Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy include preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, and chronic hypertension. Preeclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Symptoms include headache, visual changes, and edema. Timely delivery is the only cure. Complications for the mother include liver or kidney failure and for the baby include intrauterine growth restriction and stillbirth.
This topic contains detailed description about labour, its definition, date of onset of labour, calculations of date of delivery, causes of onset of labour, physiology of normal labour, and events, clinical course and management of each stages of labour.
This topic contains detailed description about labour, its definition, date of onset of labour, calculations of date of delivery, causes of onset of labour, physiology of normal labour, and events, clinical course and management of each stages of labour.
It is a composite graphical recording of cervical dilatation and descent of head against duration of labour in hours.
It also gives information about fetal and maternal condition that are all recorded on single sheet of paper.
It explains the mechanism of normal labour to medical and para-medical staff.It also puts light on principle movements underlying mechanism of normal labour with pictures.Thank You Like an share it to the maximum.
This topic contains definition, meaning, classification, pathophysiology, clinical menifestations, metabolic and general changes, management of obstetrical shock
It is a composite graphical recording of cervical dilatation and descent of head against duration of labour in hours.
It also gives information about fetal and maternal condition that are all recorded on single sheet of paper.
It explains the mechanism of normal labour to medical and para-medical staff.It also puts light on principle movements underlying mechanism of normal labour with pictures.Thank You Like an share it to the maximum.
This topic contains definition, meaning, classification, pathophysiology, clinical menifestations, metabolic and general changes, management of obstetrical shock
Discover the critical insights you need to understand and combat pre-eclampsia in this engaging presentation. My expertly curated slides offer a comprehensive overview of this pregnancy-related condition, covering its causes, symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment options, and preventative measures. Don't miss this opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of pre-eclampsia and protect the health of expectant mothers and their babies.
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy refer to a group of conditions characterized by high blood pressure during pregnancy, which can include gestational hypertension (high blood pressure that develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy) and preeclampsia (a more severe form of hypertension that can also cause protein in the urine and changes in liver function). These conditions can be serious for both the mother and the baby and may require close monitoring and management. Treatment options may include medications to lower blood pressure, as well as close monitoring of the mother and baby to ensure their health and well-being.
The kidneys filter waste and excess fluid from the blood. As kidneys fail, waste builds up.
Symptoms develop slowly and aren't specific to the disease. Some people have no symptoms at all and are diagnosed by a lab test.
Medication helps manage symptoms. In later stages, filtering the blood with a machine (dialysis) or a transplant may be required.
Although the most important causes of kidney injury in late pregnancy are preeclampsia and the associated disorders eclampsia and HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, low platelet count) syndrome, they will be discussed with the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
Pregnancy is one of the wonderful gifts of God, imposed naturally to womanhood only. It is a period of enormous physio- pathological and psychological adoption in a women’s life.
Pregnancy is a normal physiological process and not a disease, but it is associated with certain risks to health and survival both for women and infant she bears.
Every minute of everyday a women dies of pregnancy related complications.
Hypertension is one of the common problems met during pregnancy and contributes significantly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.
Pregnancy-induced hypertension is one of the maternal diseases that causes the most detrimental effects to the maternal, fetal, and neonatal organisms.
Pregnancy-induced hypertension is also called toxemia or preeclampsia. It occurs most often in young women with a first pregnancy. Hypertension is the most common medical problem encountered during pregnancy, complicating 2-3% of pregnancies.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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2. Definition It is a condition that the pregnant women appear at least 2 of the 3 signs, including hypertension , proteinuria and edema after 20th week of pregnancy.
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10. Pathology Uteroplacental ischemia ‘ toxins’ Hypertension and vascular spasmus Ischmia and impairment of varies organs (liver function, renal function, heart function, cerebral lesion, etc) Result in signs and symptoms (headache, faint, nause, epigastric pain, convulsion, coma, etc)
11. Fluid retention During the normal pregnency period, the average weight gain is about 12kg. In the first trimester, a loss of weight maybe happen for morrning sickness. In the second and third trimester, the average weight gain is about 0.5kg/wk. If the weight gain is greater than 1kg/wk, closely measurement for blood pressure and urine specimen investigation should be done
12. Hypertension The blood pressure fluctates within the range of 110-120/60-70mmHg in a rest condition. The standards of hypertension used in general medicine are not appropriate in obstetrics. The dividing point between physiology and pathology is accepted as 140/90mmHg or increase of 30/15mmHg over the baseline reading. During pregnancy period, the increased blood pressure should be below 30/15mmHg
13. Edema During normal pregnancy period, the extracellular fluid increases about 2500ml. The excessive fluid retention eventually results in edema and is often firstly found over the lower subcutaneous surface of the tibia by gentle sustained pressure, and gradually the feet and ankles are obviously swoolen.
14. Proteinuria The proteinura means that the protein components mainly including albuminuria and globulins are found in urine sample. But there are many causes can give rise to proteinuria , which contamination from vaginal discharge, urinary tract infection and chronic renal disease.
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16. + Edema only limits on feet and calf and can not disappear after rest. ++ Edema develops to thigh. +++ Edema raise to vulva and abdomen. ++++ Edema distributes to all of the body and sometimes company with ascites
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19. Pre-eclampsia On the above basic, the patient appears headache, giddy and faint, nausea, epigastric pain and even vomiting, this is called pre-eclampsia. If the patient does not accept treatment appropriately and in time, she will develop to eclampsia.
20. Eclampsia The patient abruptly comes forth convulsion with or without coma. During convulsion, the patient stops breathing temporarily and face becomes cyanose. This will last for about 1min. After convulsion, patient often drops into coma.
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24. Influence to pregnant women and fetus Pregnant women: heart failure,liver and kidney function failure, DIC, plcenta abruption, HELLP,postpartum haemorrhage Fetus : preterm labor, oligohydramnios, IUGR, fetal distress, death, stillbirth, neonatal death,etc
25. Therapy Relife convulsion Sedation Antihypertension Diuretics Delivery To terminate pregnancy is the key to resolve the problem. The method to end pregnancy includes induced labour by oxytocin or caesaren section.
26. Management for pre-eclampsia and eclampsia * Keep the patients in a quiet circumstance and reduce external stimuli as possible * Relief convulsion * Reduce blood pressure * Relief pain during delivery either by vaginal or operation
27. Question If the patients appeared BP 150/100mmHg, proteinuria (++), edema(++) at 34 gestational age, then the diagnosis should be: A. Mild degree of PIH B. Moderate degree of PIH C. Serious degree of PIH D. Pre-eclampsia E. Eclampsia
28. Question The influence on pregnant women with PIH is A.Form plcenta praevia B.Result in megaloblastic anemia C.Result in abruptio plcenta D.Result in gestational diabetics E. Result in iron-deficiency anemia
29. Question The influence on fetus in pregnant women with PIH is A.Fetal malformation B.Fetal heart disease C.Fetal heamorrhage D.Fetal anemia E.IUGR
30. * Definition of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy * Types of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and the diagnostic standard * Degree of edema in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy