This document discusses nanomedicine and various nanotechnologies that can be applied for medical purposes. It describes how nanomedicine aims to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease using molecular tools and knowledge of the human body at the nanoscale level. The document outlines different types of nanoparticles that are being investigated for drug delivery applications, including lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles like gold, carbon-based nanoparticles like buckyballs and nanotubes, mesoporous silica, and quantum dots. It discusses properties, synthesis methods, and potential applications of these various nanomaterials in biomedical research and nanomedicine.
Dr. Nawfal Hussein Aldujaili of the University of Kufa discusses nanobiotechnology in his March 2nd, 2016 document. Nanotechnology involves manipulating individual molecules or atoms to create novel materials. Nanoparticles are submicron particles that are often spherical or rod-shaped. Nanoparticles have applications in detecting pathogens, purifying and manipulating biological components, delivering pharmaceuticals and genes, destroying tumors, fluorescent labeling, and contrast enhancement in MRI.
Nanobiotechnology has many potential applications in areas like medicine, genomics, and robotics. It offers novel opportunities for molecular disease imaging, targeted drug delivery, and therapeutic intervention. Some key areas of focus are using nanoparticles for controlled drug release, protein-based drug delivery systems, magnetic nanoparticles for imaging and therapy, and gene delivery vectors like liposomes and dendrimers. Nanotechnology also has applications in cancer research, cardiovascular disorders, neuroscience, molecular diagnostics, and gene therapy. It provides tools for protein analysis, single-cell studies, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Overall, nanobiotechnology holds promise for advancing healthcare through applications in various areas of medicine and biotechnology.
Nanotechnology and its relevance to Drug Designing
This document discusses nanotechnology and its applications in drug designing. It begins with definitions of nanotechnology and describes how it operates at the nanoscale level between 0.1-100 nm. The advantages of nanotechnology for drug delivery are then outlined, including methods of preparation, increased surface area, protection of drugs, targeted tissue delivery, and improved solubility. Various nanoscale fabrication techniques like top-down and bottom-up approaches are also summarized. The document further explores specific applications of nanotechnology in drug delivery such as nanoparticles, nanocapsules, and nanospheres. It provides examples of nanoparticle production methods and equipment. Finally, potential areas of nanotechnology in medicine are
The document discusses various applications of nanotechnology in biomedical fields such as medicine and healthcare. It describes how nanotechnology can be used to develop targeted drug delivery systems, lab-on-chip devices for disease detection and diagnosis, bionanomaterials for medical applications, and nanoscale machines and sensors. It also discusses how nanotechnology enables more precise detection and treatment of diseases like cancer at the molecular level with fewer side effects.
Bionanotechnology and its applications rita martin
Bionanotechnology combination of biotechnology and nanotechnology. Find its applications in various fields Nanotherapeutics, Gene therapy , Immunotherapy, Harmless Viruses, stem cells
Detailed idea on nanotechnology, nanomedicine, types, uses, pharmacotherapy, and future prospects of the nanotechnology. Drug delivery systems, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nanoparticles are dealt in detail
This document discusses the use of nanotechnology for cancer treatment. It begins with background on cancer and challenges with chemotherapy. It then introduces various nanoparticles being explored for cancer applications, such as quantum dots, iron oxide, and gold nanoparticles. The document discusses the enhanced permeability and retention effect that allows nanoparticles to passively target tumors. It provides the example of Doxil, an FDA-approved liposomal drug delivery system. Other nanomedicine examples discussed include Abraxane protein-bound paclitaxel nanoparticles. The document covers topics like tumor tissue targeting, overcoming drug resistance, vascular and cellular targets, and using heat-generating nanoparticles for thermal ablation of cancer cells.
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology applications in infectious diseases. It discusses the history and scope of nanotechnology, including various microscopy techniques used to visualize structures at the nanoscale. Applications of nanotechnology in diagnostics are described, such as biosensors, lab-on-a-chip devices, and quantum dots. Emerging concepts involving targeted drug and gene delivery using nanoparticles are also outlined. Both biological and synthetic nanomaterials are discussed. Potential issues regarding the safety and environmental impact of nanotechnology are noted.
Dr. Nawfal Hussein Aldujaili of the University of Kufa discusses nanobiotechnology in his March 2nd, 2016 document. Nanotechnology involves manipulating individual molecules or atoms to create novel materials. Nanoparticles are submicron particles that are often spherical or rod-shaped. Nanoparticles have applications in detecting pathogens, purifying and manipulating biological components, delivering pharmaceuticals and genes, destroying tumors, fluorescent labeling, and contrast enhancement in MRI.
Nanobiotechnology has many potential applications in areas like medicine, genomics, and robotics. It offers novel opportunities for molecular disease imaging, targeted drug delivery, and therapeutic intervention. Some key areas of focus are using nanoparticles for controlled drug release, protein-based drug delivery systems, magnetic nanoparticles for imaging and therapy, and gene delivery vectors like liposomes and dendrimers. Nanotechnology also has applications in cancer research, cardiovascular disorders, neuroscience, molecular diagnostics, and gene therapy. It provides tools for protein analysis, single-cell studies, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Overall, nanobiotechnology holds promise for advancing healthcare through applications in various areas of medicine and biotechnology.
Nanotechnology and its relevance to Drug Designing
This document discusses nanotechnology and its applications in drug designing. It begins with definitions of nanotechnology and describes how it operates at the nanoscale level between 0.1-100 nm. The advantages of nanotechnology for drug delivery are then outlined, including methods of preparation, increased surface area, protection of drugs, targeted tissue delivery, and improved solubility. Various nanoscale fabrication techniques like top-down and bottom-up approaches are also summarized. The document further explores specific applications of nanotechnology in drug delivery such as nanoparticles, nanocapsules, and nanospheres. It provides examples of nanoparticle production methods and equipment. Finally, potential areas of nanotechnology in medicine are
The document discusses various applications of nanotechnology in biomedical fields such as medicine and healthcare. It describes how nanotechnology can be used to develop targeted drug delivery systems, lab-on-chip devices for disease detection and diagnosis, bionanomaterials for medical applications, and nanoscale machines and sensors. It also discusses how nanotechnology enables more precise detection and treatment of diseases like cancer at the molecular level with fewer side effects.
Bionanotechnology and its applications rita martin
Bionanotechnology combination of biotechnology and nanotechnology. Find its applications in various fields Nanotherapeutics, Gene therapy , Immunotherapy, Harmless Viruses, stem cells
Detailed idea on nanotechnology, nanomedicine, types, uses, pharmacotherapy, and future prospects of the nanotechnology. Drug delivery systems, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nanoparticles are dealt in detail
This document discusses the use of nanotechnology for cancer treatment. It begins with background on cancer and challenges with chemotherapy. It then introduces various nanoparticles being explored for cancer applications, such as quantum dots, iron oxide, and gold nanoparticles. The document discusses the enhanced permeability and retention effect that allows nanoparticles to passively target tumors. It provides the example of Doxil, an FDA-approved liposomal drug delivery system. Other nanomedicine examples discussed include Abraxane protein-bound paclitaxel nanoparticles. The document covers topics like tumor tissue targeting, overcoming drug resistance, vascular and cellular targets, and using heat-generating nanoparticles for thermal ablation of cancer cells.
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology applications in infectious diseases. It discusses the history and scope of nanotechnology, including various microscopy techniques used to visualize structures at the nanoscale. Applications of nanotechnology in diagnostics are described, such as biosensors, lab-on-a-chip devices, and quantum dots. Emerging concepts involving targeted drug and gene delivery using nanoparticles are also outlined. Both biological and synthetic nanomaterials are discussed. Potential issues regarding the safety and environmental impact of nanotechnology are noted.
Nanomedicine involves monitoring, repairing, constructing and controlling human biological systems at the molecular level using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures. It can be used for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease. Current areas of nanomedicine development include drug delivery, biopharmaceutics, implantable materials and devices, and diagnostic tools. Nanomedicine shows promise for a variety of medical applications and may offer more economical and effective ways to diagnose and treat disease in the future.
Nanomaterials in biomedical applicationsumeet sharma
This document discusses nanomaterials and their biomedical applications. It begins by defining nanomaterials as objects with at least one dimension between 1-100 nanometers. It then classifies nanomaterials and discusses some common terms like nanoshells and quantum dots. The document focuses on the biomedical applications of nanomaterials, including biological imaging using quantum dots, targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles, and cancer treatment using magnetic nanoparticles. In summary, the document outlines different types of nanomaterials, their properties, and various ways they can be used for biomedical purposes such as imaging and targeted drug delivery.
Nanobiotechnology involves manipulating structures at the nanoscale (1-100nm) using biological components. Some applications include faster disease diagnostics using biosensors, more targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles, and miniaturizing lab tools. Nanoparticles are typically spherical and composed of functional, protective, and outer layers. They can be used for fluorescent labeling, detecting pathogens, and delivering drugs or genes. Nanowires and nanotubes can also be used as biosensors to detect individual viruses or changes in conductivity when pathogens bind.
This course covers bionanotechnology and nanomedicine. Topics include nanoparticle synthesis and applications in diagnostics and therapeutics. Techniques for patterning, microscopy, and biosensor functionalization will be discussed. Instructors will cover fundamental physics and chemistry of bionano materials, principles of microscopy, molecular nanotechnology, nanoparticle properties, and bio-nano imaging. Students will present on special topics and submit an essay on their presentation topic. The course meets twice weekly for 4 hours each session. Examinations include a presentation and essay due at the end of the course.
Bionanotechnology involves utilizing biological systems at the nanoscale to develop functional nanostructures for various applications. It includes self-assembled nanostructures, bio-inspired materials, and using biological entities like viruses, ferritin proteins and DNA as templates to build nano-devices. Some key applications of bionanotechnology discussed are in medicine for targeted drug delivery, disease diagnosis, artificial photosynthesis, water treatment and military surveillance. However, developing this technology responsibly with consideration of ethical, legal and social implications will be important for public acceptance.
Nanobiotechnology
process of self assembly and self organization
organization of bacterial s-layer
self organization of virus
self organization of phospholipid membrane
carbon nanotubes key building block for future nanotechnological application
graphene
the inorganic nanomaterial
quantum dots
Nanotechnology shows promise for improving drug development and delivery. It allows manipulation of matter at the nanoscale to create new materials and target drugs to specific sites. Nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, and other nanocarriers can encapsulate drugs and release them only in desired locations like cancer sites. This spares healthy tissues and improves efficacy. Nanotech is now used at all stages from formulation to clinical trials. It has led to once-daily antibiotics and tumor-targeted cancer drugs in clinical trials. Further research is still needed but nanotechnology may transform medicine by improving drug delivery and reducing side effects.
It has been almost decades since the “war on cancer” was declared. It is now generally
believed that personalized medicine is the future for cancer patient management.
Possessing unprecedented potential for early detection, accurate diagnosis, and
personalized treatment of cancer, nanoparticles have been extensively studied over the last
decade. In this report, I will try to summarize the current state-of-the-art nanoparticles in
biomedical applications targeting cancer. Multi- functionality nanoparticle-based agents.
Targeting ligands, imaging labels, therapeutic Drugs, and other. And the Role of Chemical
Engineers in this field and the promise that it holds for future.
Nanotechnology involves processes at the molecular and nano-length scale. It has numerous applications in pharmacy, including as drug delivery systems using liposomes, dendrimers, nanoparticles, and nanotubes. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology provides nano-materials for tissue engineering and nano-devices like biosensors. Nano-materials are used for drug encapsulation, implants, and scaffolds. Nano-devices include biosensors, detectors, and potential "nano-robots". Current applications include medicine, tissue engineering, diagnostics, and imaging enhancement. Future prospects may include intelligent machines that detect, treat, and monitor disease simultaneously.
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale, between 1 to 100 nanometers. Nanobiotechnology applies nanotechnology to biological systems. It develops tools to study biological phenomena at the nanoscale. Some key applications of nanotechnology and nanoparticles include medicine for targeted drug delivery, electronics for smaller devices, energy like solar cells, and environmental areas like water filtration. Nanoparticles are synthesized using various methods and have properties dependent on their size. While nanotechnology provides advantages like improved materials and devices, concerns also exist around health and environmental effects of nanoparticles.
This document discusses the application of nanotechnology in biomedical fields such as drug delivery, gene delivery, and tissue engineering. It provides background on the history and definition of nanotechnology. It then discusses various nanomaterials that can be used for targeted drug and gene delivery such as liposomes, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, and nanoparticles. It also describes how microfluidics and nanomaterials can be applied to sperm sorting, oocyte handling, embryo culture, and metabolomics. Overall, the document outlines the current and potential future uses of nanotechnology in biomedicine.
1) Nanotechnology involves studying and manipulating matter at the nanoscale, and nanoparticles are particulate substances that are less than 100 nm in at least one dimension. 2) The COVID-19 pandemic has spread to over 197 countries, infecting over 53.9 million people and killing over 1.31 million as of now. 3) RT-PCR is commonly used to detect SARS-CoV-2 but requires laboratory processing and skilled personnel, limiting its effectiveness for outbreak control.
The document discusses various applications of nanotechnology in microbiology. It begins by defining nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter at the nanoscale of 1 to 100 nm. Some key applications discussed include using quantum dots for pathogen detection through fluorescence, using gold and silver nanoparticles in assays like sol particle immunoassays, and using magnetic nanoparticles in detection methods like magnetic relaxation switches that can detect as few as 5 viral particles. The document also discusses nanoparticle-based methods that enable faster, more sensitive detection of pathogens without sample preparation.
Deb Newberry, Director of the Nano-Link program at Dakota County Technical College, MN, talks about the exciting area where nanotechnology and biotechnology converge.
Bionanotechnology utilizes biological systems optimized through evolution like cells, proteins, and nucleic acids to create nanostructured materials. It combines nanotechnology and biotechnology. Recombinant DNA technology is a core technique that allows for manipulation of genes and mass production of proteins. Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced from a single clone that can be used as targeted delivery systems. Nanomaterials like silver nanoparticles show promise as antiviral agents due to their antibacterial properties. Nanowire biosensors could provide improved sensitivity, specificity, and parallelism by exploiting nanoscale properties and using techniques like field-effect transistors. Natural bionanomachinery provides examples of nanoscale functional applications that involve processes like self-assembly, energy conversion, and
This document discusses nanoparticles and their applications in animal health and medicine. It begins with definitions of nanotechnology and nanoparticles, explaining that nanoparticles are extremely small, between 1-100 nanometers. It then discusses various types of nanoparticles including naturally occurring, incidental, and engineered nanoparticles. Specific nanomaterials discussed include buckyballs, dendrimers, quantum dots, nanotubes, and nanoshells. The document outlines several potential applications of nanoparticles in areas like drug delivery, medical robotics, surgery, and more. Nanoparticles' small size allows them to potentially precisely target cells and tissues for applications like cancer treatment.
NANOPARTICLES IN CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENTKeshav Das Sahu
This document discusses the use of nanoparticles in cancer diagnosis and treatment. It introduces several types of nanoparticles that can be used, including nanoshells, dendrimers, quantum dots, superparamagnetic nanoparticles, nanowires, nanodiamonds, and nanosponges. Nanoshells and dendrimers are highlighted as promising for targeted drug delivery. The document also discusses magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents, including both paramagnetic gadolinium agents and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, which can enhance MRI images and improve cancer diagnosis.
The document summarizes the history and development of nanotechnology. It discusses how the concept was first developed by Richard Feynman in 1959, and the term was coined by Norio Taniguchi in 1974. It then outlines key milestones and advancements in the 1980s and beyond that helped establish nanotechnology as a field, including the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and discoveries of fullerenes in 1985 and carbon nanotubes. The document also provides examples of how nanotechnology is being applied in biology and medicine, such as using atomic force microscopes to image cells, optical tweezers to manipulate organisms, and quantum dots for labeling parasites.
Nanotechnology can be used to improve drug delivery in 3 key ways:
1) Nanoparticles can effectively target drugs to specific areas, like tumors, improving treatment and reducing side effects. Different types of nanoparticles like gold nanorods, quantum dots, and liposomes are being developed for targeted delivery.
2) Nanoparticles can help protect drugs from degradation and control their release in the body over extended time periods, improving compliance. This allows drugs to be administered less frequently.
3) Nanotechnology has the potential to lower drug costs by allowing conventional drugs to be delivered more effectively in low doses using nanoparticle carriers, extending their patent lifetimes.
Nanoparticles show promise for biomedical imaging and diagnosis due to their large size and multifunctionality compared to small molecules. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are commonly used in MRI because they shorten T2 relaxation times, allowing hydrogen protons to move closer to the magnet and produce clearer images. Various types of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles including amine, carboxyl, epoxy and IDA functionalized nanoparticles are used for applications like immunoassay, gene transfection, biomolecule separation, cell separation, enzyme immobilization, drug delivery, and biomedical imaging. Nanoparticles also show potential for targeted cancer drug delivery and simultaneous imaging and therapy.
Nanomedicine involves monitoring, repairing, constructing and controlling human biological systems at the molecular level using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures. It can be used for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease. Current areas of nanomedicine development include drug delivery, biopharmaceutics, implantable materials and devices, and diagnostic tools. Nanomedicine shows promise for a variety of medical applications and may offer more economical and effective ways to diagnose and treat disease in the future.
Nanomaterials in biomedical applicationsumeet sharma
This document discusses nanomaterials and their biomedical applications. It begins by defining nanomaterials as objects with at least one dimension between 1-100 nanometers. It then classifies nanomaterials and discusses some common terms like nanoshells and quantum dots. The document focuses on the biomedical applications of nanomaterials, including biological imaging using quantum dots, targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles, and cancer treatment using magnetic nanoparticles. In summary, the document outlines different types of nanomaterials, their properties, and various ways they can be used for biomedical purposes such as imaging and targeted drug delivery.
Nanobiotechnology involves manipulating structures at the nanoscale (1-100nm) using biological components. Some applications include faster disease diagnostics using biosensors, more targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles, and miniaturizing lab tools. Nanoparticles are typically spherical and composed of functional, protective, and outer layers. They can be used for fluorescent labeling, detecting pathogens, and delivering drugs or genes. Nanowires and nanotubes can also be used as biosensors to detect individual viruses or changes in conductivity when pathogens bind.
This course covers bionanotechnology and nanomedicine. Topics include nanoparticle synthesis and applications in diagnostics and therapeutics. Techniques for patterning, microscopy, and biosensor functionalization will be discussed. Instructors will cover fundamental physics and chemistry of bionano materials, principles of microscopy, molecular nanotechnology, nanoparticle properties, and bio-nano imaging. Students will present on special topics and submit an essay on their presentation topic. The course meets twice weekly for 4 hours each session. Examinations include a presentation and essay due at the end of the course.
Bionanotechnology involves utilizing biological systems at the nanoscale to develop functional nanostructures for various applications. It includes self-assembled nanostructures, bio-inspired materials, and using biological entities like viruses, ferritin proteins and DNA as templates to build nano-devices. Some key applications of bionanotechnology discussed are in medicine for targeted drug delivery, disease diagnosis, artificial photosynthesis, water treatment and military surveillance. However, developing this technology responsibly with consideration of ethical, legal and social implications will be important for public acceptance.
Nanobiotechnology
process of self assembly and self organization
organization of bacterial s-layer
self organization of virus
self organization of phospholipid membrane
carbon nanotubes key building block for future nanotechnological application
graphene
the inorganic nanomaterial
quantum dots
Nanotechnology shows promise for improving drug development and delivery. It allows manipulation of matter at the nanoscale to create new materials and target drugs to specific sites. Nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, and other nanocarriers can encapsulate drugs and release them only in desired locations like cancer sites. This spares healthy tissues and improves efficacy. Nanotech is now used at all stages from formulation to clinical trials. It has led to once-daily antibiotics and tumor-targeted cancer drugs in clinical trials. Further research is still needed but nanotechnology may transform medicine by improving drug delivery and reducing side effects.
It has been almost decades since the “war on cancer” was declared. It is now generally
believed that personalized medicine is the future for cancer patient management.
Possessing unprecedented potential for early detection, accurate diagnosis, and
personalized treatment of cancer, nanoparticles have been extensively studied over the last
decade. In this report, I will try to summarize the current state-of-the-art nanoparticles in
biomedical applications targeting cancer. Multi- functionality nanoparticle-based agents.
Targeting ligands, imaging labels, therapeutic Drugs, and other. And the Role of Chemical
Engineers in this field and the promise that it holds for future.
Nanotechnology involves processes at the molecular and nano-length scale. It has numerous applications in pharmacy, including as drug delivery systems using liposomes, dendrimers, nanoparticles, and nanotubes. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology provides nano-materials for tissue engineering and nano-devices like biosensors. Nano-materials are used for drug encapsulation, implants, and scaffolds. Nano-devices include biosensors, detectors, and potential "nano-robots". Current applications include medicine, tissue engineering, diagnostics, and imaging enhancement. Future prospects may include intelligent machines that detect, treat, and monitor disease simultaneously.
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale, between 1 to 100 nanometers. Nanobiotechnology applies nanotechnology to biological systems. It develops tools to study biological phenomena at the nanoscale. Some key applications of nanotechnology and nanoparticles include medicine for targeted drug delivery, electronics for smaller devices, energy like solar cells, and environmental areas like water filtration. Nanoparticles are synthesized using various methods and have properties dependent on their size. While nanotechnology provides advantages like improved materials and devices, concerns also exist around health and environmental effects of nanoparticles.
This document discusses the application of nanotechnology in biomedical fields such as drug delivery, gene delivery, and tissue engineering. It provides background on the history and definition of nanotechnology. It then discusses various nanomaterials that can be used for targeted drug and gene delivery such as liposomes, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, and nanoparticles. It also describes how microfluidics and nanomaterials can be applied to sperm sorting, oocyte handling, embryo culture, and metabolomics. Overall, the document outlines the current and potential future uses of nanotechnology in biomedicine.
1) Nanotechnology involves studying and manipulating matter at the nanoscale, and nanoparticles are particulate substances that are less than 100 nm in at least one dimension. 2) The COVID-19 pandemic has spread to over 197 countries, infecting over 53.9 million people and killing over 1.31 million as of now. 3) RT-PCR is commonly used to detect SARS-CoV-2 but requires laboratory processing and skilled personnel, limiting its effectiveness for outbreak control.
The document discusses various applications of nanotechnology in microbiology. It begins by defining nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter at the nanoscale of 1 to 100 nm. Some key applications discussed include using quantum dots for pathogen detection through fluorescence, using gold and silver nanoparticles in assays like sol particle immunoassays, and using magnetic nanoparticles in detection methods like magnetic relaxation switches that can detect as few as 5 viral particles. The document also discusses nanoparticle-based methods that enable faster, more sensitive detection of pathogens without sample preparation.
Deb Newberry, Director of the Nano-Link program at Dakota County Technical College, MN, talks about the exciting area where nanotechnology and biotechnology converge.
Bionanotechnology utilizes biological systems optimized through evolution like cells, proteins, and nucleic acids to create nanostructured materials. It combines nanotechnology and biotechnology. Recombinant DNA technology is a core technique that allows for manipulation of genes and mass production of proteins. Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced from a single clone that can be used as targeted delivery systems. Nanomaterials like silver nanoparticles show promise as antiviral agents due to their antibacterial properties. Nanowire biosensors could provide improved sensitivity, specificity, and parallelism by exploiting nanoscale properties and using techniques like field-effect transistors. Natural bionanomachinery provides examples of nanoscale functional applications that involve processes like self-assembly, energy conversion, and
This document discusses nanoparticles and their applications in animal health and medicine. It begins with definitions of nanotechnology and nanoparticles, explaining that nanoparticles are extremely small, between 1-100 nanometers. It then discusses various types of nanoparticles including naturally occurring, incidental, and engineered nanoparticles. Specific nanomaterials discussed include buckyballs, dendrimers, quantum dots, nanotubes, and nanoshells. The document outlines several potential applications of nanoparticles in areas like drug delivery, medical robotics, surgery, and more. Nanoparticles' small size allows them to potentially precisely target cells and tissues for applications like cancer treatment.
NANOPARTICLES IN CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENTKeshav Das Sahu
This document discusses the use of nanoparticles in cancer diagnosis and treatment. It introduces several types of nanoparticles that can be used, including nanoshells, dendrimers, quantum dots, superparamagnetic nanoparticles, nanowires, nanodiamonds, and nanosponges. Nanoshells and dendrimers are highlighted as promising for targeted drug delivery. The document also discusses magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents, including both paramagnetic gadolinium agents and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, which can enhance MRI images and improve cancer diagnosis.
The document summarizes the history and development of nanotechnology. It discusses how the concept was first developed by Richard Feynman in 1959, and the term was coined by Norio Taniguchi in 1974. It then outlines key milestones and advancements in the 1980s and beyond that helped establish nanotechnology as a field, including the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and discoveries of fullerenes in 1985 and carbon nanotubes. The document also provides examples of how nanotechnology is being applied in biology and medicine, such as using atomic force microscopes to image cells, optical tweezers to manipulate organisms, and quantum dots for labeling parasites.
Nanotechnology can be used to improve drug delivery in 3 key ways:
1) Nanoparticles can effectively target drugs to specific areas, like tumors, improving treatment and reducing side effects. Different types of nanoparticles like gold nanorods, quantum dots, and liposomes are being developed for targeted delivery.
2) Nanoparticles can help protect drugs from degradation and control their release in the body over extended time periods, improving compliance. This allows drugs to be administered less frequently.
3) Nanotechnology has the potential to lower drug costs by allowing conventional drugs to be delivered more effectively in low doses using nanoparticle carriers, extending their patent lifetimes.
Nanoparticles show promise for biomedical imaging and diagnosis due to their large size and multifunctionality compared to small molecules. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are commonly used in MRI because they shorten T2 relaxation times, allowing hydrogen protons to move closer to the magnet and produce clearer images. Various types of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles including amine, carboxyl, epoxy and IDA functionalized nanoparticles are used for applications like immunoassay, gene transfection, biomolecule separation, cell separation, enzyme immobilization, drug delivery, and biomedical imaging. Nanoparticles also show potential for targeted cancer drug delivery and simultaneous imaging and therapy.
A nanomedical device should perform multiple functions, so a multifunctional nanoparticle system can be constructed from the inner core outward. The core can contain a drug, while outer layers provide targeting ligands, such as antibodies, peptides, or aptamers directed against receptors overexpressed on diseased cells. Aptamers have advantages over antibodies like uniform activity between batches. Peptides can also serve as targeting ligands if they recognize receptors. Other ligands like folate or transferrin can bind their cognate receptors, but compete with circulating levels; antibodies are more specific but expensive. A variety of conjugation strategies can be used to attach targeting ligands to nanoparticles.
The document discusses nanomedicine, which uses nanotechnology to analyze and repair the human body at the molecular level. It provides examples of nanoparticles used for drug delivery, including liposomes, metallic nanoparticles, polymers, mesoporous silica. Surface modifications like PEGylation and targeting ligands help nanoparticles evade the immune system and target tissues. Stimuli-responsive nanoparticles can release drugs in response to pH, light, temperature or other triggers. The document discusses applications of nanomedicine in cancer therapy, cardiovascular disease, and thrombolysis. Research is ongoing to develop multifunctional nanoparticles that can target sites of disease, deliver drugs intracellularly, and respond to local pathological conditions.
1. Nanoparticles can interact with cells through adhesion to the cell surface or cellular uptake via endocytosis.
2. There are several pathways for cellular uptake including clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolae-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
3. It is important to understand the intracellular fate and trafficking of nanoparticles, which can be determined using markers and visualized through techniques like electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and radiolabeling.
The document discusses using magnetic nanoparticles for hyperthermia cancer therapy. It notes that resistance is a major challenge in cancer treatment. Mild hyperthermia between 42-45°C can induce apoptosis in cancer cells without damaging normal tissues. The document then describes a new type of nanoparticle called RA IN (resistance-free apoptosis-inducing nanoparticle) that aims to overcome resistance. The RA IN contains two subunits - one to inhibit heat shock proteins that protect cancer cells from heat-induced apoptosis, and another magnetic nanoparticle subunit to generate localized heat with an external magnetic field to kill cancer cells through apoptosis.
This document discusses nanomedicine and applications of nanotechnology in medicine. It begins by explaining how nanotechnology allows analysis and repair of the human body at the molecular level. It then covers major biological structures and scales. Richard Feynman's seminal 1959 talk inspiring nanotechnology is mentioned. The document defines nanomedicine and discusses markets, applications including drug delivery and disease detection, nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and their properties and potential uses in medicine. In particular, carbon nanotubes are discussed as potential drug delivery vessels that can be functionalized for targeting and controlled release.
This document discusses nanomedicine and various nanoscale structures that can be used for medical applications. It begins by explaining how nanotechnology allows analysis and repair of the human body at the molecular level. It then describes various nanoscale structures like liposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, mesoporous silica nanoparticles and their properties. These nanoparticles can be used for targeted drug delivery, imaging and diagnosis. The document also discusses some current and potential applications of these nanotechnologies in areas like cancer treatment, biomolecular sensing and gene therapy.
Nanotechnology deals with manipulating and controlling matter at the nanoscale, generally from 1 to 100 nanometers. It can be used to develop new materials, devices, and systems with applications in medicine, electronics, energy, and more. Some key applications of nanotechnology include using nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in cancer treatment, developing stronger and lighter nanocomposite materials, improving solar cells and batteries, and enabling new detection and filtration systems. While nanotechnology holds promise, research is still needed to fully understand potential health and environmental risks from nanoparticles.
The document provides an introduction to nanomedicine, including a brief history and properties of nanoscale materials. It discusses that nanomedicine involves applying nanotechnology to medical applications like diagnostics and therapeutics. Specifically, it describes how nanoparticles can be used for targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia cancer treatment, and tissue regeneration. The document concludes that while nanotechnology poses some risks, the field shows great promise for advancing medicine and has grown significantly in recent decades.
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular scale. It has many applications in fields like electronics, materials science, medicine, and more. Some key points:
- It allows engineering of functional systems at the nanometer scale (1-100 nm) which is around the size of atoms and molecules.
- Tools like atomic force microscopes and scanning tunneling microscopes enabled the study and engineering of matter at the nanoscale.
- Nanotechnology is used in areas like drug delivery, cancer treatment, stain-resistant and antibacterial fabrics, flexible electronics, solar cells, and more powerful computers.
- India has initiatives like the Nano Science and Technology Initiative and Nanoscience and Technology Mission
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular scale. It has various applications in fields like electronics, materials, medicine and more. Some key points:
1. It allows developing new materials and devices with improved properties by controlling structures at the nanoscale.
2. Tools like atomic force microscopes and scanning tunneling microscopes enabled research. Carbon nanotubes, nanorods and nanobots are examples of nanomaterials.
3. Applications include using silver nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes in fabrics and medicines, developing flexible electronics and improving computer chips.
The document discusses nanotechnology, which involves manipulating materials at the nanoscale of 1 to 100 nanometers. It describes how nanotechnology can be used across various fields like materials science, biology and medicine. Some key applications mentioned include using carbon nanotubes to create strong lightweight materials, using quantum dots in displays and electronics, developing nanobots for detection and drug delivery, and employing nanoparticles in fabrics, drugs, and electronics like flexible screens. The document also notes some potential risks of nanotechnology like nanoparticles entering the body and crossing the blood-brain barrier.
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This document discusses the topic of nanotechnology and its applications. It begins with an overview of nanotechnology, defining it as the manipulation of materials at the nanoscale (less than 100 nanometers). It then describes the two main approaches to nanotechnology - top-down and bottom-up. Several types of nanomaterials are discussed, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerenes. The document concludes by outlining several applications of nanotechnology, such as in sensors, medicine, environmental remediation, food science, and electronics.
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular scales. Key tools in nanoscience include scanning probe microscopes like the scanning tunneling microscope and atomic force microscope, which can image surfaces at the atomic level. Potential applications of nanotechnology include improving medicine through more targeted drug delivery, enhancing energy storage and conversion, treating diseases, and addressing environmental problems like pollution. While nanotechnology holds promise, its health and environmental risks require further research and regulation to ensure its safe development and use.
In recent years there has been ever increasing activity and excitement within the scientific and engineering communities, driven heavily by government investment, about engineered nanotechnology applications.
The purpose of this primer is to provide some basic information about engineered nanomaterials so that you will be better informed, understand the new 'jargon' and appreciate some of the potential new applications of these materials. in addition, understanding the wide range and types of measurements needed to characterize these nanomaterials along with what solutions PerkinElmer has to support customer working in this field are outlined.
Nanotechnology allows the precise placement of small structures at low cost, leading to economic growth, enhanced security, improved quality of life, and job creation. There are top-down and bottom-up approaches to nanoscale fabrication. Key tools include carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, and nanobots. Carbon nanotubes have exceptional strength and can penetrate cell walls, making them useful for applications like cancer treatment, sensors, electronics, and solar cells. Quantum dots can be used in displays and MEMS due to their reflectivity properties. Nanobots only a few nanometers in size could count molecules and potentially be used for detection, drug delivery, and biomedical instrumentation. Nanotechnology has many applications including electronics, energy,
This document discusses various applications of nanotechnology in diagnostic pathology. It begins by defining key terms like nanometer and describing early concepts in nanotechnology. It then explores different nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, nanorods, cantilevers, and quantum dots; how they are used for cancer detection and DNA analysis; and techniques like microfluidics. The document also covers applications in drug delivery, medical imaging, and surgery. Overall, the document outlines the growing role of nanotechnology across many areas of medical diagnosis and treatment.
Nanotechnology involves working at the nanoscale level between 1 to 100 nanometers. It can be used to create new materials and devices with unique properties not seen in larger structures. There are two main approaches - top-down and bottom-up. Top-down begins with bulk material and cuts it down to the nano size, while bottom-up builds nanostructures from individual atoms and molecules. Nanotechnology has many applications in medicine like drug delivery, electronics with smaller transistors, renewable energy, and more. However, there are also concerns about potential health effects and environmental impacts that require further research before widespread adoption. The future of nanotechnology looks promising but careful development is needed to address challenges.
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology. It begins with definitions of nanotechnology as the study and manipulation of matter at the atomic scale, with a nanometer being one billionth of a meter. The document then discusses the history of nanotechnology from Richard Feynman's 1959 talk introducing the concept to modern developments like the scanning tunneling microscope. Tools and techniques used in nanotechnology like lithography and microscopes are described. Specific nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, nanorods, and nanobots are explained. The wide applications of nanotechnology in areas like electronics, medicine, fabrics and more are outlined. The future potential of nanotechnology is also mentioned.
Richard Feynman introduced the concept of nanotechnology in 1959 when he suggested there is plenty of room for building things at the smallest scales. Nanotechnology involves constructing and engineering functional systems at the atomic or molecular scale, between 1 to 100 nanometers. Key discoveries in nanotechnology include buckyballs, spherical carbon molecules, and carbon nanotubes, hollow structures made of linked carbon atoms. Nanotechnology has applications in electronics, medicine, cancer treatment, surgery, the military, agriculture, sports equipment, and LEDs. India is working to develop nanotechnology through initiatives like the National Initiative on Nanomaterials.
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology, including definitions, history, applications, and health impacts. Nanotechnology involves engineering at the molecular level between 1 to 100 nanometers. It has a variety of applications, including carbon nanotubes, molecular electronics, quantum dots, and more efficient energy generation. While many nanotechnology applications pose no new health risks, some free nanoparticles may have negative health impacts due to their small size and chemical properties. The document outlines the history and development of nanotechnology from 1959 to present.
Nanotechnology and Its Applications which are related to the field of engineering and mainly bio-nanotechnology, electronics and green nanotechnology in India.
In recent years there has been ever increasing activity and interest within the scientific and engineering fields about engineered nanoparticles (ENP). PerkinElmer's analytical instruments enable engineers and scientists to measure, characterize, and better understand nanomaterials for industrial and academic nanotechnology research. In this Nanotechnology Insights e-Zine you will find a wide range of solutions and scientific papers about nanomaterial applications (from synthesizing to end use) that illustrate PerkinElmer's support and contribution to customers working in this revolutionary science.
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Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
2. Premises
• Since the human body is basically an extremely complex
system of interacting molecules (i.e., a molecular machine),
the technology required to truly understand and repair the
body is the molecular machine technology :
NANOTECHNOLOGY
• A natural consequence of this level of technology will be the
ability to analyze and repair the human body as completely
and effectively as we can repair any conventional machine
today.
4. NANOTECHNOLOGY
Feynman: "There is plenty of room at the bottom"
• Seminal speech on December
1959 at CalTech
• " Why can’t be compressed 24
volumes of Encyclopedia
Britannica on a pin head ?“
• " The biological example of writing
information on a small scale has
inspired me to think of something
that should be possible "
• In 1990, IBM scientists wrote the
logo IBM using 35 xenon atoms on
nickel.
7. E.C.-ETP
“Nanomedicine, is defined as the application of
nanotechnology to achieve breakthroughs in
healthcare. It exploits the improved and often novel
physical, chemical and biological properties of
materials at the nanometer scale. Nanomedicine
has the potential to enable early detection and
prevention, and to essentially improve diagnosis,
treatment and follow-up of diseases.
……………………….
8. Nanomedicine:
European Science Foundation (ESF)
“The field of Nanomedicine is an
offshot of biotechnology aiming at
diagnosing, treating and
preventing disease and traumatic
injury, of relieving pain, and of
preserving and improving human
health, using molecular tools and
molecular knowledge of the
human body. It embraces sub-
disciplines which are in many ways
overlapping and are underpinned
by common technical issues.”
9. The numbers of nanomedicine
The global nanomedicine market reached USD
78.54 billion in 2012.
The “Nanomedicine Market Global Industry
Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and
Forecast, 2013 - 2019" predicts that the market
globally will be worth USD 177.60 billion by
2019.
According to the report, technological advancement in the field is the
primary growth driver. Rising support from various governments in
terms of funds and increasing collaborations between enterprises for
research and development in nanomedicine is also expected to boost
growth of this market. On the other hand, the lack of a well-organized
regulatory framework and the high costs associated with these drugs and
devices are slowing the nanomedicine market’s growth
10. The largest market segment within the nanomedicine market is
that of oncology, and the fastest growing segment is the
cardiovascular market. Growth in this segment has been fuelled
by the presence of a sizeable patient population, and a
simultaneous growth in the demand for device and drugs that are
based on nanomedicine. These factors are collectively anticipated
to further fuel the growth of the cardiovascular segment within
the nanomedicine market.
11. 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of publications related to “nanomedicine” in Medline
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
14. Topics in nanomedicine
• Therapy:
Drug Delivery: Use nanodevices specifically
targeted to cells, to guide delivery of drugs,
proteins and genes
Drug targeting : Whole body, cellular ,
subcellular delivery
Drug discovery : Novel bioactives and
delivery systems
15. Topics in nanomedicine
• Diagnosis:
Prevention and Early Detection of diseases: Use
nanodevices to detect specific changes in diseased
cells and organism.
17. Why Nanoparticles
1) Drugs, contrast agents, paramagnetic or
radiolabeled probes can be vehiculated by
NPs
2) NPs can be multi-functionalized to confer
differents features on them
2) These features of NP will be transferred to
transported drug
18. • Targeting: nanoparticles control the drug delivery.
The drug follows the NP
• Drugs are concentrated to target. Less systemic
toxicity.
• Less drug is necessary
• Drugs are protected inside NPs and are not degraded.
Longer drug halflife (if NP have long halflife).
• Biologicals (proteins, genes, Antibodies) are most
favourable candidates for NP
1) Drugs, contrast agents, paramagnetic or
radiolabeled probes can be vehiculated by NPs
19. • Multi-functionalization: Controls drug targeting,
drug dosage, and drug release characteristics
2) NPs can be multi-functionalized to confer
differents features on them
20. An ideal Multi-functional nanoparticle vector
Anticorpo
Indirizza la NP verso un
antigene specifico sulla
cellula da colpire
Polietilenglicol
(PEG)
Evita che la NP venga
rimossa dal circolo
Evita che NP venga
digerita nei lisosomi
Tat peptide
Determina Fusione e
ingresso della NP nella
cellula
Probe magnetico
Permette imaging
tramite MRI
Farmaco
24. What are Carbon Nanotubes?
Carbon nanotubes are
hexagonally shaped
arrangements of carbon
atoms that have been
rolled into tubes.
25.
26. Human hair fragment
(the purplish thing) on
top of a network of
single-walled carbon
nanotubes
Nanotubes are members of the
fullerene structural family, which
also includes the spherical
buckyballs. Their name is derived
from their size, since the diameter
of a nanotube is on the order of a
few nanometers, while they can be
up to tenths of centimeters in
length
Nanotubes are categorized as
single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs)
and multi-walled nanotubes
(MWNTs)
28. Armchair (n,n)
• Single-walled nanotubes
are an important variety
of carbon nanotube
because they exhibit
electric properties that
are not shared by the
multi-walled carbon
nanotube (MWNT)
variants.One useful
application of SWNTs is
in the development of the
first intramolecular field
effect transistors (FET).
• (Used for
nanobiosensors).
29. Multi-walled• Multi-walled nanotubes (MWNT)
consist of multiple rolled layers
(concentric tubes) of graphite.
• In the Russian Doll model, sheets
of graphite are arranged in
concentric cylinders, e.g. a (0,8)
single-walled nanotube (SWNT)
within a larger (0,10) single-walled
nanotube.
• In the Parchment model, a single
sheet of graphite is rolled in
around itself, resembling a scroll
of parchment or a rolled
newspaper. The interlayer
distance in multi-walled
nanotubes is close to the distance
between graphene layers in
graphite, approximately 3.4 Å.
30. Properties of Carbon
Nanotubes
Nanotubes have a very broad range of electronic,
thermal, and structural properties that change
depending on diameter, length. They exhibit
extraordinary strength and unique electrical
properties, and are efficient conductors of heat.
31. Strength
• Carbon nanotubes are the strongest
and stiffest materials yet discovered in
terms of tensile strength and elastic
modulus respectively. This strength
results from the covalent sp2 bonds
formed between the individual carbon
atoms. In 2000, a multi-walled carbon
nanotube was tested to have a tensile
strength of 63 gigapascals (GPa).
(This, for illustration, translates into the
ability to endure tension of a weight
equivalent to 6422 kg on a cable with
cross-section of 1 mm2.) Since carbon
nanotubes have a low density for a
solid of 1.3 to 1.4 g·cm−3, its specific
strength of up to 48,000 kN·m·kg−1 is
the best of known materials, compared
to high-carbon steel's 154 kN·m·kg−1.
32. Electrical properties
• Depending how the graphene sheet
is rolled up, the nanotube can be
metallic; semiconducting or moderate
semiconductor.
33. Thermal property
• All nanotubes are expected to be very good
thermal conductors along the tube,
exhibiting a property known as "ballistic
conduction," but good insulators laterally to
the tube axis.
34. Defects
• As with any material, the existence of a
crystallographic defect affects the material
properties. Defects can occur in the form of
atomic vacancies. High levels of such defects can
lower the tensile strength by up to 85%.
Crystallographic defects also affect the tube's
electrical properties. A common result is lowered
conductivity through the defective region of the
tube.
35. Natural, incidental, and
controlled flame environments
• Fullerenes and carbon nanotubes are not
necessarily products of high-tech laboratories;
they are commonly formed in such places as
ordinary flames,produced by burning
methane,ethylene,and benzene, and they have
been found in soot from both indoor and outdoor
air. However, these naturally occurring varieties
can be highly irregular in size and quality
because the environment in which they are
produced is often highly uncontrolled.
37. In electrical circuits
• Nanotube based transistors
have been made that operate
at room temperature and that
are capable of digital switching
using a single electron.The first
nanotube integrated memory
circuit was made in 2004.
Nanotube Transistor
38. Proposed as a vessel for transporting drugs
into the body. The ends of a nanotube might be capped with a
hemisphere of the buckyball structureThe drug can be attached to
the side or trailed behind, or the drug can actually be placed inside
the nanotube.
.
Nanotube
Nanocap
41. Toxicity
Their final usage, however, may be limited by
their potential toxicity.
Results of rodent studies show that CNTs produce
inflammation, epithelioid granulomas (microscopic
nodules), fibrosis, and biochemical/toxicological
changes in the lungs. Comparative toxicity studies
in which mice were given equal weights of test
materials showed that SWCNTs were more toxic
than quartz, which is considered a serious
occupational health hazard when chronically
inhaled. The needle-like fiber shape of CNTs is
similar to asbestos fibers. This raises the idea that
widespread use of carbon nanotubes may lead to
pleural mesothelioma, a cancer of the lungs, or
peritoneal mesothelioma (both caused by exposure
to asbestos). Available data suggest that under
certain conditions, especially those involving
chronic exposure, carbon nanotubes can pose a
serious risk to human health.
45. gold nanoparticles (1-20 nm) are produced by reduction
of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4)
To the rapidly-stirred boiling HAuCl4 solution,
quickly add 2 mL of a 1% solution of trisodium
citrate dihydrate, Na3C6H5O7
.2H2O. The gold
sol gradually forms as the citrate reduces the
gold(III). Remove from heat when the solution
has turned deep red or 10 minutes has elapsed.
46.
47.
48. In cancer research, colloidal gold can be used to target
tumors and provide detection using SERS (Surface
Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy) in vivo.
They are being investigated as photothermal converters
of near infrared light for in-vivo applications, as ablation
components for cancer, and other targets since near
infrared light transmits readily through human skin and
tissue
57. HYDROGELS
Co-polymers (e.g. acrylamide and acrylic acid) create water-
impregnated nanoparticles with pores of well-defined size.
Water flows freely into these particles, carrying proteins and other small
molecules into the polymer matrix.
By controlling the pore size, huge proteins such as albumin and
immunoglobulin are excluded while smaller peptides and other
molecules are allowed.
The polymeric component acts as a negatively
charged "bait" that attracts positively
charged proteins, improving the particles'
performance.
59. Mesoporous silica particles: nano-sized spheres filled with a regular
arrangement of pores with controllable pore size from 3 to 15nm and outer
diameter from 20nm to 1000 nm .
The large surface area of the pores allows the particles to be filled with a
drug or with a fluorescent dye that would normally be unable to pass
through cell walls. The MSN material is then capped off with a molecule that
is compatible with the target cells. When are added to a cell culture, they
carry the drug across the cell membrane.
These particles are optically transparent,
so a dye can be seen through the silica walls.
The types of molecules that
are grafted to the outside will control what
kinds of biomolecules are allowed inside
the particles to interact with the dye.
EM
60. Quantum dots
3 nm
Dots are crystalline fluorophores made of binary compounds such as
lead sulfide PbS, lead selenide PbSe, cadmium selenide CdSe,
cadmium sulfide CdS, indium arsenide InAs, and indium InP.
Dots may also be made from ternary compounds such as cadmium
selenide sulfide. These quantum dots can contain as few as 100 to
100,000 atoms within the quantum dot volume, with a diameter of 10 to
50 atoms. This corresponds to about 2 to 10 nanometers.
A quantum dot is a semiconductor whose excitons are confined in all
three spatial dimensions.
An immediate optical feature of colloidal quantum dots is their
coloration
61.
62. 62
High quantum yield compared to common fluorescent dyes
Broadband absorption: light that has a shorter wavelength than
the emission maximum wavelength can be absorbed, peak
emission wavelength is independent of excitation source
Tunable and narrow emission, dependent on composition and
size
High resistance to photo bleaching: inorganic particles are more
photostable than organic molecules and can survive longer
irradiation times
Long fluorescence lifetime: fluorescent of quantum dots are 15
to 20 ns, which is higher than typical organic dye lifetimes.
Improved detection sensitivity: inorganic semiconductor
nanoparticles can be characterized with electron microscopes
Quantum Dot Properties
63. Quantum Dots
• Raw quantum dots are toxic
• But they fluoresce brilliantly, better than dyes
(imaging agents)
• Only way of clearance of protected QDs from the body
is by slow filtration and excretion through the kidney
64. Quantum Dots
• QD technology helps cancer researchers to observe fundamental
molecular events occurring in the tumor cells by tracking QDs of
different sizes and thus different colors, tagged to multiple
different biomoleules, in vitro by fluorescent microscopy.
• QD technology holds a great potential for applications in
nanobiotechnology and medical diagnostics where QDs could be
used as labels.
First attempts have been made to use quantum dots for tumor
targeting under in vivo conditions.
Generically toxic
65. 65
Figure 2. Phase contrast images (top row) and
fluorescence image NIH-3T3 cells incubated with QDs2;
(c) SKOV3 cells were incubated with QDs2
FPP-QDs specifically bind to tumor cells via the membrane expression of
FA receptors on cell surface
Quantum Dots for Imaging of Tumor Cells
Y. Zhao et al. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 350 (2010) 44–50.
66. 66
Quantum dots conjugated with folate–PEG–PMAM
for targeting tumor cells
Folate–poly(ethylene glycol)–polyamidoamine ligands encapsulate and solubilize
CdSe/ZnS quantum dots and target folate receptors in tumor cells.
Dendrimer ligands with multivalent amino groups can react with Zn2+ on the surface
of CdSe/ZnS QDs based on direct ligand-exchange reactions with ODA ligands
Y. Zhao et al. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 350 (2010) 44–50.
67. QD nanocrystals are highly toxic to cultured cells under UV
illumination. The energy of UV irradiation is close to that of the
covalent chemical bond energy of CdSe nanocrystals. As a result,
semiconductor particles can be dissolved, in a process known as
photolysis, to release toxic Metal ions into the culture medium. In
the absence of UV irradiation, however, quantum dots with a stable
polymer coating have been found to be essentially nontoxic. NP
encapsulation of quantum dots allows for quantum dots to be
introduced into a stable aqueous solution, reducing the possibility of
Metal leakage.Then again, only little is known about the excretion
process of quantum dots from living organisms..
These and other questions must be carefully examined before
quantum dot applications can be approved for human clinical use.
68.
69.
70. Brand name Description
Emend
(Merck & Co. Inc.)
Nanocrystal (antiemetic) in a capsule
Rapamune
(Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories)
Nanocrystallized Rapamycin (immunosuppressant) in a
tablet
Abraxane
(American Biosciences, Inc.)
Paclitaxel (anticancer drug)- bound albumin particles
Rexin-G
(Epeius Biotechnology
corporation)
A retroviral vector carrying cytotoxic gene
Olay Moisturizers
(Procter and Gamble)
Contains added transparent, better protecting nano zinc
oxide particles
Trimetaspheres (Luna Nanoworks) MRI images
Silcryst
(Nucryst Pharmaceuticals)
Enhance the solubility and sustained release of silver
nanocrystals
Nano-balls
(Univ. of South Florida)
Nano-sized plastic spheres with drugs (active against
methicillin-resistant staph (MRSA) bacteria) chemically
bonded to their surface that allow the drug to be dissolved
in water.
Nano-particulate pharmaceuticals
71. Company Product
• CytImmune Gold nanoparticles for targeted delivery of drugs to tumors
• Nucryst Antimicrobial wound dressings using silver nanocrystals
• NanobiotixNanoparticles that target tumor cells, when irradiated by xrays the
nanoparticles generate electrons which cause localized destruction of the tumor
cells.
• Oxonica Disease identification using gold nanoparticles (biomarkers)
• Nanotherapeutics Nanoparticles for improving the performance of drug delivery
by oral, inhaled or nasal methods
• NanoBio Nanoemulsions for nasal delivery to fight viruses (such as the flu
and colds) and bacteria
• BioDelivery Sciences Oral drug delivery of drugs encapuslated in a
nanocrystalline structure called a cochleate
• NanoBioMagnetics Magnetically responsive nanoparticles for targeted drug
delivery and other applications
• Z-Medica Medical gauze containing aluminosilicate nanoparticles which help bood
clot faster in open wounds
73. Open Problems
Manufacturing NPs for medical use:
Putting the drug on the particle
Assessment of NPs:
Dynamic structural
features in vivo
Kinetics of drug
release
Triggered drug release
Maintaining the drug in the particle
Making the drug come off the
particle once application is done
Purity and homogeneity of
nanoparticles
74. Open Problems
Toxicity:
short term - no toxicity in animals
long term- not known
Toxicity for both the host and the environment should be addressed
75. Open Problems
Delivery:
Ensuring Delivery to target
organ/cell
SOLUTION:
detection of NPs
at target, organs ,
cells , subcellular
location et al.
Tissue
distribution
Removal of nanoparticles
from the body
77. NPs
The blood-brain barrier
(BBB)
Brain micro-vessel endothelial cells build
up the blood brain barrier (BBB)
The BBB hinders water soluble molecules
and those with MW > 500 from getting
into the brain
78. Open Problems
GMP Challenges
• No standards for:
Purity and homogeneity of nanoparticles
Manufacturing Methods
Testing and Validation
Good manufacturing practices (GMP) are the practices required in order to
conform to guidelines recommended by agencies that control authorization
and licensing for manufacture and sale of food, drug products, and active
pharmaceutical products. These guidelines provide minimum requirements
that a pharmaceutical or a food product manufacturer must meet to assure that
the products are of high quality and do not pose any risk to the consumer or
public.
Good manufacturing practices, along with good laboratory practices and
good clinical practices, are overseen by regulatory agencies in the United
States, Canada, Europe, China, and other countries.
79. • Toxicities of nanomaterials are unknown
• To best target the nanomaterials so that systemic
administration can be used
• To uncage the drug so it gets out at the desired
location
• Removal of nanoparticles from the body
• Mathematical modeling of nanostructures
• Barrier crossing (BBB, G.I., et al.)
• GMP production
Summary