This document discusses Roman entertainment in Britain, focusing on amphitheatres and gladiatorial combat. Amphitheatres hosted violent spectacles involving gladiators fighting each other or animals. Seating was hierarchical and the arena represented natural environments. Amphitheatres have been excavated in places like Chester, Dorchester, and York. Gladiatorial combat originated as a funeral tradition but became popular entertainment, though laws regulated it over time. Archaeological evidence has uncovered artifacts related to gladiators like helmets, knives, and graves of female gladiators.
Archaeologists, both professional and amateur ones, unearth wonders from tens of thousands of years past. Every once in a while, their discoveries are incredibly puzzling that they remain unexplained. These invaluable artifacts spark conversations and further discoveries in order to prove and explain their existence.
The graves of the early kings and others of high status with a comparison with rich graves from Sweden. A comparison of motifs in manuscripts and metalwork from Sutton Hoo.
Archaeologists, both professional and amateur ones, unearth wonders from tens of thousands of years past. Every once in a while, their discoveries are incredibly puzzling that they remain unexplained. These invaluable artifacts spark conversations and further discoveries in order to prove and explain their existence.
The graves of the early kings and others of high status with a comparison with rich graves from Sweden. A comparison of motifs in manuscripts and metalwork from Sutton Hoo.
The expansion of the dominion of Henry II with the foreseen breakup of that dominion through family feud. Acquisition of Ireland and homage of Wales and Scotland.
The expansion of the dominion of Henry II with the foreseen breakup of that dominion through family feud. Acquisition of Ireland and homage of Wales and Scotland.
6.6 - Bread And Circuses (chariot racing and gladiators)Dan Ewert
The Romans had their own brand of fun, which largely consisted of chariot racing and gladiatorial combat. This goes over that as well as examining their venues: the Circus Maximus and the Colosseum.
The Republic and Empire of Rome was one of the most formative civilizations in Western history. We'll explore the aspects of Roman civilization that have most influenced modern Western society. We'll examine the evolution of Rome's own political system, from a monarchy to a Republic to an Empire, and pay particular attention to the forces that drove this transition over the course of Rome's history. Roman civilization irrevocably shaped the political, social, and religious inheritance of all societies it came into contact with, and those heirs to Roman civilization helped to shape modern Western society itself.
The Labour party has promised increased self-government for India without a definite timetable.The governments in Delhi and London are alarmed by the support for the Indian National Army. Leaders are put on trial but Congress leaders as whether as the public no longer view them as allies of an enemy, Japan, but as fighters for freedom from Britain. A wide scale mutiny in the Indian Navy adds doubts about the ability to use native troops to put down domestic violence. In addition Britain has large war debts including a debt to India for the use of troops outside India. Efforts to bring the Muslim League (Jinnah) and the Indian National Congress (Nehru) founder on the insistence, among other things, that the League represents all Muslims and Congress represents all Indians Britain under Viceroy Mountbatten proposes a plan that would allow for splitting India and existing provinces of India on Muslim or Hindu majority grounds. Votes lead to splitting Bengal and Punjab as well as some minor adjustments. India and Pakistan become independent.
12 The Raj -Burma campaign and Bengal famineRobert Ehrlich
The Burma campaign was almost entirely the work of the British Indian Army. The success in driving Japanese troops from Burma is attributed to the efforts of General William Slim. He used Dakota planes to support troop movements and proceeded even in the monsoon season. Different approaches to the campaign were conducted by US General 'Vinegar Joe' Stillwell and British General Orde Wingate.
9 The Raj Rowlatt, Amritsar and Non Cooperation Robert Ehrlich
The Raj continues wartime measure through the Rowlatt Act. Protests result. A peaceful gathering at Amritsar is massacred by General Dyer. Dyer is removed from his post. is treatment is brought to Parliament where he is praised by Lords but the dismissal is upheld by Commons after a speech by Churchill. Gandhi uses satyagraha in labor disputes but extends this to non-cooperation with the raj. He is arrested but soon released. Congress becomes a larger force among the Indian public.
The presentation begins with a look at the role of Indians in England. Many serve in the shipping industry as lascars and some remain in England, primarily in the Docklands section of London. Recently noted is Queen Victoria's munshi, Abdul This presentation then looks at the contribution of India to the Great War (World War I). The opinions of sepoys are known from letters transcribed by censors. The army served on the Western Front, in East Africa, Mesopotamia, the Suez and was a component at Gallipoli Some opposition to the war came from expatriates in Canada and the US. Others gave support but agitated for home rule. Gandhi supported the ambulance corps and recruiting. The war resulted in an increase in industrial produciton.
7 The Raj - Imperial Architecture -Art and NationalismRobert Ehrlich
This presentation looks at building built by the Raj and Raj-supported princes in the late 19th century. Havell makes a case for including Indian elements in public buildings while others advocate using architecture associated with imperial power in Europe. Indian painters evolve from artists who use the motifs of western art to those who look to traditional art
After a brief look at the jubilees celebrated in India the presentation looks at the proposed 1905 Bengal partition and its consequences. Partition is justified by administrative concerns but the partition map effects religious differences and a policy of divide and rule. Muslims in Bengal support the partition but the Indian National Congress opposes it.The reaction is to combine support of native industry with boycott of foreign goods. Opponents divide into moderates who support just these efforts . and extremists who advocate swaraj or self-rule. The Raj counters with the Minto-Morley reforms which give a small increase in local self-government. In 1911 the partition is repealed
6 The Raj - Indentured Indian Labor in South AfricaRobert Ehrlich
A look at the Indian diaspora in South Africa where indentured labor predominates but there are formeer indentured laborers who have small businesses and merchants or 'passenger' Indians' who have paid there own way. Gandhi goes to South Africa as lawyer for a merchant but encounters the plight of indentured labor. He develops the technique fo satyagraha to protest discrimination against Indians.
5 The Raj Political. Social and Religious Reform and WomenRobert Ehrlich
The Indian National Congress makes moderate demands for political reforms. The British make laws or attempt to make laws dealing with practices that some identify with religious traditions and others fee it is up to Indians to address. Some measures that are considered suppressive of free speech and participation in the system are. overturned. Particularly troublesome is the question whether Indians can sit on juries that try British citizens.
The rise of Indian nationalism in the late 19th century is a combination of rising Indian identity but also Hindu and Muslim identity. At Ayodha they come into conflict. A limited self-governance is offered through the 1892 Councils Act. Education is expanded particularly high education.
The use of caste by the British in terms of their remake of the army. Caste as a census. A look at caste from historic, linguistic and genetic point of view.
The changes that take place in India after the areas administered by the East India Company are assumed by the Crown. The army is restructured in an attempt to prevent future mutinies. A series of famines occurs and question arise about how to prevent or lessen their impact.
The Government of India Act of 1935 and discontent. The entrance of India into World War 2 and the resulting disaffection of the Indian National Congress, the opposition of the Indian Antional Army and the support of over 2 million volunteers. The Indian Army is crucial in East Africa and the Middle East and of great support in North Africa and Italy. A look at the summer capital of Simla.
The Indian Army after the Great War. The consequences of the swadeshi movement. Move of the capitol to New Delhi. Congress rejects the reformed government proposed by the Simon Commission. Round table conferences to try to reconcile differences. Salt Satyagraha led by Gandhi to try to obtain concessions.
3 England & India Before the Raj: New Products, New MilitarismRobert Ehrlich
The East India Company must accommodate to changing regimes in Britain. Its product create changing tastes: tea, cotton cloths and diamonds. A look at Company officials who get rich on diamonds.
5 England & India Before the Raj; Controlling Indian territoryRobert Ehrlich
The East India Company must now administer the territory where it has obtained revenue rights. The Company is under increased scrutiny and a hearing is held on Clive and his vast gains. Parliament attempts to have an influence in this administration.
A governor-general, Warren Hastings is sent to lead the three divisions of presidencies.
War continues in the south with conflicts between Mysore and its neighbors. After France enters on the side of revolting American colonists, the conflict again spills over into India. A technological advance is the sue fo improved rockets by Mysore
We also look at working conditions for civilian employees in India.
4 England and India Before the Raj: From Commercial to Military PowerRobert Ehrlich
This is the time of Clive.
The decline of the Mughal Empire leads to the development of regional powers.
In the Carnatic conflicts between these powers offer opportunities for expansion of East India Company influence. In this they come into conflict with the French and European and North American Wars (Austrian Succession, Seven Years) involve an Indian theater.
In Bengal rights granted by a weak Mughal Emperor are abused. A new leader, nawab, of Bengal attempts to check these abuses. He attacks Calcutta but a counterattack at the Battle of Plassey results in a puppet nawab. He too grows weary of abuses and demands and at Buxar is defeated. The Emperor then grants the Company revenue rights in Bengal and neighboring areas.
Financial difficulties result in a British bailout with restrictions. The Company is allowed to send tea to North America with a lower tariff but it is rejected. The American Revolution results.
The use of European trained native Indian troops (sepoys) begins
13 f2015 Science and Invention in Restoration EnglandRobert Ehrlich
A overview of scientific institutions that facilitated the advances, particularly the Royal Society. Some of teh major scientists and some of the less well known scientist who contributed to their work.
The reopening of the theater after the Interregnum required new buildings, new plays and new approaches to acting. Indoor theaters with elaborate effects meant higher prices. The audience was middle class and even the court attended. Women were now on stage in prominent sexualized roles.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
5. Roman Entertainment
• Chariot racing – circus
• Spectacles
– Hunting
– Gladiators
• Theatre
– Bedroom farces
– Musical dance – pantomime, choral
6. Amphitheatres
• Violent spectacles
– Gladiators (munera)
– Animals
• Hunts (venationes) (? In Britain)
• Scotland noted exporter of bears
– Executions of criminals
• Damnatio ad bestias
7. Amphitheatres
• Seating
– Hierarchal
• slaves and women at top
• Highest classes at bottom
• Arena
– Sand and perhaps scenery to create look of
natural environment
• Hidden machinery
8. Other Amphitheatres
Legionary Forts Theatre-Amphitheatre
• Chester Rural temple-bath centers
• York • Frilford
• Caerleon • Gosbecks
Other Forts • Caistor
• Richborough • West Heslerton
• Tomen-y-Mur (Wales)
• Catterick
15. Gladiators - Laws
11 CE Forbid women under 20 or men under
25 from appearing on stage or in the
arena
19 Forbids participation of upper ranks
~200 Outlaw single combat by women in the
arena
The capital's only Roman amphitheatre was located in Guildhall Yard, during an archaeological dig taking place in preparation for the new Art Gallery building project. In 2002, the doors to the amphitheatre opened for the first time in nearly 2,000 years.The surviving remains include a stretch of the stone entrance tunnel, east gate, and arena walls. They are protected in a controlled environment, 20 feet below the modern pavement, in which they can dry out slowly without damage to the ancient stonework. The original extent of the outer wall is marked by a circle of black paving stones in Guildhall Yard.
Amphitheatres are readily identified by their form. They are all either oval or elliptical in plan. At the centre is an open, level central arena space, usually sunken beneath contemporary ground level. The arena is surrounded by either a high timber palisade or a stone wall depending on the building material employed. The arena is surrounded by seating. Usually the seating (cavea) survives as an earthwork, as in most cases the banks were formed using the material won from the excavation of the arena. Often the site was chosen to allow the arena to occupy an existing depression in the ground, the shape and side of which was adapted to shape. Entrances into the arena were provided (as a minimum) at each end of the long axis of the structure. For the military community, those built for the legions were large, in fact the largest in the province, and were stone-built. Amphitheatres serving auxiliary establishments were small earthworks, possibly constructed for single events on a temporary basis. The London amphitheatre (Figure 1) began in timber and was partially converted to stone, and the structures at the civitascapitals were predominantly large earthworks. The legionary fortresses and the new city of London were settlements of non-native peoples, the citizen troops of the legions, and incoming traders and administrators in London. It is worth noting that the only evidence from amphitheatre sites for gladiatorial spectacles comes from the legionary sites, while the only evidence for specific amphitheatre-related religious practice, the worship of Diana-Nemesis, is from London and the legionary sites. sand (arena, the Latin word from which the term "arena" is derived), a material whichprovided the gladiators with sure footing, absorbed the blood spilled during shows and was easilyrenewed.
The dedication of the altar found in the small chamber to the west of the north entrance appears to be conclusive proof that this room functioned as a Nemeseum (shrine to Nemesis). However, although there are military parallels at Carnuntum and civil parallels in the Danubian provinces, these are placed outside the amphitheatre. At Caerleon, a possible Nemeseum was built into one of the side entrances in a secondary phase (Wheeler & Wheeler 1928, 119). Further parallels for the situation at Chester should be sought and consideration given to what the cult implies about the types of activities carried out in the amphitheatre.
Began as a contest between slaves at funeral events as a tirbute to the departed.
Excavated/FindspotHawkedon (all objects)(Europe,UnitedKingdom,England,Suffolk,Hawkedon)Period/CultureRomano-British (scope note | all objects)DescriptionCopper alloy gladiator's helmet, originally tinned and with face-guard, now lost.InscriptionsInscription Type: inscriptionInscription Language: Latin Inscription Content: [...]OSInscription Comment: This inscription is much weathered.The inscription is stamped in a panel on the upper surface of the neck-guard at the back.DimensionsHeight: 195 millimetresRoman Britain, 1st century ADFrom Hawkedon, SuffolkThis heavy bronze helmet originally had a tinned surface, giving it a shiny silver appearance. The wearer's face would have been encased in an intricate hinged mask with eye-guards, similar to helmets that have been found in Pompeii. The nearest place that gladiators are likely to have fought was Colchester, the leading town of the province in the first century AD, and just 20 miles away from where this was found.Bronze gladiator's helmet. It has a grille of linked circles to protect the face, and a broad brim to protect the back and sides of the head. At the front of the helmet is a medallion of Hercules.DimensionsHeight: 19 inches
Place (findspot) Excavated/Findspot Halicarnassus (all objects) (Asia,Turkey,Aegean Region (Turkey),Caria,Bodrum,Halicarnassus) Date 1stC-2ndC Period/Culture Roman (scope note | all objects)Description Marble relief commemorating the release from service of two female gladiators, Amazon and Achillia. They are armed, and advancing to attack, with swords and shields. The figure on the right is missing the head. They stand on a platform, and below on each side is the head of a spectator. Inscribed above and on the platform. They are shown with the same equipment as male gladiators, but without helmets. Inscriptions Inscription Type: inscription Inscription Language: Dimensions Height: 24,5 inches Width: 31 inches Thickness: 5 inches
Decapitations are usually interpreted either as signs of capitalpunishment e in the Roman period they were regarded as the mosthonorable type of execution (Garnsey, 1968) e or as ritual acts,designed to keep the dead from haunting the living (see Philpott,1991). While not uncommon in Roman Britain, decapitationsusually make up only a small proportion (typically <10%) of thetotal burials, with males and females encountered in roughly equalnumbers. In urban contexts they are often situated on the peripheryof burial grounds (
If anything, it wastherefore not a common origin, but rather the diversity of theirbackgrounds which was the defining feature for the DriffieldTerrace Group.Whatever else connected this remarkable mix of people, so thatthey came to be interred in one of Roman York’s most prestigiouscemeteries, sharing, at least outwardly, similarities in burial ritethat rendered them so unusual, remains unknown. Dating evidencenow available indicates that burial took place over at least thewhole of the 2nd and 3rd century AD, possibly into the 4th (Hunter-Mann, 2006). This means that one of the earlier interpretations ofa single event, such as a “mass execution” of members of theImperial Court in the turbulent aftermath of Septimius Severus’death in AD 211 (see Montgomery et al., in press-b) is at least notthe whole story. A military connection of the cemetery may be mostlikely, given the all-male composition of the cemetery and therelatively high incidence of trauma related to interpersonalviolence noted during the preliminary assessment of the remains(see Tucker, 2006; Hunter-Mann, 2006). The initially more farfetchedsounding theory of a gladiator cemetery has also recentlygained support, based on possible similarities in trauma patternswith known gladiators (see Kanz and Grosschmidt, 2006) andespecially the toothmarks of a large carnivore, possibly a bear, lionor tiger, found on one of the skeletons (York Archaeological Trust,2010). Although there appears to be no evidence that decapitationswere part of the ritual used for dispatching defeated gladiators(see Kanz and Grosschmidt, 2006; Dunkle, 2008), this possibility is certainly intriguing. Nevertheless, the jury is still out,and it is hoped that the complete skeletal analysis, which is stillongoing will shed further light on the identity of these individuals.
Another possibility is that these were gladiator burials. Losing gladiators who failed in their appeal formercy were generally dispatched by a knife or sword thrust through the back of the neck, severing thespinal column. Contemporary writers suggest that lifeless fighters brought to the corpse processingroom (spolarium) routinely had their throats cut for good measure (Seneca, Letters 19.12)), and thatsome victims had their throats cut in the arena as an entertainment in its own right (Seneca, Epistles7). The other documented method of dispatch was for apparently lifeless combatants in the arena,who were hit on the head with a hammer by a slave dressed as Charon to make absolutely certain (Zoll2002, 164). The average age at death for gladiators based on the evidence from tombstones was 27,but as many younger, less successful fighters would have died uncommemmorated it is likely that theactual age at death was somewhat lower (Wisdom 2001, 59). These demographic features are reflectedin the burial population at 6 Driffield Terrace. A comparison of documented 1st and 3rd centurygladiator duels found that whereas only 19 of 200 combatants (less than 10%) died in the 1st century,by the 3rd century the death rate was 25% (Wisdom 2001,59). As the numbers of fighters participatingin shows increased during the Roman period, it seems the number of fatalities grew steadily. Thebodies, already regarded as 'unclean' by the Romans, would have had additional social stigma asgladiators. They may well have been buried in designated areas by their comrades, perhaps with thehelp of burial clubs
Steelyard weightRoman Britain, 1st-4th century ADThis bronze weight (1200 g), for a statera, or steelyard, has been made in the form of a rather unflattering but lifelike bust of a boxer, with cauliflower ears and a pigtail, a hairstyle often worn by Roman wrestlers and boxers.Height: 110.000 mmWeight: 1200.000 gBoxer – Vindilanda on silver
Catterick Yorkshire MuseumBaldiockStead38 has already commented on the difference between the fine Baldock mask and the cruderexamples from Catterick and Wilderspool and pointed out its similarity to examples known from theContinent. These generally depict grotesque old men often with heavily emphasized wrinkles andlarge warts, and the three examples from London, although fragmentary, are most likely to be of thistype and are all possibly imports. Rouvier - Jeanlir~r~ec~ords the production of masks by the centralGaulish pipe-clay industry, but the main area of manufacture seems to have been the Rhineland.WilderspoolRome This terracotta mask represents a female character from ancient tragedy. The smooth face and straight nose are in stark contrast to comic masks, which were often grotesquely distorted. Only the arched brows betray the heroine's emotion. The calm face is framed by an elaborate hairstyle of finely structured parallel plaits held by a ribbon over the centre of the forehead.It is unlikely that this mask was actually worn by an actor. Terracottas of this kind were often found as offerings in sanctuaries or tombs.
1stC-3rdCPeriod/CultureRoman Imperial (scope note | all objects)DescriptionGem of glass paste imitating sard, engraved with two Erotes setting cocks to fight; in the background is a terminal figure.DimensionsLength: 0.9 centimetresHeight: 0.8 centimetresDate1stC-3rdCPeriod/CultureRoman Imperial (scope note | all objects)DescriptionGem of iridescent glass paste imitating sard, engraved with two Erotes setting cocks to fight; in the background is a terminal figure.DimensionsLength: 1.5 centimetresHeight: 1.3 centimetres
