This document provides information on diseases of the pharynx and larynx. It begins with learning objectives about the anatomy and pathological conditions of the larynx. It then describes the anatomy of the pharynx and its three parts. Various normal and abnormal laryngeal conditions are described such as nodules, polyps, laryngitis sicca, vocal cord hemorrhage, paralysis, presbylarynx, acid reflux, and cancer. Cancer is further discussed in terms of introduction, etiology, classification/staging, diagnosis, investigation, treatment including radiotherapy, surgery and rehabilitation.
1. The document discusses the anatomy, etiology, symptoms, signs, treatment, and complications of tonsillitis. It describes the palatine tonsils as two oval masses of lymphoid tissue located in the lateral walls of the oropharynx.
2. Common causes of tonsillitis include streptococcus, staphylococci, pneumococci, and H. influenzae bacteria. Symptoms include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, earache, and general body aches. Treatment involves rest, analgesics, and 7-10 days of antimicrobial therapy.
3. Complications of tonsillitis include peritonsillar abscess, rheumatic fever, acute glo
This document discusses tumors of the larynx, including benign and malignant tumors. It provides details on various benign tumors such as papillomas, paragangliomas, schwannomas, and hemangiomas. It then focuses on malignant tumors, specifically squamous cell carcinoma which is the most common. Details are given on risk factors, pathology, staging, symptoms, workup and various treatment options for laryngeal cancer such as cordectomy, laryngectomy, and chemoradiotherapy.
Non neoplstic and benign lesions of larynx is an important topic for both MBBS and MS ENT students in their final exam. Vocal nodule, polyps, Reinke's edema are the common problems in voice abusers and smokers. Dr. Krishna Koirala has discussed this topic thoroughly in this lecture.
Vocal nodules are benign, bilateral growths on the vocal folds caused by overuse or misuse of the voice. They present with changes in voice and difficulty singing high or loud. Treatment involves voice therapy and possible surgery if symptoms do not improve. Vocal polyps are also benign growths but are usually unilateral and caused by vocal trauma or irritants like smoking. Symptoms include hoarseness. Treatment is surgical excision and voice therapy. Reinke's edema is a bilateral swelling of the vocal folds caused by irritants like smoking. Treatment involves eliminating irritants and possible stripping of the vocal folds.
Vocal nodules are benign, bilateral growths on the vocal folds caused by overuse or misuse of the voice. They present with changes in voice and difficulty singing high or loud. Treatment involves voice therapy and possible surgery if symptoms do not improve. Vocal polyps are also benign growths but are usually unilateral and caused by vocal trauma or irritants like smoking. Symptoms include hoarseness and treatment is surgical excision. Reinke's edema is a bilateral swelling of the vocal folds due to irritants like smoking and is treated with vocal cord stripping.
Vocal nodules are benign, bilateral growths on the vocal cords caused by overuse or misuse of the voice. They are usually treated with voice therapy and rest, and may require surgery if not improved after 3-6 months. Vocal polyps are also benign growths but are usually unilateral and caused by vocal trauma or irritants like smoking. They are typically treated with excision during microlaryngoscopy. Reinke's edema is a bilateral swelling of the vocal cords caused by irritants like smoking, and is treated by removing the fluid or tissue via stripping under microlaryngoscopy along with voice therapy.
Diseases of the throat by Dr. Kavitha Ashok Kumar MSU MalaysiaKavitha Ashokb
This document discusses diseases of the throat, including lesions of the oral cavity and pharynx. It describes various white and red lesions that can occur in the oral cavity, such as oral submucous fibrosis and candidiasis. It also discusses conditions like chronic tonsillitis, adenoid hypertrophy, and tonsillectomy. Chronic tonsillitis is characterized by recurrent sore throat, fever and neck swelling. Adenoid hypertrophy can cause nasal obstruction and mouth breathing. Tonsillectomy may be indicated for chronic tonsillitis, respiratory obstruction or peritonsillar abscess.
This document provides information on diseases of the pharynx and larynx. It begins with learning objectives about the anatomy and pathological conditions of the larynx. It then describes the anatomy of the pharynx and its three parts. Various normal and abnormal laryngeal conditions are described such as nodules, polyps, laryngitis sicca, vocal cord hemorrhage, paralysis, presbylarynx, acid reflux, and cancer. Cancer is further discussed in terms of introduction, etiology, classification/staging, diagnosis, investigation, treatment including radiotherapy, surgery and rehabilitation.
1. The document discusses the anatomy, etiology, symptoms, signs, treatment, and complications of tonsillitis. It describes the palatine tonsils as two oval masses of lymphoid tissue located in the lateral walls of the oropharynx.
2. Common causes of tonsillitis include streptococcus, staphylococci, pneumococci, and H. influenzae bacteria. Symptoms include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, earache, and general body aches. Treatment involves rest, analgesics, and 7-10 days of antimicrobial therapy.
3. Complications of tonsillitis include peritonsillar abscess, rheumatic fever, acute glo
This document discusses tumors of the larynx, including benign and malignant tumors. It provides details on various benign tumors such as papillomas, paragangliomas, schwannomas, and hemangiomas. It then focuses on malignant tumors, specifically squamous cell carcinoma which is the most common. Details are given on risk factors, pathology, staging, symptoms, workup and various treatment options for laryngeal cancer such as cordectomy, laryngectomy, and chemoradiotherapy.
Non neoplstic and benign lesions of larynx is an important topic for both MBBS and MS ENT students in their final exam. Vocal nodule, polyps, Reinke's edema are the common problems in voice abusers and smokers. Dr. Krishna Koirala has discussed this topic thoroughly in this lecture.
Vocal nodules are benign, bilateral growths on the vocal folds caused by overuse or misuse of the voice. They present with changes in voice and difficulty singing high or loud. Treatment involves voice therapy and possible surgery if symptoms do not improve. Vocal polyps are also benign growths but are usually unilateral and caused by vocal trauma or irritants like smoking. Symptoms include hoarseness. Treatment is surgical excision and voice therapy. Reinke's edema is a bilateral swelling of the vocal folds caused by irritants like smoking. Treatment involves eliminating irritants and possible stripping of the vocal folds.
Vocal nodules are benign, bilateral growths on the vocal folds caused by overuse or misuse of the voice. They present with changes in voice and difficulty singing high or loud. Treatment involves voice therapy and possible surgery if symptoms do not improve. Vocal polyps are also benign growths but are usually unilateral and caused by vocal trauma or irritants like smoking. Symptoms include hoarseness and treatment is surgical excision. Reinke's edema is a bilateral swelling of the vocal folds due to irritants like smoking and is treated with vocal cord stripping.
Vocal nodules are benign, bilateral growths on the vocal cords caused by overuse or misuse of the voice. They are usually treated with voice therapy and rest, and may require surgery if not improved after 3-6 months. Vocal polyps are also benign growths but are usually unilateral and caused by vocal trauma or irritants like smoking. They are typically treated with excision during microlaryngoscopy. Reinke's edema is a bilateral swelling of the vocal cords caused by irritants like smoking, and is treated by removing the fluid or tissue via stripping under microlaryngoscopy along with voice therapy.
Diseases of the throat by Dr. Kavitha Ashok Kumar MSU MalaysiaKavitha Ashokb
This document discusses diseases of the throat, including lesions of the oral cavity and pharynx. It describes various white and red lesions that can occur in the oral cavity, such as oral submucous fibrosis and candidiasis. It also discusses conditions like chronic tonsillitis, adenoid hypertrophy, and tonsillectomy. Chronic tonsillitis is characterized by recurrent sore throat, fever and neck swelling. Adenoid hypertrophy can cause nasal obstruction and mouth breathing. Tonsillectomy may be indicated for chronic tonsillitis, respiratory obstruction or peritonsillar abscess.
This document summarizes acute and chronic pharyngitis. It discusses the anatomy of the pharynx and describes acute pharyngitis as usually being viral or bacterial in origin. The clinical features, investigations, and treatment of acute pharyngitis are outlined. Complications are also discussed. Acute tonsillitis is described separately. Chronic pharyngitis and its causes, symptoms, signs, and treatment are briefly covered. Specific conditions like peritonsillar abscess, diphtheria, and retropharyngeal abscess are also summarized.
This document provides information about acute and chronic pharyngitis. It discusses the anatomy of the pharynx and causes of acute pharyngitis such as viral and bacterial infections. Clinical features of acute pharyngitis are described along with investigations and treatment options. Complications are outlined. Acute tonsillitis is also discussed including types, symptoms, signs, and treatment. Chronic pharyngitis and conditions such as peritonsillar abscess, diphtheria, and retropharyngeal abscess are summarized as well.
This document discusses diseases of the pharynx, including its anatomy and functions. It describes inflammatory conditions like adenoiditis and tonsillitis, as well as tumors. Adenoiditis is usually caused by viral or bacterial infections and can cause nasal obstruction. Tonsillitis can be acute or chronic, with group A streptococcus being a common cause of acute tonsillitis. Obstructive sleep apnea is also discussed, with enlarged adenoids and tonsils being a common cause. Deep neck space infections are an important complication, with odontogenic infections being a frequent source. Management involves airway protection, antibiotics, and sometimes surgical drainage.
This document discusses diseases of the tonsils and adenoids. It describes the anatomy and functions of the tonsils and adenoids. The tonsils and adenoids are part of the lymphatic system and help fight infections in children. Common diseases that can affect the tonsils include acute and chronic tonsillitis. Acute tonsillitis causes symptoms like sore throat and fever. Complications may include peritonsillar abscesses if not treated. Adenoids are located in the nasopharynx and can cause nasal obstruction if enlarged. Adenoidectomy is the surgical removal of enlarged adenoids.
This document discusses benign laryngeal lesions, including their causes, presentations, and treatments. The main lesions covered are vocal fold nodules, polyps, cysts, scarring, and leukoplakia. Nodules are caused by voice overuse and present with hoarseness. Polyps are often caused by hemorrhage and cause breathiness. Cysts appear as masses and impair vibration. Scarring can result from trauma or surgery and stiffens the vocal folds. Leukoplakia has a risk of malignant transformation. Treatment involves voice therapy, microsurgery, and lasers depending on the specific lesion.
This document discusses several benign disorders of the oral cavity. It begins by defining common oral lesions including ulcers, erosions, abscesses, cysts, and more. It then categorizes benign oral disorders into congenital lesions, inflammatory/traumatic conditions, autoimmune diseases, precancerous lesions, and benign tumors. Specific conditions are discussed in detail such as torus, lingual thyroid, fibroma, aphthous ulcers, lichen planus, leukoplakia, hemangioma, and ranula. Treatment options are provided for each condition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of benign oral pathology.
This document provides an overview of salivary gland disorders, including their presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses the major salivary glands and their functions. Common salivary gland disorders mentioned include obstructive salivary diseases, infections, Sjogren's syndrome, xerostomia, sialolithiasis, mucoceles, ranulas, pleomorphic adenomas, Warthin's tumor, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The document outlines the steps for clinical examination of the salivary glands and describes the various investigative tools that can be used to diagnose salivary gland disorders.
RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS
Retropharyngeal abscess ia an infection of the retropharyngeal space
Retropharyngeal space is a potential space posterior to the pharynx and the cervical oesophagus
Often presents late, most times in airway obstruction
It is life threatening,adequate care and management is needed
Mortality and morbidity often follows delayed or missed diagnosis
This document discusses common neck swellings, including their anatomy, clinical presentations, investigations, and management. The main points are:
1. Neck lumps in children are rarely malignant, while adults with lateral neck lumps should be investigated to exclude cancer.
2. The neck is divided into anterior and posterior triangles bounded by muscles and bones. Lymph nodes are grouped into levels.
3. Common neck swellings include infected lymph nodes, cysts, tumors, and abscesses. Investigations include physical exam, imaging like CT/MRI, and biopsy. Management depends on diagnosis and may include antibiotics, surgery, or other treatments.
Tumors of middle and inner ear dr.sithanandha kumar 14.03.2016ophthalmgmcri
This document discusses tumors of the cerebellopontine angle and middle ear. It begins by defining the cerebellopontine angle and its boundaries. The most common tumors of this area are then described, including acoustic neuromas, meningiomas, and schwannomas. Symptoms, investigations, and management are outlined for these lesions. The document also discusses glomus tumors, the most common middle ear neoplasm, describing its pathology, spread, clinical features, and treatment.
Dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing and can affect any part of the swallowing pathway. There are two main types - oropharyngeal dysphagia where food gets stuck in the mouth or throat, and esophageal dysphagia where food gets stuck in the lower throat or chest. Dysphagia has many potential causes including neurological issues, infections, inflammation, tumors, and motility disorders of the esophagus. Evaluation involves a thorough history and physical exam as well as tests like barium swallow, endoscopy, and manometry. Zenker's diverticulum is a common esophageal diverticulum that can cause dysphagia, and treatment options include an external surgical approach
This document discusses various conditions that can cause sore throat, including common viral and bacterial infections as well as more serious conditions. It describes the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of several conditions in detail, such as tonsillitis, acute pharyngitis, peritonsillar abscess, and adenoid hypertrophy. Sore throat can be caused by streptococcal or other bacterial infections, viruses, or enlarged adenoids pressing on the throat. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate use of antibiotics or surgery are important for properly managing sore throat and preventing potential complications.
The four pairs of paranasal sinuses are located in the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. Sinusitis is inflammation of the paranasal sinus lining and can be acute (<1 month), subacute (1-3 months), or chronic (>3 months). The sinuses are normally lined with ciliated epithelium and function includes resonance, skull weight reduction, eye protection, and air humidification. Risk factors include common colds, cystic fibrosis, and structural abnormalities. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, and acute bacterial sinusitis is usually treated with antibiotics if symptoms persist beyond 10 days. Complications include orbital and intracranial infections. Chronic sinusitis has multiple causes
Radiographic Features of Paranasal SinusesHadi Munib
This document discusses the paranasal sinuses and associated diseases. It begins by describing the normal development and variations of the paranasal sinuses. It then discusses diseases that can affect the sinuses, including inflammatory diseases like sinusitis. Diagnostic imaging plays an important role in evaluating sinus diseases. Intrinsic sinus diseases originate from within the sinus tissues, while extrinsic diseases arise from outside the sinuses, often from odontogenic sources.
SHORT TALK ABOUT DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS ABOUT SINONASAL ANATOMIC VARIANTS, COMMON AND LESS COMMON CAUSES WITH CLUES TO DIAGNOSIS AND SOME EXAMPLES
HOPPING YOU LIKE IT
DR HISHAM ALKHATIB
CONSULTANT RADIOLOGIST
Choanal atresia is a congenital abnormality where the posterior nasal openings connecting the nasal cavities to the nasopharynx are stenotic or absent. It can be unilateral or bilateral. Bilateral choanal atresia is a life-threatening condition requiring immediate intervention to establish an airway. Surgical repair typically involves transnasal or transpalatal approaches to reopen the nasal passages. Complications may include stent issues, mucosal flap necrosis, and restenosis. Associated anomalies are also common, particularly in bilateral cases.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
More Related Content
Similar to ENT Care for MO- Management of Common problems of Throat.pdf
This document summarizes acute and chronic pharyngitis. It discusses the anatomy of the pharynx and describes acute pharyngitis as usually being viral or bacterial in origin. The clinical features, investigations, and treatment of acute pharyngitis are outlined. Complications are also discussed. Acute tonsillitis is described separately. Chronic pharyngitis and its causes, symptoms, signs, and treatment are briefly covered. Specific conditions like peritonsillar abscess, diphtheria, and retropharyngeal abscess are also summarized.
This document provides information about acute and chronic pharyngitis. It discusses the anatomy of the pharynx and causes of acute pharyngitis such as viral and bacterial infections. Clinical features of acute pharyngitis are described along with investigations and treatment options. Complications are outlined. Acute tonsillitis is also discussed including types, symptoms, signs, and treatment. Chronic pharyngitis and conditions such as peritonsillar abscess, diphtheria, and retropharyngeal abscess are summarized as well.
This document discusses diseases of the pharynx, including its anatomy and functions. It describes inflammatory conditions like adenoiditis and tonsillitis, as well as tumors. Adenoiditis is usually caused by viral or bacterial infections and can cause nasal obstruction. Tonsillitis can be acute or chronic, with group A streptococcus being a common cause of acute tonsillitis. Obstructive sleep apnea is also discussed, with enlarged adenoids and tonsils being a common cause. Deep neck space infections are an important complication, with odontogenic infections being a frequent source. Management involves airway protection, antibiotics, and sometimes surgical drainage.
This document discusses diseases of the tonsils and adenoids. It describes the anatomy and functions of the tonsils and adenoids. The tonsils and adenoids are part of the lymphatic system and help fight infections in children. Common diseases that can affect the tonsils include acute and chronic tonsillitis. Acute tonsillitis causes symptoms like sore throat and fever. Complications may include peritonsillar abscesses if not treated. Adenoids are located in the nasopharynx and can cause nasal obstruction if enlarged. Adenoidectomy is the surgical removal of enlarged adenoids.
This document discusses benign laryngeal lesions, including their causes, presentations, and treatments. The main lesions covered are vocal fold nodules, polyps, cysts, scarring, and leukoplakia. Nodules are caused by voice overuse and present with hoarseness. Polyps are often caused by hemorrhage and cause breathiness. Cysts appear as masses and impair vibration. Scarring can result from trauma or surgery and stiffens the vocal folds. Leukoplakia has a risk of malignant transformation. Treatment involves voice therapy, microsurgery, and lasers depending on the specific lesion.
This document discusses several benign disorders of the oral cavity. It begins by defining common oral lesions including ulcers, erosions, abscesses, cysts, and more. It then categorizes benign oral disorders into congenital lesions, inflammatory/traumatic conditions, autoimmune diseases, precancerous lesions, and benign tumors. Specific conditions are discussed in detail such as torus, lingual thyroid, fibroma, aphthous ulcers, lichen planus, leukoplakia, hemangioma, and ranula. Treatment options are provided for each condition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of benign oral pathology.
This document provides an overview of salivary gland disorders, including their presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses the major salivary glands and their functions. Common salivary gland disorders mentioned include obstructive salivary diseases, infections, Sjogren's syndrome, xerostomia, sialolithiasis, mucoceles, ranulas, pleomorphic adenomas, Warthin's tumor, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The document outlines the steps for clinical examination of the salivary glands and describes the various investigative tools that can be used to diagnose salivary gland disorders.
RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS
Retropharyngeal abscess ia an infection of the retropharyngeal space
Retropharyngeal space is a potential space posterior to the pharynx and the cervical oesophagus
Often presents late, most times in airway obstruction
It is life threatening,adequate care and management is needed
Mortality and morbidity often follows delayed or missed diagnosis
This document discusses common neck swellings, including their anatomy, clinical presentations, investigations, and management. The main points are:
1. Neck lumps in children are rarely malignant, while adults with lateral neck lumps should be investigated to exclude cancer.
2. The neck is divided into anterior and posterior triangles bounded by muscles and bones. Lymph nodes are grouped into levels.
3. Common neck swellings include infected lymph nodes, cysts, tumors, and abscesses. Investigations include physical exam, imaging like CT/MRI, and biopsy. Management depends on diagnosis and may include antibiotics, surgery, or other treatments.
Tumors of middle and inner ear dr.sithanandha kumar 14.03.2016ophthalmgmcri
This document discusses tumors of the cerebellopontine angle and middle ear. It begins by defining the cerebellopontine angle and its boundaries. The most common tumors of this area are then described, including acoustic neuromas, meningiomas, and schwannomas. Symptoms, investigations, and management are outlined for these lesions. The document also discusses glomus tumors, the most common middle ear neoplasm, describing its pathology, spread, clinical features, and treatment.
Dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing and can affect any part of the swallowing pathway. There are two main types - oropharyngeal dysphagia where food gets stuck in the mouth or throat, and esophageal dysphagia where food gets stuck in the lower throat or chest. Dysphagia has many potential causes including neurological issues, infections, inflammation, tumors, and motility disorders of the esophagus. Evaluation involves a thorough history and physical exam as well as tests like barium swallow, endoscopy, and manometry. Zenker's diverticulum is a common esophageal diverticulum that can cause dysphagia, and treatment options include an external surgical approach
This document discusses various conditions that can cause sore throat, including common viral and bacterial infections as well as more serious conditions. It describes the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of several conditions in detail, such as tonsillitis, acute pharyngitis, peritonsillar abscess, and adenoid hypertrophy. Sore throat can be caused by streptococcal or other bacterial infections, viruses, or enlarged adenoids pressing on the throat. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate use of antibiotics or surgery are important for properly managing sore throat and preventing potential complications.
The four pairs of paranasal sinuses are located in the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. Sinusitis is inflammation of the paranasal sinus lining and can be acute (<1 month), subacute (1-3 months), or chronic (>3 months). The sinuses are normally lined with ciliated epithelium and function includes resonance, skull weight reduction, eye protection, and air humidification. Risk factors include common colds, cystic fibrosis, and structural abnormalities. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, and acute bacterial sinusitis is usually treated with antibiotics if symptoms persist beyond 10 days. Complications include orbital and intracranial infections. Chronic sinusitis has multiple causes
Radiographic Features of Paranasal SinusesHadi Munib
This document discusses the paranasal sinuses and associated diseases. It begins by describing the normal development and variations of the paranasal sinuses. It then discusses diseases that can affect the sinuses, including inflammatory diseases like sinusitis. Diagnostic imaging plays an important role in evaluating sinus diseases. Intrinsic sinus diseases originate from within the sinus tissues, while extrinsic diseases arise from outside the sinuses, often from odontogenic sources.
SHORT TALK ABOUT DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS ABOUT SINONASAL ANATOMIC VARIANTS, COMMON AND LESS COMMON CAUSES WITH CLUES TO DIAGNOSIS AND SOME EXAMPLES
HOPPING YOU LIKE IT
DR HISHAM ALKHATIB
CONSULTANT RADIOLOGIST
Choanal atresia is a congenital abnormality where the posterior nasal openings connecting the nasal cavities to the nasopharynx are stenotic or absent. It can be unilateral or bilateral. Bilateral choanal atresia is a life-threatening condition requiring immediate intervention to establish an airway. Surgical repair typically involves transnasal or transpalatal approaches to reopen the nasal passages. Complications may include stent issues, mucosal flap necrosis, and restenosis. Associated anomalies are also common, particularly in bilateral cases.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...AyushGadhvi1
learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
8. • Prevalence: 2-5 per 1000 in the Indian subcontinent
• Prolonged local irritation of betel, areca nut,
tobacco
• Dietary deficiency
• Cell mediated immune reaction to Arecoline
• Leukoplakia and Squamous cell carcinoma is
associated with OSMF
ORAL SUBMUCOUS
FIBROSIS(OSMF)
9. Management:
• Topical Injection of Kenacort and Hyaluronidase-
intraoral submucosal at different sites for 6 weeks
• Avoidance of irritant factors
• Jaw opening exercises
•Surgical: fibrous band release, lasers,
coronoidectomy, and temporal muscle myotomy
ORAL SUB MUCOUS
FIBROSIS(OSMF)
10. • Clinically, presents as a white patch
• Risk factors: Tobacco chewing, tobacco smoking,
alcohol abuse
• Areca nut and betel
• Chronic trauma( friction-induced hyperkeratosis)
•Most common site: Buccal mucosa, Oral
Commissure
•Homogenous, heterogenous or multifocal,
Speckled, Ulcerative, nodular, Verrucous
• Erythroleukoplakia
LEUKOPLAKIA
11. • Most common premalignant oral mucosal
lesion
• 25% of Leukoplakias show epithelial dysplasis
and about 5 % show malignant change
• Induration indicates malignancy
Management:
• Counselling
•Observation and follow up(homogenous/
benign/ minimal dysplasia)
•Incisional biopsy from suspicious
areas(Erythematous, granular, ulcerated,
indurated)
LEUKOPLAKIA
27. •Nasal obstruction
•Conductive hearing loss
•Epistaxis
•Cranial nerve palsies (CN III,
IV, VI- Ophthalmoplegia)
•V th CN , IX,X,XI CNs
•Cervical Nodal metastasis-
75% patients present with
enlarged nodes between
angle of jaw and mastoid
•Nasal endoscopy
•FNAC of cervical lymph node
•Biopsy from nasopharynx (Fossa of
Rosenmuller)
•EBV DNA titres
•MRI
•CT Scan
•PET Scan
NASOPHARYNX
Clinical presentation……. What to do……
28. •Carcinoma of Base of the
tongue, Tonsil, Soft Palate-
Ulcer with induration, local
pain referred otalgia,
Dysphagia
•Parapaharyngeal tumors-
Bulge in Lateral pharyngeal
wall, Cervical swelling
•Cervical Nodal metastasis-
Base of tongue malignancy
•CT/MRI Scan
•FNAC from lymph node
•Biopsy from primary site
•Panendoscopy
•PET Scan
OROPHARYNX
Clinical presentation……. What to do……
32. • Coin, meat, chicken bone,
denture, safety pin, batteries
• Common sites of impaction:
• Cricopharyngeal spincter/
Bronchoaortic constriction/
Cardiac end
• Dysphagia, gagging,
odynophagia, drooling of
saliva
• Xray- Soft tissue neck and chest,
Barium swallow
• Esophagoscopy and fb removal
under GA
ESOPHAGUS
Foreign bodies What to do……
33. • Gastroesophageal Reflux disease( GERD)
• Inappropriate function of LES , reflux of gastric content
Fatty foods, chocolates, alcohol,
LES tone Pregnancy
reduced Sliding hiatus hernia
by Obesity
• Heartburn, Dysphagia, belching,
•“Lump in throat” sensation, Globus
ESOPHAGUS
35. Carcinoma Esophagus
• Squamous cell carcinoma in the upper two-thirds of the
esophagus
• Adenocarcinoma in lower one-third
• Premalignant conditions are Plummer-Vinson Syndrome,
Human Papilloma Virus, Barrett’s esophagus, Hiatus Hernia
Clinical features-Substernal discomfort, dysphagia to solids
more than liquids, weight loss, emasciation, coughing,
hoarseness of voice, Iron-deficiency Anemia
ESOPHAGUS
36. •Hoarseness of voice
The roughness of voice resulting from variations in periodicity and intensity of
consecutive sound waves.
LARYNX, TRACHEA AND
BRONCHUS
38. CAUSES OF HOARSENESS
OF VOICE
• Laryngitis
• Larngotracheobronchitis
• Diptheria
• Influenza
• Tuberculosis
• Candidiasis
39. CAUSES OF HOARSENESS
OF VOICE
• Papilloma
• Hemangioma
• Vocal nodule
• Vocal Polyp
• Leukoplakia
• Carcinoma
40.
41. LARYNGOMALACIA
• Congenital anomaly
• Hyperflaccidity of infantile supraglottic
laryngeal tissue, inward collapse, upper
airway obstruction,
• The commonest cause of stridor in infants
• More common in term and male baby
• Association with neurological impairment-
cerebral palsy
42. • Stridor is the hallmark- low pitched,
inspiratory, worsens with crying, feeding
and supine position, improves with prone
position
43. STRIDOR
• Abnormal (stridulate or harsh) noise that is caused by turbulent airflow in
impaired airway
Etiology:
• Laryngomalacia- the most common cause of congenital stridor
• Epiglottitis, Croup, Diptheria
• Hemangioma, JORRP
• External laryngeal trauma, Nerve paralysis
• Carcinoma of larynx
44. STRIDOR
• Timely referral to a higher center
• Steroids
• Nebulisation with L-Epinephrine
• Continuous positive airway pressure
• Cricothyrotomy
• Emergency Tracheostomy
45. FOREIGN BODIES IN
AIRWAY
• Food items are commonly aspirated
• Peanuts are commonest
• Aspirated foreign body can settle into 3
anatomic sites: larynx, trachea, bronchus
46. FOREIGN BODIES IN
AIRWAY
• Stages of foreign body aspiration:
• Initial phase: Choking and gasping
• Asymptomatic phase: Subsequent lodging of an
object with the relaxation of reflexes
• Complication phase: Erosion or obstruction of the
airway leading to pneumonia, atelectasis, or
abscess
50. FIVE-AND-FIVE APPROACH
• If the person is able to cough forcefully, the person should keep coughing.
• If the person is choking and can't talk, cry or laugh forcefully, the American Red Cross
recommends a "five-and-five" approach to delivering first aid:
51. FIVE-AND-FIVE APPROACH
a) Give 5 back blows. For a child, kneel down behind. Place one arm across the person's
chest for support. Bend the person over at the waist so that the upper body is parallel
with the ground. Deliver five separate back blows between the person's shoulder blades
with the heel of your hand.
b) Give 5 abdominal thrusts. Perform five abdominal thrusts (also known as the Heimlich
manoeuvre).
c) Alternate between 5 blows and 5 thrusts until the blockage is dislodged.
52. When to refer to an ENT specialist
• If above all methods fail
• If the patient is turning blue (facial skin color turning blue- cyanosis)
• If the patient becomes unconscious.
• If the suspected foreign body is poisonous
• If the patient requires immediate investigation (like an X-ray) to locate the position of
the object
62. • Squamous cell carcinoma of head and
neck arises from the epithelial cells and
occurs in oral cavity, pharynx and larynx
• Localised pain in the throat indicates
definitive cause and needs thorough
evaluation
• 75%-85% of head neck cancer is due to
tobacco use and alcohol consumption
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV) as a cause of
Oropharyngeal cancer is increasing(35%)
Types of throat cancer:
• Oropharyngeal cancer
• Hypopharyngeal cancer
• Oral cavity cancer
• Laryngeal cancer
• Cancer of the salivary glands
TAKE HOME MESSAGE….
63. Red flags for cancer throat are:
• Persistent hoarseness
• Dysphagia
• Radiating pain in ears
• Spitting of blood
• Nonhealing ulcers or red/white patches in the oral cavity
• Neck masses
• Cough
• Weight loss
TAKE HOME MESSAGE….
64. Clinical evaluation should include:
• History of symptoms
• Physical examination(palpation of
neck masses and flexible head and
neck fibreoptic endoscopy)
• Performance status(PS)
• Nutritional status
• Dental examination
• Speech and swallowing function
Investigations
• Complete blood count, LFT, RFT
• Pathological confirmation is mandatory
• CE-CT and/or MRI
• Chest imaging
• USG abdomen
• p16 Immunohistochemistry
• PET-CT ( distant metastasis, response to
chemo-radiotherapy, suspected
recurrence)
ASSESSMENT
65. 1. Drink lots of fluids
2. Breathing- Sit and stand with good posture. Breathe
through your nose.
3. Talking- Limit shouting, screaming,
•Do not whisper as it increases the air pressure in
your vocal cords
•Use your natural voice- not too high or too low
•Limit throat clearing
4. Avoid using tobacco/ paan/ gutkha/ alcohol
consumption
HOW TO MAINTAIN THROAT HYGIENE
