14. F2011 End of Roman Governance
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This document discusses religious debates between Pelagius and Augustine regarding moral perfection and divine grace. It also summarizes the decline of Roman Britain in the 5th century AD, including military weakness, provincial revolts, breakdown of urban centers, and environmental changes that impacted agriculture. The legacy of Roman culture in post-Roman Britain is also examined, such as the introduction of food crops, animals, language influences, and the eventual reintroduction of Christianity.
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This document provides information on several Celtic deities and figures from European history:
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- Sulis was a Gaulish goddess of healing waters linked to the Roman goddess Minerva, worshipped at the site of present-day Bath, England.
- Brigindo was a goddess of fertility possibly related to the Brigantes tribe and later Christianized as St. Brigit.
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The Celts were a group of tribes living in Iron Age Western Europe who spoke a Brythonic Celtic language and practiced an oral tradition. Their religion involved ritual ceremonies in forests and human sacrifice. Druids served as priests. Important gods included Dagda, Taranis, Sabrina, Lug, Cernunos, and Matrona. The Celts farmed and grew crops like wheat and barley while keeping livestock. Not all lived in hillforts, with some in smaller enclosed settlements. Celtic villages consisted of extended families living together in round houses made of wood and mud. Women prepared food and men fought using advanced iron tools and chariots in battle. The Romans invaded Britain beginning in 55 BC
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This document provides an overview of Roman Britain from the Iron Age Celtic period through Roman domination. It summarizes that the Iron Age Celts, known as the Britons, inhabited Britain from around 500 BCE until the Roman invasion in 43 CE. It then discusses how the Romans came to dominate Britain politically from 43 CE until 410 CE. The document outlines the social, cultural, economic and religious aspects of Celtic Britain before and during the early period of Roman influence and control.
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Staffordshire hoard & mercian trail presentation lga conference 31 march 2010
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The document summarizes various aspects of life in Anglo-Saxon England, including social classes, religious practices, agricultural techniques, architecture, and health. It discusses the roles of kings and thegns, how Christianity blended with paganism, the introduction and use of the stirrup, examples of royal halls and temples, Anglo-Saxon crops and animal husbandry, and evidence of disease and life expectancy from skeletal remains. Maps and drawings provide visual context for archaeological sites like Yeavering and Bamburgh.
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The document summarizes the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity from the late 6th century to the 8th century. It describes how Celtic Christianity was already established when missionaries from Rome arrived and began converting the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms starting with Kent under King Æthelberht and his Frankish wife Bertha. It then discusses the expansion of the Roman mission across the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and key events and figures that led to the Roman form of Christianity becoming dominant, including the Synod of Whitby.
Ostia Summer 2012 online sources
Online resources for Ostia: Life in A Roman Port given at Osher Lifelong Learning at the University of Delaware, Wilmington
5. F2012 Graves and Kings
This document discusses the conversion of Anglo-Saxons to Christianity in the 6th-7th centuries CE and its consequences. It led to the emergence of Hiberno-Saxon artistic styles, the promotion of literacy in Latin and Old English, and the mingling of church and state. Important illuminated manuscripts from this period included the Book of Durrow, Lindisfarne Gospels, and Book of Kells. Archaeological sites discussed include Sutton Hoo, which contained an elaborate ship burial, and the Prittlewell burial, possibly of the East Saxon king Sæberht.
6. S2013 Henry II and the Angevin Empire
The expansion of the dominion of Henry II with the foreseen breakup of that dominion through family feud. Acquisition of Ireland and homage of Wales and Scotland.
11. S Free state to Republic to EU
This document traces Ireland's transition from a Free State under British dominion to an independent republic within the European Union between 1932-2004. Key events included Fianna Fáil coming to power in 1932 and pursuing protectionist policies, the 1937 Constitution establishing Ireland as a sovereign republic, and joining the EU in 1972 which accelerated economic growth through trade and foreign investment. The EU had significant social and economic impacts on Ireland such as reversing emigration trends and improving standards of living.
5 S, Great famine
The Great Famine of 1845-1849 in Ireland resulted from a potato blight that destroyed most of the country's potato crop, which millions of Irish depended on for food. As the blight spread across Europe, it had devastating consequences in Ireland, where poverty was already widespread. The famine led to mass emigration, with over 1 million Irish dying and over 1 million more emigrating to places like the US, Canada, Australia, and Argentina to escape starvation and death. The British government's response was widely criticized as too little and too late. The famine had long-lasting impacts on Irish demographics, society, and relations with Britain.
2s. Georgian Ireland Protestant Ascendancy
This document discusses Ireland in the early Georgian period and the Protestant Ascendancy. It summarizes the penal laws passed against Catholics, restricting their rights to own land, practice their religion, and access education and certain jobs. It also discusses the influx of Scottish Presbyterians into Ulster and their tensions with the Church of Ireland. Economic issues in Ireland in the 1720s led to calls for self-sufficiency and wearing of Irish goods. Famines in the 1720s and 1740s exacerbated issues facing the Irish population.
7. S Celtic revival Nationalism
This document summarizes the history of Irish nationalism and cultural revival in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It discusses the rise of Irish cultural nationalism through organizations promoting the Irish language and traditional arts. It also outlines the growth of political nationalism and the movement for Irish home rule, as well as opposition from unionists in Ulster. Key events discussed include the founding of the Gaelic League and Abbey Theatre, as well as the proposed home rule bills and unionist resistance led by Carson. Women played an important role in Irish nationalism through organizations like Cumann na mBan and Inghinidhe na hÉireann.
10..S Free State
The document summarizes key events and developments in Ireland following the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922, including:
1) The new constitution established universal suffrage over age 21 and included women in government for the first time.
2) Cumann na nGaedheal, the pro-Treaty party, came to power and focused on establishing a balanced budget and free trade.
3) Significant accomplishments of the early Free State included establishing a civil service system, reforming local governments, developing hydroelectric power through the Shannon Scheme, and establishing agricultural companies.
4) By the late 1920s, the economy was almost balanced but the Cumann na nGaedheal party faced challenges in
5. F2011 Scotland and the New Frontier
The Romans complete the conquest of Wales, overcome the Brigante rebellion and move into Scotland only to retreat when trouble arises in Germany.
9. F2011 Britannia in the third century
Decline of Britannia due to inflation and break up into two provinces. Brief period when both provinces are part of the Gallic Empire.
4. F2011 Rebellion and Reprisal
1) The document discusses Roman rule in Wales following their conquest of Britain in 47 CE, including their relationships with client kingdoms like the Brigantes, Regni, and Iceni tribes.
2) It focuses on the Roman client queen Cartimandua of the Brigantes and her betrayal of the British leader Caratacus, turning him over to the Romans in 51 CE. This led to reprisals from her former consort Venutius.
3) It also examines the southern kingdom of the Regni and their king Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus, who accepted Roman rule and was granted status, likely building the "Palace" at Fishbourne. The document provides historical
3 S. Late Georgian Ireland 1798 and Union
1) The document describes the growth of Georgian Dublin from the late 17th to early 19th centuries, including the construction of important buildings like Parliament House, Leinster House, and Magdalene Asylum.
2) It discusses the Colley/Wellesley family who owned properties including Dangan Castle and Mornington House in Merrion Square.
3) In the late 18th century, there was conflict between the English and Irish parliaments over control of money bills and government. Henry Grattan led the cause for greater Irish independence.
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13. F2011 Roman Britian in the 4th Century -Unrest in britain
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Archaeology of the East Midlands: Class 3. Radcliffe Autumn 2014
This document discusses an archaeology class on cultural transitions in the East Midlands from the Iron Age to the Dark Ages. The class covers the Late Iron Age landscape and society; the brief Roman occupation and influence; and the debate around whether the early post-Roman period represented a "Dark Age" or continuation of the Iron Age. Key points include the continuity of settlement patterns between these periods, the impact of Roman rule and decline, and the origins and material culture of Anglo-Saxon communities in England. Geophysical survey techniques like lidar, magnetometry, and ground-penetrating radar are also introduced for non-invasive archaeological prospection.
The Medieval Ages
The document provides an overview of the medieval ages in Europe, covering major periods and events between the 11th and 15th centuries. It discusses factors that led to peace and prosperity like the revitalization of the Church and rise of feudalism. Significant events included the Crusades, outbreak of the bubonic plague that killed up to half of Europe's population, and the development of knighthood, monasticism, and universities. The document also examines the power struggle between the Church and kings, witch hunts, agricultural advances, growth of trade and cities, architectural achievements, and the Hundred Years' War between England and France.
The History of Roman Britain (Notes Class 1)
This document provides an overview of Roman Britain based on a university course. It discusses the sources used to study Roman Britain like classical literature and archaeology. It then provides background on Iron Age Britain and the Roman Republic prior to its expansion. Regarding Roman Britain specifically, it summarizes Caesar's two invasions of Britain in 55 and 54 BC as described in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico, in which he initially invaded to punish British tribes for aiding Gaulish rebellions but faced storms and attacks each time before eventually defeating the British commander Cassivellaunus and establishing Roman influence.
Rb 13 later roman britain
Later Roman Britain saw many changes in the late 4th and early 5th centuries CE. The ties between Britain and the Roman Empire were breaking down politically, militarily, and economically. Roman rule in Britain came to an end around 410 CE as the empire could no longer defend the island. Cities and villas were abandoned, the economy declined, and invasions by Picts and Saxons increased as the Roman military presence dwindled. This period marked the transition from Roman to post-Roman Britain.
Christendom i
The document provides an overview of early medieval Europe following the fall of Rome from 500-1000 CE. It discusses several key developments:
1. The early Middle Ages was a period of instability as Germanic tribes expanded and powers like the Caliphate and Byzantines threatened Europe. Monasteries helped spread Christianity and revive learning.
2. Vikings emerged as a formidable military power, using advanced longships to raid across Europe and beyond. They settled in places like Iceland and Greenland.
3. The Franks rose to power in Gaul/France under Clovis and the Carolingian dynasty. Charlemagne expanded the Frankish kingdom and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE.
Ap european units 1&2 review middle ages
The document summarizes key developments in medieval Europe, including the rise of feudalism and manorialism, the growth of towns and trade, the role of the Catholic Church and papacy, and major events like the Crusades and the Black Death pandemic. It provides timelines of major political, economic, and social changes from the fall of Rome to 1300 CE.
The middle ages
The document summarizes several key aspects of life in medieval Europe during the Middle Ages, including the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of the Byzantine Empire; the development of feudalism and manorialism; the power and influence of the Catholic Church; major events like the Crusades, Black Death, and Hundred Years War; and the introduction of new ideas, technologies, and crops from other parts of the world.
The middle ages
The Medieval period in Europe began after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD and lasted until around 1500 AD. This period saw the migration of Germanic tribes into Europe, the rise of the Catholic Church and feudal system of government. Significant events included the Crusades beginning in 1099 to retake the Holy Land from Muslim rule, and the Black Death pandemic in the mid-14th century that killed around one-third of Europe's population. By the end of the Medieval era, the foundations were being laid for the Renaissance and modern Europe through developments in trade, education and culture.
Ancient Celts Interactive Map
The document discusses the locations where ancient Celtic people lived, including Greece, Northern Italy, England, and Scotland. It provides details on the Celtic arrival and settlement in each location. In Scotland, the Celts arrived in 700 BC and settled in northern Ireland and western Scotland, eventually dominating the native Picts. In Northern Italy, the Celts sacked Rome in 390 BC and battled the Romans for years before being defeated. The Celts also settled in parts of England during the Iron Age and impressed the Greeks with their appearance, being introduced to writing and chariots.
Week 3 migration and multiculturalism
This document discusses the history of migration and settlement in Britain. It describes how Britain has long been a culturally diverse country due to migrations of groups like Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, Normans, Huguenots, Irish, Jews, and post-WWII immigrants from former colonies. While Britain has generally been tolerant of immigrants, integration has at times faced tensions, as seen with the Irish population and Enoch Powell's "Rivers of Blood" speech warning about immigration in 1968. Today, Britain remains a multi-cultural society composed of long-settled migrant communities from around the world.
Week 3 migration and multiculturalism
Britain has experienced significant migration and settlement from various groups over time. It began as a multi-cultural Roman province but became more isolated after their departure. The Norman invasion brought some Jews from France in the 11th century. Huguenot refugees from religious persecution in 17th century France helped establish London's silk industry. The Irish potato famine of the 1840s resulted in many migrating to Britain. Post-WWII, immigrants arrived from the former British colonies to help rebuild, though integration faced tensions. Today, Britain remains culturally diverse with communities from around the world.
2. Work, Commerce, Collegia
The operation of the ports at Ostia in terms of the annona, shipping practice and workers. The role of collegia in the working life of Ostia
Rome
The document summarizes the history of ancient Rome from its origins as a republic through the rise and fall of the Roman Empire. It discusses the Etruscan civilization that preceded Rome, Rome's expansion through conquering neighboring territories and defeating Carthage, the transition from republic to empire under Caesar and Augustus, the institutions and administration of the empire at its height, the origins and spread of Christianity, and the multiple factors that contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire.
14.1 church reform and the crusades
The document summarizes the history of cathedrals and the Crusades in Europe. It describes the architectural innovations of Gothic cathedrals including ribbed vaults and flying buttresses which allowed for larger windows and open spaces. It then discusses the Crusades which began in the 11th century as a "Holy War" called by the Pope to retake Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099 but was followed by further Crusades that ultimately failed to retake and hold the Holy Land.
Anglo-Saxons & Beowulf (British Literature)
This document provides background information on Anglo-Saxon Britain between 450-1066 CE. It discusses the Celtic and Roman periods before the Anglo-Saxons invaded and established several kingdoms. The Anglo-Saxons were pagan warriors from Germany and Denmark who gradually converted to Christianity. Their oral poetry, including the epic poem Beowulf, provides insights into their culture, religion, and the heroism of figures like Beowulf. Archaeological finds like the Sutton Hoo ship burial further illuminate Anglo-Saxon society in England.
The Middle Ages
During the Medieval period in Europe from 500-1400 AD:
1. The fall of the Western Roman Empire led to disruption of trade, the downfall of cities, and a population shift to the countryside as people turned to the Church for stability and order.
2. Feudalism and the manorial system provided a social and economic structure where lords granted land to vassals who provided military and labor services in return.
3. The Crusades were a series of religious wars called by the Pope starting in 1095 in response to Muslim conquests. They temporarily resulted in Christian control of Jerusalem but ultimately failed to retain the Holy Land.
The Middle Ages
PowerPoint presentation on the Middle Ages and the Black Plague. I created this as an intro to life prior to the Renaissance period.
Roman culture and society
Roman culture and society from 27 BCE to 225 CE is summarized as follows:
Romans followed Greek architectural styles but expanded on them by using arches, vaults, and domes. They also advanced engineering to build infrastructure like aqueducts and roads. Roman art reproduced Greek styles but also featured realistic statues and mosaics decorated homes. Literature flourished during the Augustan Age with poets like Virgil and Horace. Roman families were patriarchal and fathers had authority over wives, children, and slaves. Slavery was widespread and provided labor but also led to rebellions. Entertainment like gladiator fights and chariot races distracted the masses. Christianity eventually became the dominant religion despite periods of persecution.
The Middle Ages
The document provides an overview of the Middle Ages in Europe from the fall of Rome to the Renaissance. It discusses several key aspects:
1. The Middle Ages was marked by the decline of the Roman and Byzantine Empires and the rise of feudalism. Feudalism developed due to a lack of strong central government and rewarded military lords with land in exchange for services.
2. Charlemagne united much of Western Europe under the Carolingian Empire and was crowned emperor by the Pope in 800. His empire did not survive intact but helped establish the Holy Roman Empire.
3. Feudalism structured society into local lords granting land to vassals in exchange for military
The middle-ages
The document provides an overview of the Middle Ages in Europe from the fall of Rome to the Renaissance. It discusses several key aspects:
1. The Middle Ages was marked by the decline of the Roman and Byzantine Empires and the rise of feudalism. Feudalism developed due to a lack of strong central government and rewarded military lords with land in exchange for services.
2. Charlemagne united much of Western Europe under the Carolingian Empire and was crowned emperor by the Pope in 800. His empire did not survive intact but helped establish the Holy Roman Empire.
3. Feudalism structured society into local lords governing fiefs in exchange for vassalage
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Archaeology of the East Midlands: Class 3. Radcliffe Autumn 2014
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More from Robert Ehrlich
13 The Raj Independence and Partition
The curator of the Imperial Secretariat Library tries to evenly divide its 150,000 volume collection between the new states emerging from the partition of British India. The partition led to the division of collections and archives between India and Pakistan.
12 The Raj -Burma campaign and Bengal famine
The Burma campaign was almost entirely the work of the British Indian Army. The success in driving Japanese troops from Burma is attributed to the efforts of General William Slim. He used Dakota planes to support troop movements and proceeded even in the monsoon season. Different approaches to the campaign were conducted by US General 'Vinegar Joe' Stillwell and British General Orde Wingate.
9 The Raj Rowlatt, Amritsar and Non Cooperation
The Raj continues wartime measure through the Rowlatt Act. Protests result. A peaceful gathering at Amritsar is massacred by General Dyer. Dyer is removed from his post. is treatment is brought to Parliament where he is praised by Lords but the dismissal is upheld by Commons after a speech by Churchill. Gandhi uses satyagraha in labor disputes but extends this to non-cooperation with the raj. He is arrested but soon released. Congress becomes a larger force among the Indian public.
8 The Raj India in World War i
The presentation begins with a look at the role of Indians in England. Many serve in the shipping industry as lascars and some remain in England, primarily in the Docklands section of London. Recently noted is Queen Victoria's munshi, Abdul This presentation then looks at the contribution of India to the Great War (World War I). The opinions of sepoys are known from letters transcribed by censors. The army served on the Western Front, in East Africa, Mesopotamia, the Suez and was a component at Gallipoli Some opposition to the war came from expatriates in Canada and the US. Others gave support but agitated for home rule. Gandhi supported the ambulance corps and recruiting. The war resulted in an increase in industrial produciton.
7 The Raj - Imperial Architecture -Art and Nationalism
This presentation looks at building built by the Raj and Raj-supported princes in the late 19th century. Havell makes a case for including Indian elements in public buildings while others advocate using architecture associated with imperial power in Europe. Indian painters evolve from artists who use the motifs of western art to those who look to traditional art
6 The Raj - Swadeshi before Gandhi
After a brief look at the jubilees celebrated in India the presentation looks at the proposed 1905 Bengal partition and its consequences. Partition is justified by administrative concerns but the partition map effects religious differences and a policy of divide and rule. Muslims in Bengal support the partition but the Indian National Congress opposes it.The reaction is to combine support of native industry with boycott of foreign goods. Opponents divide into moderates who support just these efforts . and extremists who advocate swaraj or self-rule. The Raj counters with the Minto-Morley reforms which give a small increase in local self-government. In 1911 the partition is repealed
6 The Raj - Indentured Indian Labor in South Africa
A look at the Indian diaspora in South Africa where indentured labor predominates but there are formeer indentured laborers who have small businesses and merchants or 'passenger' Indians' who have paid there own way. Gandhi goes to South Africa as lawyer for a merchant but encounters the plight of indentured labor. He develops the technique fo satyagraha to protest discrimination against Indians.
5 The Raj Political. Social and Religious Reform and Women
The Indian National Congress makes moderate demands for political reforms. The British make laws or attempt to make laws dealing with practices that some identify with religious traditions and others fee it is up to Indians to address. Some measures that are considered suppressive of free speech and participation in the system are. overturned. Particularly troublesome is the question whether Indians can sit on juries that try British citizens.
4 The Raj - Nationalism & Reform
The rise of Indian nationalism in the late 19th century is a combination of rising Indian identity but also Hindu and Muslim identity. At Ayodha they come into conflict. A limited self-governance is offered through the 1892 Councils Act. Education is expanded particularly high education.
3 The Raj - Caste and the British
The use of caste by the British in terms of their remake of the army. Caste as a census. A look at caste from historic, linguistic and genetic point of view.
2 The Raj: Government and Economy
The changes that take place in India after the areas administered by the East India Company are assumed by the Crown. The army is restructured in an attempt to prevent future mutinies. A series of famines occurs and question arise about how to prevent or lessen their impact.
11 The Raj: India late 30s to world war 2
The Government of India Act of 1935 and discontent. The entrance of India into World War 2 and the resulting disaffection of the Indian National Congress, the opposition of the Indian Antional Army and the support of over 2 million volunteers. The Indian Army is crucial in East Africa and the Middle East and of great support in North Africa and Italy. A look at the summer capital of Simla.
10 The Raj: Salt march and purna swaraj
The Indian Army after the Great War. The consequences of the swadeshi movement. Move of the capitol to New Delhi. Congress rejects the reformed government proposed by the Simon Commission. Round table conferences to try to reconcile differences. Salt Satyagraha led by Gandhi to try to obtain concessions.
1 The Raj India and Britain 1857
India and the "Sepoy Revolt" of 1857. Comparison fo India and UK in 1857. The army in India before and after the revolt.
3 England & India Before the Raj: New Products, New Militarism
The East India Company must accommodate to changing regimes in Britain. Its product create changing tastes: tea, cotton cloths and diamonds. A look at Company officials who get rich on diamonds.
5 England & India Before the Raj; Controlling Indian territory
The East India Company must now administer the territory where it has obtained revenue rights. The Company is under increased scrutiny and a hearing is held on Clive and his vast gains. Parliament attempts to have an influence in this administration.
A governor-general, Warren Hastings is sent to lead the three divisions of presidencies.
War continues in the south with conflicts between Mysore and its neighbors. After France enters on the side of revolting American colonists, the conflict again spills over into India. A technological advance is the sue fo improved rockets by Mysore
We also look at working conditions for civilian employees in India.
4 England and India Before the Raj: From Commercial to Military Power
This is the time of Clive.
The decline of the Mughal Empire leads to the development of regional powers.
In the Carnatic conflicts between these powers offer opportunities for expansion of East India Company influence. In this they come into conflict with the French and European and North American Wars (Austrian Succession, Seven Years) involve an Indian theater.
In Bengal rights granted by a weak Mughal Emperor are abused. A new leader, nawab, of Bengal attempts to check these abuses. He attacks Calcutta but a counterattack at the Battle of Plassey results in a puppet nawab. He too grows weary of abuses and demands and at Buxar is defeated. The Emperor then grants the Company revenue rights in Bengal and neighboring areas.
Financial difficulties result in a British bailout with restrictions. The Company is allowed to send tea to North America with a lower tariff but it is rejected. The American Revolution results.
The use of European trained native Indian troops (sepoys) begins
13 f2015 Science and Invention in Restoration England
A overview of scientific institutions that facilitated the advances, particularly the Royal Society. Some of teh major scientists and some of the less well known scientist who contributed to their work.
11. f2015 Restoration Theater
The Restoration theater saw the establishment of two patent theater companies, the Duke's Company and the King's Company, who built new theaters like the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane. The theaters featured innovations like proscenium stages and movable scenery. Popular genres included Restoration comedy which featured witty dialogue, adaptations of Shakespeare, and spectacular "machine plays." Acting styles emphasized physicality and emotion over rhetoric. Leading actors like Betterton and Barry became stars, and women began performing professionally. Audiences were diverse but often arrived seeking entertainment and socializing over the plays themselves.
10 f2015 Great London Fire 1666
The Great London file and the effort to rebuild the city using new architecture. The development of responses to prevent a reoccurrence.
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7 The Raj - Imperial Architecture -Art and Nationalism
7 The Raj - Imperial Architecture -Art and Nationalism
6 The Raj - Indentured Indian Labor in South Africa
6 The Raj - Indentured Indian Labor in South Africa
5 The Raj Political. Social and Religious Reform and Women
5 The Raj Political. Social and Religious Reform and Women
3 England & India Before the Raj: New Products, New Militarism
3 England & India Before the Raj: New Products, New Militarism
5 England & India Before the Raj; Controlling Indian territory
5 England & India Before the Raj; Controlling Indian territory
4 England and India Before the Raj: From Commercial to Military Power
4 England and India Before the Raj: From Commercial to Military Power
13 f2015 Science and Invention in Restoration England
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14. F2011 End of Roman Governance
- 2. Religious Controversy Pelagius Augustine • Moral perfection is • Perfection is attainable in this life impossible without without the divine grace divine grace through human free will, – We are born sinners – Not all humanity was guilty (original sin) in Adam's sin, – Adam had condemned humankind through bad example, – Christ’s good example offered a path to salvation,
- 3. Continued Religious Controversy • Missions from Continent to remnants of Christianity in Britain – More concern for deviation than paganism
- 4. Military decline • Legion strength reduced to 10% of former level • Limitanei less well trained • Units of federates?
- 5. Revolt in the Provinces • Military revolts elevate Marcus, Gratian (407), Constantine III(407) • Withdrawal of troops
- 6. Revolt in Provinces • Rejection of central authority – No taxation without protection? – Allegiance to Honorius not Constantine III? • Reaction of Honorius – Inability to provide protection – No protection wo taxation?
- 7. The ties are broken • 406 Effective end of diocesan control • 409 Britain expels Roman officials • 410 Defense of Britain left to civitates • Reassertion by elite Celts who occupy hill- towns and forts in outlying areas. • End of Pax Romana • Migrations to Ireland, Brittany, Gaul
- 8. Breakdown of Urban Britain • No new coins after 402 (?) • Abandoned homes • New homes built in rubble • Layers of black dirt – weeds or agricultural use • Burial within walls
- 9. Verulamium
- 12. Environment
- 13. Climate Change • Glacial advance c. 400 • Increased rainfall c. 400 • Cooling after 350 • Sea level rise 120-400 • Rhine freezes in 406 allowing barbarians to cross
- 14. Impacts on Agriculture • Marginal boundary drops in altitude • Increased rainfall-increased erosion • Impact of military demand • Disruption of traditional agriculture in border regions • Changes in labor supply • Famine-reported by Gildas
- 15. Example: Upper Thames • Spelt wheat disappears but flax and barley continue • Cattle decrease while sheep increase • Exotics disappear • Reduced population, changed social structure or climate change?
- 16. Agriculture and Influences • Reforestation at end of Roman period • Loss of military market • Loss of urban markets • Loss of labor
- 17. Consequences • Coinage disappears • Loss of skilled masons and engineers – Timber buildings • Loss of industry – Hand molded pottery • Exceptions – continuity of use at some level
- 18. Continuity at Vindolanda Latin inscription – Christian symbol British name
- 19. The end of Roman Britain: what ended, when and why? Video Lecture Dr Andrew Gardner (UCL Institute of Archaeology) Originally given Tuesday 9 March 2010 http://www.ucl.ac.uk/lhl/lhlpub_spring10/13_090310 • Also at iTunes University and YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlwwLrA35YI .
- 20. Legacy •What role did Roman culture play in Britain after the army left? •What were the effects of 400+ years of contact and occupation?
- 21. Legacy of Rome - Food • Introduced crops that remain during Anglo- Saxon period • Introduced crops that disappear at end of Roman administration • Introduced animals that remain after Roman administration ends
- 23. Meats
- 24. Fruits
- 25. Legacy of Rome Language • Latin enters English through Anglo-Saxon • Latin enters English through Old English • Latin enters English through Norman French • Latin enters English through Welsh?
- 26. Legacy of Rome Political-Economic Structures • Written law • Cash economy - denarius • Fixed hierarchy • City
- 27. Legacy of Rome Technology • Roads • Military – obsolete • Stone buildings – stone is recycled • City – Walls are later used
- 28. Legacy of Rome (and Greece) - Time • Seven day week – Etruscans and early Romans used 8-day market week – Days named for gods • Lunar calendar aligned with solar year
- 29. Week Greek Helios Selenes Ares Hermes Dios Aphrodie Kronos Latin Sol Luna Mars Mercury Jove Venus Saturn Old Sunnandæg Mōnan- Tīwes- Wōdnes- Þures- Frīgedæg Sæternes- English
- 30. Legacy of Rome Religion - Christianity • Remnant • Reintroduced from continent • Reintroduced from Ireland
- 31. Legacy of Rome `By letting the vanquished become partners in your own law, you have made a single city out of what was once a world'. Rutilius Namatianus c. 410
- 32. The Centurion’s Song LEGATE, I had the news last night - my cohort ordered home By ships to Portus Itius and thence by road to Rome. I've marched the companies aboard, the arms are stowed below: Now let another take my sword. Command me not to go! I've served in Britain forty years, from Vectis to the Wall, I have none other home than this, nor any life at all. Last night I did not understand, but, now the hour draws near That calls me to my native land, I feel that land is here.
- 33. The Centurion’s Song Legate, I come to you in tears - My cohort ordered home! I've served in Britain forty years. What should I do in Rome? Here is my heart, my soul, my mind - the only life I know. I cannot leave it all behind. Command me not to go! Rudyard Kipling
- 34. Roman Britain to Norman England Planned for Fall 2012 Based in part on: Great Courses The Story of Medieval England
Editor's Notes
- Cabbage leeks, parsley, Herbs – yarrow, tansey, skulcap, summer savory, comfrey, bog rosemary, angelicaIntroduced but not kept – carrot, lettuce, cucumber
- Hares, chickens
- Common plum prunusdomesticaWalnutsApplesIntroduced but not kept - mulberry, grape
- Originally ten months plus winter. Add January and February Changed month 5 (Quintillis) to Julius and six (Sextilis) to Augustus
- SunMoonTiwgod of combatWodan,Thor,god of thunderFrigaSaturn