Qworld Most Important ENT Topics Notes for PG Medical Entrance Exam

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ENT PGMEE REVIEW

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Most IMP ENT topics for Entrance Exams
1) "TONSILS---/ TONSILITIS / TONSILLECTOMY --- infec.by group A & B streptococcal /
strepto.pyogenes-(common org.)-Rxpenicillin for 10 days, pain in the post 1/3 tongue
after tonsillectomy is due to injury to / throat pain radiating to the ear following
tonsillectomy is due to IX cr. Nerve, tonsil develop embryologically from 2nd.pharyngeal
pouch, Hard elongated swelling in the tonsillar fossa after tonsillectomy --elongated
styloid process, Tonsillectomy--indications-(1) F.B. tonsil, (2) unilat.enlargement of tonsil
with suspected malignancy, (3) atrophic tonsillitis, (4) Recuurent acute tonsillitis , (5)
recurrent quincy, postop. complication hemorrhage--Rx antibiotics + saline wash,
sec.hemorrhage(5-8hrs)-is due to- infection,& it is the common
postop.compli.,hemorrhage after 6hrs --reactionary H., main blood supply to tonsil is
facial artery, tonsillectomy is CI in polioepidemic, Palatine tonsil have Efferents but no
afferents, After Quincy interval tonsillectomy is done after 6 wks.,commonest L.N. to
enlarge in acute tonsillitis is Jugulodiagastric L.N., tonsil reach their max. size by 5yrs.,"-------
--((20))
2) "OTOSCLEROSIS / OTOSPONGIOSIS ---A.D. more in Females, affects Oval
window/stapes, ConductiveHearingLoss, colour of T.M.=FLAMINGO PINK, Paracusis willisii,
Schwartz sign seen, Gelle's test -ve, Carhart's notch/ dip=2 khz, TOC=Stapedectomy with
prostesis/Fluorides--cochlear otosclerosis,"-----------((19))
3) "VOCAL CORD(S)---is line by stratified sq. epithelium, REINKI'S layer seen, web form'n.
post truamatically can be prevented by MC NAUGHT'S KEEL, unilat.V.C. palsy--
commonest cause-Idiopathic, left unilat. V.C. palsy-cause-oesophageal ca.,
Precancerous lesion in V.C.-leukoplakia, localised nodule vocal cord of sq.cell ca. vocal
cord-Rx-Excision, earliest symp.of ca.vocal cord--Hoarseness, MOUSE NIBBLED APP.of
V.C.--seen in T.B. of V.C., granuloma of V.C.-is due to Intubation, unilat.complete
paralysis of V.C. can be corrected by--Teflon inj.,cricoarytenoid arthrodesis,implant
procedures, T1N0M0 CA.of V.C.-Rx--radical radiotherapy, Internal tensor lengthening
mucosa of V.C. is Cricothyroid, pri.aetiological factor in contact ulcer of larynx--Vocal
Abuse, V.C.paralysis--resp.obst., aphonia by adductor paralysis can be overcomed by
Arytenoidectomy, 19yrs.old female with aphonia has bilat.abductor paralysis cause is
functional,"----------((19))
4) "CANCER OF LARYNX---Squamous cell cancer of larynx is commonest presentation, it is
the commonest cause of Hoarseness of voice in Elderly man of more than 2mths.duration
/ Laryngeal Stridor in a 60yrs.man, Early fes.of Ca.larynx= Hoarsness of voice, NO neck
secondaries-->Rx only Radiation, STAGE-III-->SURGERY+RADIATION,Rx of Glottic cancer--
TOC.-for (T1N0M0)-->EXTRENAL BEAM RADIOTHERPY, Ca larynx with Fully Mobile Cords-
TOC.-->RADIOTH.,Rx of Ca.larynx with Stridor-->PLANNED TRACHEOSTOMY,glottic cancer
has least chance of Nodal Mets.,Glottic Vocal Cancer has Best Prognosis, Hoarsness Early
in Glottic Cancer, INFRAGLOTTIC CA.-->Commonly Spreads to Mediastinal L N'S,
Ant.Commissure growth-Rx-->Conservative Laryngectomy, post cricoid growth---"----------
((17))
5) "OTITIS MEDIA---CSOM ( CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA)---attico
antral(dangerous type of ear), Schwartze op. done, csom with cholesteatoma with
acute onset of vertigo-Rx-immediate exploration, Rx-cholesteatoma-radical
mastoidectomy"--------------((10))
6) "ACOUSTIC NEUROMA---Auditory defect, sensory aphasia, changes in audiometry,
commonly affects-8 Cr.N. & that too Superior Vestibular Nerve, early symp.-UniLateral

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hearing loss, it is most common (CPA) Cerebello-Pontine Angle tumours, Numbness of
Face, Deafness, Internal Hydrocephalus, Ac.Nr. of 1 cm-IOC/diag.of choice=C.T. SCAN,
hypoesthesia of the post. aspect of the ext. auditory canal-this is an early sign, " ----------
((9))
7) "MENEIRE DISEASE / ENDOLYMPHATIC HYDROPS--- Ass.with Presbycusis, fes.--Tinnitus,
Recurrent Vertigo, Deafness, Low Frequency SNHL/SND.-on pure tone Audiogram,
GLYCEROL TEST is done in this, CODYTACK OPERATION is done, Cochlear type M.D.--
Cochlear Deafness, Rx--Vasodilators--> increase Endolymph reabsorption, vasodilators of
internal ear-is-Nicotinic acid,"-----------((9))
8) "ANGIOFIBROMA (NASOPHARYGEAL)---Juvenile angiofibroma is locally enlarging
tumour producing destruction of bony structures without producing distal secondaries,
Young Males(10 yrs boys), Bilateral Nasal Obstruction, bleeding from nose/ Intermittent
profuse Epistaxis, firm pinkish mass in nasopharynx, Inv.=X-ray base of skull, carotid
angiography, C.T.SCAN(IOC), Benign but potentially malignant, "----------------((7))
9) "EPISTAXIS---most common site--AnteroInferior Part of the Nasl Septum ,this is also called
as ' LITTLE'S AREA ' ,in Ederly pt.--commonest cause-HTN.,Rx give NTG to decrease B.P.,
Recurrent epistaxis in a 15 yrs.female--most common cause-Hematopoietic disorder,
Epistaxis in a 5 yrs. old Boy is due to Bleeding Disorder, Recurrent Epistaxis=causes--DNS,
Atrophic Rhinitis, Maxillary Ca.,"-----------((7))

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OTHER IMPORTANT PGMEE TOPICS :
1) "FACIAL NERVE---secretomotor N.fibres of SphenoPalatine Ganglion supply the
Lacrimal gland, Injury to Facial N.at Geniculate Ganglion-->Dryness of eyes, Site
of lesion of F.N. causing Lacrimal gland involvement is Matoid Foramen, FACIAL
NERVE PALSY---common cause--Bell's Palsy, F.N.P.-due Trauma, Immediate Rx--
Decompression,"----------((6))
2) "MIDDLE MEATUS OF NOSE---Frontal air cells,Ant. Ethmoide, Maxillary sinus
opens in it, BULLA-ETHMOIDALIS, HIATUS SEMILUNARIS are seen, "-------------((6))
3) "NAOPHARYNGEAL CANCER---EBV is a causative agent, Spreads to Lymph
nodes, commonest Presentation--Cervical adenopathy, there is High Incidence
of NODAL METASTASIS, "-----------((6))
4) "OTITIS MEDIA---ASOM (ACUTE SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA) commonest cause--
Pneumococcus -->very serious O.M., Pulsatile Otorrhea seen, 3yrs. Child with
Fever, Ear ache, Congested T.M. with slight Bulge, it is the commonest cause of
hearing loss?, Rx--Penicillin ( Myringotomy+ penicillin)"------------((6))
5) "NASAL POLYP---ANTROCHOANAL P.---& POLYPECTOMY-intranasal &
ext.approach--arises from maxillary sinus, single & unilateral,"---------((6))
6) "ATROPHIC RHINITIS---Sx young operation done., ozaena is seen, anosmia,
alkaline douche sol'n=NaCl, Na-borate, NaHCo3"----------((6))
7) "STRIDOR---effect of BILAT. RLN damage, most common cause in adult--
malignancy, Rx of congenital laryngeal stridor =reassurance to parents, most
common cause pf stridor in newborn--laryngomalacia,"---------------((6))
8) "TRACHEOSTOMY---complication commonly occur in children-is-difficult
decannulation, indication--stridor, coma of long duration , diptheria, laryngeal
obst.,flail chest, tetanus(cyanotic spells) , It is not used in F.B. / Obst.of post basal
lobe /bronchus, commonest compli.of paediatric--Pneumothorax, "--------((6))
9) "TYMPANIC MEMBRANE---Blue Drum--seen in Secretory otitis media, nerve
supply auriculotemporal nerve, T.M.-mobility--most mobile part-central, "----------
((6))
10) "LITTLE'S AREA--- arterial supply= Ant.Ethmoidal art., Septal branch of facial
art., Nasal branch of Sphenopalatine art., it is the commonest Bleeding site of
nose / EPISTAXIS, or KIESSELBACH'S PLEXUS---Bleeding Area of nose is situated in
the AnteroInferior surface of septum/medial wall of nasal cavity ,” ----------------((6))
11) "HEARING LOSS---SENSORENEURAL H.L.---(SNHL)--causes-old age, Cochlear
Otosclerosis,Loud sound, Rx--COCHLEAR IMPLANT, Hydrops of Endolymphatic
system-seen-in Alport's synd.,Usher's synd.,Pendred's synd.,"----------((5))
12) "MIDDLE EAR CAVITY---Nerve supply--Glossopharyngeal nerve,Floor--formed
by INTERNAL JUGULAR BULB, In middle ear desease-there is - increased Threshold
of AC & decreased BC (BC>AC), Resistance in middle ear-is-tested by
IMPEDENCE Audiometry, Prominent Emenece over medial wall of midlle ear-is
formed by-COCHLEA( BASAL TURNS),"----------((5))

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13) "NASAL CAVITY---Function--Warming, Moistening, Filtration, NASAL SEPTUM---is
formed by Vomer bone, Perpendicular bone of Ethmoid, Rostrum of Sphenoid,
APPLE-JELLY NODULES on nasal septum--is due to Lupus Vulgaris, NASAL
CARTILAGE-- 3 Paired & 1 Unpaired cartilages, NASAL MUCOSA---supplied by
mainly Ext.Carotid artery,"-----------((5))
14) "RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE---partial RLN palsy produces Vocal cord in
PARAMEDIAN position, closely related to Inf.thyroid artery, BILAT.RLN
PALSY=ADDUCTED position & stridor, supplies all except cricothyroid( SLN),"----------
((5))
15) "RHINOSPORODIOSIS---russel bodies seen, Rx- Dapson, fungal infec.,max.in
Tamil nadu, Rx excision with cautery at base,"-----------((5))
16) "DNS / DEVIATED NASAL SEPTUM ---sharp DNS--Epitaxis, SPUR, recurrent sinusitis,
Newborn with DNS= 20%, inf.tubinate hypertrophy, COTTEL'S TEST--patency of
nares in DNS,"------------((5))
17) "FRONTAL SINUS--F.S. develops from ant. Ethmoidal cells, PNEUMATOCELE--
fracture of F.S., not present at birth, FRONTAL MUCOCELE--"-----------((5))
18) "EPIGLOTTITIS---ACUTE--Commonest Organism causing it is -Hemophilus
Influenze, DOC.in children--Ampicillin,commonest cause death-is-Respiratory
obstruction,"------------((4))
19) "MYRINGOTOMY---done on POSTERO-INFERIOR Quadrant of T.M., commonest
indication--Serous Otitis Media, a child with otitis media with Bulging T.M. with dull
look, PUS in middle ear under tension,"-----------((4))
20) "PLUMMER VINSON'S SYND.---ass. With oesophageal ca., post cricoid growth,
IDA, females, premalignant ( for hypopharyngeal ca., "---------((4))
21) "QUINSY---PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS---org.-streptococcus, quinsy+trimus--> Rx for
48 hrs. antibiotics only & then oral drainage,"----------((4))
22) "SEPTAL PERFORATION---of Cartilagenous nasal septum--septal
abscess,leprosy ( ant. Septal perf.), Bony septal perforation--syphilis, Mucosa; inv.
With nasal septum perforation in jaws-is-known as GANGOSA, "--------((4))
23) "MAXILLARY SINUSITIS---commonest / chronic sinusitis in children,"---------((4))
24) "PATCH IN THROAT--- / MEMBRANE IN THROAT --- (1) vincents angina, Black
colour patch in mouth, (2) candida , (3) diptheria, (4) streptococcus, & IN
THROAT OF ADULT----> Hemophilus, streptococcus, Neisseria, organism are seen
but not E-Coli, "----------((4))
25) "GLUE EAR---8 yrs. Old child, Bilateral Conductive Deafness, seen in
SECRETORY OTITIS MEDIA, or SEROUS OTITIS MEDIA---FLAT Tympanogram , "--------
((4))
26) "MYRINGOPLASTY---Plastic Repair of T.M., note- initially audiometry done &

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then Sx done, or TYMPANOPLASTY---before T.plasty surgeon look for cochlear
reserve, temporal fascia is used -it's metabolic rate is low, "-----------((4))
27) "BRAIN OTOGENIC ABSCESS---Mx-drainage of abscess followed by
mastoidectomy, commonest site--temporal petrosal lobe, TEMPORAL LOBE
ABSCESS---occurs in unsafe otitis media with high fever , convulsions "---------((3))
28) "ADENOIDECTOMY--- Indication--Recurrent Otitis Media, Sleep Apnoea synd.,
Middle ear infec. With deafness, C I --Submucous Cleft Palate, control of
Hemorrhage--by Post.Nasal PACK, " ---------((3))
29) "ARNOLD'S NERVE---is a Branch of VAGUS Nerve, Irritation of this causes Ear
Cough, Cough response caused while cleaning ear canal is mediated by
stimulation of X Cr.N."----------(3)
30) "CARDIOSPASM / ACHALASIA CARDIA---difficulity for swallowing Liquids but
not for solids, ass.with DEGENERATION of nerve plexus in the oesophagus, Barium
Swallow-shows-Dilatation with smooth narrow ending, "--------((3))
31) "ENDOLYMPH---most imp. Constituent-K+ , is seen in Scala Media , Drains into
Virchow Robin Space,"-------((3))
32) "EUSTACHIAN TUBE---most common cause of E.T. disease--ADENOIDS,
LENGTH=36mm( 3.6 cm),"-------((3))
33) "GLOMUS TUMOUR---in middle ear, Location--Hypotympanum, Pulsatile
Tinnitus ,Pulsatile tumour in EAM which Bleeds to Touch,"---------((3))
34) "GRADENIGO'S SYND.---abducent VI Nr. Palsy, Retroorbital Pain, pain over
face, Aural discharge/ otorrhoea, Pralysis of Ext./lat Rectus, Nr. Inv.= 5,6,
GRADENIGO'S TRIAD---Mastoiditis, Petrositis, L R palsy,"--------((3))
35) "MULTIPLE PAPILLOMA OF LARYNX---Rx Excision with Laser, common in Infants
& Children, Laryngeal papilloma are usaually Multiple & VIRAL in origin, usual site
of papilloma is larynx, Rx of single P.= Removal by Direct Laryngoscopy, "---------
((3))
36) "TUBERCULOSIS OF LARYNX/TUBERCULOUS LARYNGITIS--- KISS ULCER of Larynx,
common site of T.B. Larynx is POST.COMMISSURE OF L."-------((3))
37) "OTITIS EXTERNA---MALIGNANT--caused by P.Aeroginosa, common in D.M., &
OLD age,"----------((3))
38) "RHINOSCLEROSIS / RHINOSCLEROMA--- bacilli infec., Mickulitz & Russel bodies
seen,"-------------((3))
39) "RINNE'S TEST---+ve seen in presbycusis, -ve(BC>AC)-->middle ear disease,"------
--((3))
40) "CSF RHINORRHOEA--- ant.cranial fossa fractures / Cribriform plate fracture ,
most imm. Rx-prophylactic antibiotics& x-ray, "-----------((3))

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41) "ETHMOIDAL SINUS--First sinus to appear after Birth, ETH.S. Adenocarcinoma--
seen in WOOD workers & Nickel workers,"--------((3))
42) "MAXILLARY SINUS---maxillary antrum commonest malignancy=sq.cell ca.,
secondary deposits from M.S.-->submandibular L.N.'S,this is present at birth,"---------
-((3))
43) "SINUSITIS---bloood stainded rhinorrhoea, nasal blockage, facial edema,
complication=orbital cellulitis, Sx-proof puncture,"---------((3))
44) "STAPEDIAL MUSCLE---supplied by facial cr. Nerve, STAPEDIAL REFLEX---
protective against loud sound , mediated by VII & VIII CR. N.,"---------((3))
45) "SUPRAMEATAL SPINE OF HENLE---landmark on lat.surface of temporal bone
which acts as a guide to surgery to the antrum,"----------((3))
46) "VOCAL FOLDS---& VOCAL FOLD CA.---Vocal folds are abducted by
post.cricoarytenoid, in CA. L.N.'Smets never seen,,has good prog.,"----------((3))
47) "FRACTURES OF ZYGOMA--- undisplaced fracture--no specific Rx,"--------((3))

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Topics Asken more than Twice
1) BEZOLD ABSCESS---located in digastric fossa/ sternomastoid muscle,-------------((2))
2) "CALDWELL-LUC OP.---commonest complication=Infra orbital nerve Palsy, used
for removal of AntroChoanal Polyp,"------------((2))
3) "CALORIC test---done with Warm & Cold water, has Slow & Fast Component,
Tests function of Lat.Semicircular canal,"----------((2))
4) "CHOLESTEATOMA---filled with Keratinised Stratified sq. epithelium, deafness,
Erodes bone,"------------((2))
5) "COCHLEAR NUCLEI---appreciation of sound, COCHLEAR IMPLANTS--- used in
SNHL/ SND.,"--------((2))
6) "EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS/ EAM---normal length=24 mm ( 2.4
cm),Cartilaginous portion is smaller than Bony portion,"--------------((2))
7) "FISTULA TEST---+VE after OPeration.of Labyrinth fenestration, FALSE +VE F.T.--
seen in Hypermobile Ossicular chain, Labyrinthine Fistula, Post fenestration op.,"----
---------((2))
8) "FOREIGN BODY OF NOSE---Unilateral Blood Stained & Fetid , Unilat. Nasal Obst.,
Nasal Discharge,"-----------((2))
9) "FRACTURE OF MAXILLA---fes. CSF Rhinorrhoea, Anasthesia of upper lip, Sugical
emphysema cheeks,Not seen is malocclusion"------------((2))
10) "FURUNCLE OF EAR CANAL---Rx ear pack with 10% ICTHAMOL in GLYCERINE
wick, most common site-EXT.cartilaginous auditory canal,"----------((2))
11) "LABYRINTH---destruction of Rt. Labyrinth causes nystagmus to Lt.side,
Labyrinthine Artery is a branch of Ant. Inf. Cerebellar art.," ---------((2))
12) "LARYNGOSCOPY---KEY HOLE APP. of glottis is seen in PHONASTHENIA, the
procedure that should precede microlaryngoscopy is laryngo-endoscopy, "---------
----((2))
13) "LARYNGOMALACIA---most common Congenital Anamoly of larynx, most
common cause of congenital stridor & inspiratory stridor is normal on crying,"--------
---((2))
14) "LARYNX---Important function of Larynx is Protection of Lower Respiratory Tract,
Narrowest part of Infantile Larynx=SUBGLOTTIS,"--------------((2))
15) PRECANCEROUS LESIONS OF LARYNX---KERATOSIS LARYNGITIS/ LARYNGIS
SICCA?-PRECANCEROUS LESION,”------------((2))
16) "MAC EWEN'S TRIANGLE / SUPRAMEATAL TRIANGLE---felt thru. CYMBA Conche,
Landmark for Mastoid Antrum"----------((2))
17) "MASTOIDECTOMY---commonest Extra-Cranial complication--Facial nerve

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Palsy, RADICAL MASTOIDECTOMY---inv.lowering of facial ridge, scrapping of
middle ear ,removal of all ossicle except foot plate of stapes,"------------((2))
18) "MASTOIDITIS---ACUTE--clouding of air cells, deafness, obliteration of
retroauricular sulcus, Complications-- Subperipsteal abscess-mastoid infec. Erodes
outer cortex of bone,"----------((2))
19) "MAXILLARY SINUS -ANTRAL CARCINOMA---T3NOMO-Rx--
>SURGERY+RADIOTH.,Malignant tumour arisis commonly from maxillary sinus,"-------
----((2))
20) "NASOPHARYNGEAL FIBROMA---Rx Surgery, NASOPHARYNX---Oval shaped
Space,"---------------((2))
21) "ORGAN OF CORTI---situated in SCALA MEDIA, along Inner edge of
membrane"-------------((2))
22) "OTOTOXIC DRUGS---kanamycin, streptomycin, vincristine, gentamicin, "---------
---((2))
23) "PARACUSIS WILLISII---pt. Hear better in NOISE, cinical otosclerosis,"--------------
((2))
24) "PAROTID---& TUMOURS OF PAROTID---NERVE commonly sacrificed is facial n. "-
----------((2))
25) "PHONASTHENIA---KEY HOLE APP. OF GLOTTIS ON LARYNGOSCOPY,&
PUBOPHONIA--- a boy failed to develop the crackling of voice which normally
occurs in adolescence,"------------((2))
26) "PYRIFORM FOSSA/ SINUS---lymphatic drainage to upper cervical L.N.'S,
malignant lesions of P.S. pain is reffered to Ipsilateral ear via vagus nerve,"------------
((2))
27) REINKE'S OEDEMA---oedema of the free margin/edge of the Vocal cord ,”------
---((2))
28) "ALLERGIC RHINITIS---test used intracutaneous test, scratch test, rash test,
common cause of nasal discharge,"----------((2))
29) "VASOMOTOR RHINITIS---Sx Vidian Neurectomy, autonomic imbalance,"-------
((2))
30) "CORYZA / VIRAL RHINITIS---PARCEL viruses, "----------((2))
31) "RHINOLALIA CLAUSA---seen in gross adenoid hypertrophy, voice abn.,"---------
((2))
32) "RHINOSCOPY---ANTERIOR--Bulla Ethmoidalis, inf. Tubinates, little's area,are
seen , not seen is sup.tubinate, POSTERIOR-- Eustachian tube, inf.meatus, middle
meatus, not seen is sup. Concha,"--------((2))

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33) "SPENOID SINUS---opens into sphenoethmoidal recess,"--------((2))
34) "ACUTE FRONTAL SINUSITIS---chronic periodic headache, disapears with sunset,
"-----------((2))
35) "SUBMUCOUS FIBROSIS---premalignant,"--------------((2))
36) "SMR / SUBMUCOUS RESECTION---done > 16yrs. , DNS, "----------((2))
37) TRACHEA---begins at the level of lower border of cricoid cartilage,---------((2))
38) "TRAUMATIC RUPTURE OF T.M.---Rx conservative / No active Rx, pin-prick injury
to eardrum-Rx-antibiotics,"----------((2))
39) "VINCENT'S ANGINA---ulcerative lesion of fusiform bacillus, / anaerobic,
spirochaete, "----------((2))
40) "WEBER TEST--- in conductive deafness -W.T. lat. to deaf ear, note=both ear
rinne's +ve & W.T. lat.to left I.e. left sided conductive deafness, "----------((2))
41) "IDDM WITH SEPTAL PERFORATION WITH BROWISH BLACK DISCHARGE /
COLOUR OF INF.TURBINATE--- diagnosis is MUCOR MYCOSIS, "-----------((2))

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ENT: Occasionally Asked Topics
1) "ABC / ABSOLUTE BONE CONDUCTION TEST--- shortened in SNHL / Perceptive
deafness,"-----(1)
2) "ACOUSTIC REFLEX DECAY TEST--- +VE in Lesions of Auditory Cortex,"----------------((1))
3) "ADENOID FACIES--- Fes.-- Open mouth, Pinching of nose, Crowding of teeth, "--------
((1))
4) "ANOSMIA----complete-Responda to inhalation of ammonia,"--------------------((1))
5) "ANTRAL WASH---for drainage of maxillary sinus is thru. Inferior meatus,"---------------((1))
6) "AUDIOGRAM---U-shaped A.--congenital deafness, FLATTENED A.- serous Otitis media,"-
-------((1))
7) "AUDIOMETRY---IMPEDANCE,"------------------((1))
8) ALLODYNIA---increased perception of Painful stimulus,----------------((1))
9) "BELL'S PALSY---Mx-Steroids & Surgical Decompression,"---------------(1))
10) "BRONCHOSCOPY---indicated in persisitent Wheeze,"------------------((1))
11) BLAST INJURY---most common organ affected -Ear Drum,---------------((1))
12) "CARHART'S NOTCH---seen at 2000 Hz., & in otosclerosis,"-------------((1))
13) "CHOANAL ATRESIA---BiLateral Complete-->life threatening complication,"-----------((1))
14) "CHORDITIS TUBEROSA---is due to Chronic Laryngitis,"--------------((1))
15) "CRICOID CARTILAGE---is Signet Ring shape, "-------------------((1))
16) "CRICOTHYROID MUSCLE---is supplied by SUPERIOR Laryngeal nerve( SLN ), & rest by
RLN.,"---------((1))
17) "CONE OF LIGHT---is formed on ANTERIO-INFERIOR Quadrant,"----------------((1))
18) "CSF.---is similar to PERI-LYMPH,"------------(1))
19) "DIPHTERIA---Membranes firmly Attached & Bleeds on Touch, " ----------((1))
20) "DYSPHAGIA---SIDEROPENIC DYSP.--seen in Iron Def. Anemia,"---------------((1))
21) "DYSPHONIA PLICA VENTRICULARIS---is producing sounds with false cord,"------------((1))
22) "CAULIFLOWER EAR---is due to Hematoma of Auricle," -----------------((1))
23) "ENCEPHALOCELE---Herniation of Brain tissue with its Dural covering into the Nasal
cavity, "-----((1))

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24) "EPITYMPANUM---includes--head of Malleolus , Body of Incus,"----------((1))
25) "FITZGERALD-HALLPIKE TEST---uses Temp. at 30oC& 44oC, also called as caloric test?,"--
----((1))
26) "LE FORT'S FRACTURE---inv's ZYGOMA, MAXILLA, & NASAL BONES,"----------((1))
27) "Oblique & Horizontal Fracture of nasal septum--- is called as JARJAVAL FRACTURE,"----
--------((1))
28) "GLOBUS HYSTERICUS---lump in throat not interfering with swallowing,"----------------((1))
29) "GROMMET INSERTION---is done in anteroinferior quadrant,"------------((1))
30) GELLE'S TEST---done in Otosclerosis,-----------------((1))
31) "Great Auricular Nr. ---supplies Skin at Angle of JAW,"---------------((1))
32) "GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NEURECTOMY--- Route of Approach -Tonsillectomy
approach,"------((1))
33) Hearing impairment due to noise starts at 4000 Hz.,----------------((1))
34) "HEMANGIOMA---Bleeding Polyp of nose--arises from septum,"-----------((1))
35) HYPERACUSIS---normal sound are heard as loud & painful.,--------------((1))
36) "HYPERNASALITY---caused by Cleft palate, Submucous celft, Bifed Uvula,"------------------
--((1))
37) HYPOPHARYNEAL CANCER---predisposing factors -Plummer Vinson's Synd.,----------------
((1))
38) "INVERTED PAPILLOMA---of Rt.side of nasal cavity -TOC.=Total Maxillectomy,"--------------
---((1))
39) "INNER AUDITORY MEATUS---facial nerve is lateral to superior vestibular nerve,"------------
-((1))
40) "JUVENILE PAPILLOMA---Rx-Surgical excision,"-----------------((1))
41) "KERATOSIS OBURANS---is a Premalignant condition,"------------------((1))
42) KOBARK TEST---used for Minimal Caloric Stimulation,-------------------((1))
43) "KARTAGENER'S SYND.---Ass.with Sinusitis, Dextrocardia, Bronchiectasis, "----------------
((1))
44) "LARYGEAL MIRROR---warmed before use by placing glass surface on Flame,"------------
--------((1))
45) "LARYNGOFISSURE---Opening the larynx in midline,"-------------------((1))

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46) "LARYNGECTOMY---after laryngectomy Voice is from Oesophagus,"--------------------------
((1))
47) "LARYNGOCELE---Gas filled sac in neck region after VALSALVA MANOEURVE,"------------
--((1))
48) "ANAESTHESIA OF LARYNX---occurs with Diptheria, Lead Poisoning, Multiple sclerosis,"---
------(1))
49) "LYMPH NODE METASTASIS IN NECK --- is seen in SupraGlottic Ca., Ca.of Tonsil,
Papillary Ca.of thyroid, NEVER seen in Ca.of Vocal Cords, "--------------------((1))
50) "MASKING---is applied for inability to hear,"-----------------((1))
51) "MASTOID TEMPORAL BONE AIR CELL GROUPS---include Petrosae, Retrofacial,
Hypotympanic, Sublabyrinthine."-----------------((1))
52) "MASTOID TIP---appears by 2yrs. of age,"----------------((1))
53) "INFERIOR MEATUS OF NOSE---NasoLacrimal duct/ Frontonasal duct opens," ------------
((1))
54) "MONOAURAL DISPLACUSIS---due to Lesions of Cochlea,"------------((1))
55) "MYIASIS OF NOSE---MAGGOTS OF NOSE, Rx-TOC.--CHLOROFORM Water,"---------((1))
56) "MYRINGITIS BULLOSA---caused by Virus,"--------------((1))
57) "NASAL DEPRESSED BRIDGE--- caused by Syphylis, Septal Abscess, Injury,"--------------------
((1))
58) CROOKED NOSE---due to Deviated Tip & Septum ,---------------------((1))
59) "SADDLE SHAPED NOSE---due to Destruction of nasal septum," --------((1))
60) "OESOPHAGUS---cervical oesophagus receives its blood supply from Inf.Thyroid Artery,
"-----------(1)
61) "BENIGN NEOPLASMS OF OESOPHAGUS---commonest --is Intramural Tumour of
oesophagus--LEIOMYOMA,"-------------------((1))
62) "CARCINOMA OF OESOPHAGUS---RAT TAIL APP. on Barium swallowing,"------------------
((1))
63) "OLFCTORY AREA---Looks YELLOW in colour,"-------------------((1))
64) "OSSICULAR RATIO = 1.3:1 , " -------------------((1))
65) "TUBERCULAR OTITIS MEDIA---Multiple perforations of T.M., "-------------((1))
66) "ACUTE NON SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA---Retracted drumhead with a hiar-line or air

14
bubbles on otoscopy," ------------------((1))
67) "OTOMYCOSIS---most common fugas aspergillus fumigatus,"----------((1))
68) CSF OTORRHOEA--- fracture of petrous ridge/ petrous temporal bone,--------------((1))
69) "PENDRED SYND.--Thyroid swelling + nerve deafness,"------------------((1))
70) PARAPHARYNGEAL ABCESS---swelling in post. Part of middle1/3 of sternomastoid &
tonsil is pused medially,----------------((1))
71) "PAROSMIA---PERVERSION OF SMELL,"------------((1))
72) "PHARYNGITIS- MEMBRANOUS---causes--streptococcal, ludwig's angina, diptheria, "----
-------((1))
73) PHARYNGOMAXILLARY ABSCESS---medial bulge of pharynx ,----------((1))
74) "PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA---most common tumour of parotid gland,"-------------((1))
75) PNEUMATOCELE--seen in fracture of frontal sinus,--------------((1))
76) PROCESSUS COCHLEARIFORMIS--attaches to handle of mallues,---------------((1))
77) "RESP.ALLERGY--house dust,"------------------((1))
78) "RANADIER'S OPERATION---done in Petrositis,"---------------((1))
79) CHRONIC RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS--due to caries spine,-----------((1))
80) "SICCA RHINITIS--anterior nares inv.,",------------------((1))
81) "RHINOLITH--- deposition of calcium around the F.B. in nose,"-----------((1))
82) RHINOPHYMA---hypertrophy of sebaceous gland,------------------((1))
83) "SINGERS NODULE---Voice abuse,"-------------------(1))
84) "SCALA MEDIA ---shows endolymph,"----------------((1))
85) "SCHIRMER'S TEST---for lacrimal secr. To test facial nerve,"------------((1))
86) "SEMICIRCULAR CANALS--senses Angular movements,"--------------((1))
87) "SCHWARTZ SIGN ---seen in otosclerosis,"----------------((1))
88) "SCHWARTZE OPERATION---done in CSOM,"-----------((1))
89) "SPEECH DISCRIMINATION SCORE---lowest in retrocochlear SND,"------------------------((1))
90) "ALPORT'S SYND.---SNHL+Hereditary nephritis,"--------------((1))

15
91) "TEMPORAL BONE---petrous part-inner ear,"------------------((1))
92) "TONE DECAY TEST---done to fineout retrocochlear lesions,"------------((1))
93) "TOBEY AYER TEST---Lateral sinus thrombosis,"----------------((1))
94) "TRACHEOSTOMY TUBE---double tube, made of Titanium silver alloy, cuffed tube is
used for IPPV, "--------((1))
95) "TROTTER'S TRIAD---seen in nasopharyngeal ca.,"-----------((1))
96) "UMBO---most reliable landmark on otoscopy,"-------------((1))
97) "VERTIGO---peripheral/ labyrinthine V. fes--unidirectional nystagmus, marked vertigo,
ass.central abn.absent,"--------------((1))
98) "VESTIBULE---IS present in nose, larynx, pharynx,"--------------((1))
99) "VESTIBULAR SCHWANOMMA---IOC--GADOLINIUM ENHANCED MRI,"------------------((1))
100) VIDIAN NERVE---/ NERVE OF PTERYGOID CANAL---, ---------------((1))
101) "VOCAL NODULES---present at junction of anterior 1/3 & post. 2/3, "--------------------------
((1))
102) "WOODRUFF'S AREA---post. End of inferior turbinate, "-----------------((1))
103) "WALDERYER'S RING ---inner w.group of L.N.=tonsils, lingual tonsils, adenoids,"------------
-----((1))
104) "WARTHIN'S TUMOUR---Rx superior paratidectomy,"------------------((1))
105) ZENKER'S DIVERTICULUM --- it's asymp.-------------------((1))
106) "AT BIRTH---following structures are of adult size--tympanic cavity, malleus, tympanic
ring , except -mastoid antrum,"-------------------((1))
107) "The ADDUCTION OF V.C. cannot occur while talking , but can occur with good
cough --is a condition ass. With functional aphonia,"--------(1))
108) "SUPRAGLOTTIS--- include -aryepiglottic folds, false cords, laryngeal surface of the
epiglottis,"---------------((1))
109) "TRANSBRONCIAL BIOPSY---is thru. Fiber-optic bronchoscopy,"----------------((1))
110) "NORMAL RANGE OF frequency of human haering = 20-20,000 hz,"--------------((1))
111) "AUDIBLE SOUND FOR NORMAL HUMANHEARING = 40-45 db,"---------------((1))
112) "PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO NOISE LEVELS > 85 db can impair hearing permanently,"-
--------------((1))

16
113) "RUPTURE OF T.M. /EAR DRUM occur at noise level > 160 db,"--------------((1))
114) "40 db COMPARED TO 20 DB is 100 TIMES,"-------------((1))
115) "RHINITIS SYNDROME---in mast cell mediator release category are categorised by
sneezing , marked postnasal discharge, lacrimation,"----------------((1))
116) "WATER'S VIEW ( OCCIPITOMENTAL )--- provides good visualization of maxillary sinus,
orbitofrontal sinus, frontal sinus,"--------------((1))
117) "CHILD WITH COMPRESSIBLE SWELLING ROOT OF NOSE---MENINGOMYELOCELE,"--------
----((1))
118) "STRUCTURES PASSING between the upper border of the superior constrictor muscle
& base of the skull are levator palati muscle & the cartilagineous eustachain tube,"---------
-----------((1))
119) QUALITY OF VOICE--- not changed in total adductor palsy,-------((1))
120) "FAMILIAL PREDISPOSITION of malignancies--- are seen in -breast, leukaemia,
thyroid,"----------------(1))
121) "GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE---supplies sensation to the middle ear mucous
memb.,& tongue (post1/3)"-------------((1))
122) "MICROPHONIC POTENTIALS ORIGINATING IN COCHLEA are resistant to Ischaemia,"--
------------((1))
123) "IVORY OSTEOMA--- sen in fronto-ethmoidal region,"-------------((1))
124) "PLICA SEMILUNARIS---is situated in Tonsillar area,"----------((1))
125) "SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND SURGERY---may result in damage of 7,11,12 Cr.N.,"-------
((1))
126) "MICROLARYNGOSCOPY---size of lens used is 400mm.,"------------((1))
127) "VOCAL FREMITUS ---decreased in Emphysema , thick pleura, Pleural effusion,"----------
---((1))
128) "common site of F.B. in lower respiratory tract is --Rt.Main Bronchus,"--------------------
((1))
129) "IMPAIRMENT OF hearing due to noise starts at ---4000 hz.,/ 4khz.,"-----------------((1))
130) "EAM=24 mm, / 2.4 cm.,"-------------------((1))
131) "E.T / PT.TUBE=36 mm., / 3.6 cm.," -----------((1))
132) "U-SHAPED AUDIOGRAM---CONGENITAL DEAFNESS,"----------((1))
133) FLAT AUDIOGRAM---SEROUS OTITIS MEDIA,---------------((1))

17
134) "CARHART'S NOTCH ---2000 hz., / 2Khz.,"--------------((1))
135) "WAX IN EAR ---commonest cause of deafness,"-----------((1))

Qworld Most Important ENT Topics Notes for PG Medical Entrance Exam

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