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4. F2011 Rebellion and Reprisal
- 1. Rebellion and ReprisalRoman Rule – Wales I
- 2. Conquest (Rape) of Britannia, Aphrodisias, Turkey
- 3. Ruling Britain Two Queens and a King
- 4. Frontier
- 5. Roman Britain~47 CE Client Kingdoms Brigantes Regni Iceni
- 6. What 1st Century Divorce Case Threatened Roman Britain?
- 8. Cruel, treacherous, immoral?
- 9. Counterpart to Claudius’ consort Messalina
- 11. Tribes Tribes of Wales
- 13. Divorce ~57 CE Cartimandua breaks with her consort Venutius who turns against her and Rome She keeps her throne thanks to Roman military intervention Venutius?
- 14. Tribes Tribes of Wales
- 15. Roman Legions Client Kingdoms
- 16. Roman Britain~47 CE Client Kingdoms Brigantes Regni Iceni
- 17. Southern Kingdom of the Regneses
- 18. Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus Perhaps successor to Verica Granted status by Romans Probably built “Palace” at Fishbourne Still respected during lifetime of Tacitus
- 20. Text A temple to Neptune and to Minerva and for the safety of the Divine House (of the emperor) by the authority of Ti. Claudius Cogidubnus. [Great King] in Britain, (erected by) The Guild of fabri and its members at their own cost [Pudens?] son of Pudentmus, donated the site.
- 22. Hayling Island Roman Temple, 60-70 CE Plan compared with temple in Entrains, Gaul
- 23. Hayling Island Roman Temple reconstructionCella, Temple at Périgueux, DordogneRitual Landscapes of Roman South Britain, David Rudling, editor
- 24. Hayling Island Temple: Brooches, British and Gallic
- 25. Roman Britain~47 CE Client Kingdoms Brigantes Regni Iceni Subject people Trinovantesand Camulodunum
- 26. Roman Legions Client Kingdoms
- 27. Camulodunum – Roman and native
- 29. Iron Age Dykes
- 30. Gosbecks
- 33. Publius Ostorius Scapula First act was to disarm the Britons within the Roman controlled region 47 Fortification of Colchester Attacks Deceangeli in Flintshire Legio XX transferred to southwest 49 Foundation of colonia at Camulodunum (Colchester)Colonia Claudia Victricensis
- 35. Balkerne Gate
- 37. Longinus
- 38. Facilis M FAVON[IUS] PO[LIA] FACILIS >LEG XX VERECVNDVS ET NOVICIVS LIB[ERTI] POSVERVNT Marcus Favonius Facilis, son of Marcus, of the voting tribe Pollia, centurio of legio XX lies here. Verecundus and Novicius, his freedmen, put this here
- 39. Stanway, Colchester – Doctor’s burial
- 40. Other Graves Educated person Warrior
- 42. Question What 1st Century Briton joined 20th Century notables, Boy George, Princess Diana and Margaret Thatcher, in the list of “100 Greatest Britons”?
- 43. Boudica in Ads She had a reputation as a leader of men. A go-getter who inspired confidence. The sort of woman who'll find the Mitsubishi Colt.. irresistible.
- 44. Problems Behind the Lines Displacement of Trinovantes alarms Iceni Temple of Claudius Death of Prasugatus, King of the Iceni Inheritance Loans
- 46. Boudica in Revolt )
- 47. Gaullish woman w. torc
- 48. Sedgeford torc, 500-200 BCE
- 49. Winchester torc 74-25 BCE
- 50. The Start of the Revolt
- 52. Omens
- 54. 30 cm Claudius: Remains of Equestrian Statue?
- 55. Outside Colchester – burnt mattress
- 57. On to London
- 58. Attempt to relieve London
- 59. London – Evidence of burning
- 61. London remnants
- 62. Walbrook deposit
- 63. On to Verulamium
- 64. Routes of Roman Troops Battle of Watling Street
- 66. Aftermath Harsh treatment of opponents Support for Cartimandua through 69 Reward for T(C)ogidubnis Absorption of Icenian territory Rebuild and fortify
- 68. Closing the Barn Door
- 69. Roman, Medieval, Modern ditch
Editor's Notes
- Cartimandua had taken a consort from among the Brigantes, named Venutius; he probably came from a powerful subgroup within the large Brigantian realm. In AD 57, like Cartimandua, Venutius had a long record of fidelity to Rome; together they had prospered in alliance with Rome. But about AD 57 they fell out; Tacitus, disposed to moralizing, blamed the damaging effects of growing prosperity in the wake of the Caratacus affair. Their quarrel became a wider internal conflict, doubtless always a threat within the large and disjointed kingdom. Cartimandua remained close to Rome, but Venutius now became hostile, not only to the queen but also to her Roman supporters. It may be significant that he is not mentioned in the Caratacus affair: it seems that Cartimandua had taken all the responsibility in that affair and had received all the credit.Cartimandua captured the brother and kinsfolk of Venutius by trickery, precipitating a major civil war among the Brigantes. It seems that Venutius's forces could be imagined as invaders from outside Cartimandua's realm, supporting the probability that he represented a regional grouping. Tacitus prefers to focus upon the supposed objections of the Brigantes to being ruled by a woman, which were very much his own. However, Cartimandua's Roman allies had foreseen the invasion of Venutius's forces and after fierce fighting repelled it; thanks to the Romans, the queen retained her throne, while Venutius was left hostile to her and to Rome.
- Trampling a briton
- Within the wooden, chambered burial site, researchers have excavated a wine warmer, cremated human remains, a cloak pinned with brooches, a jet bead, divining rods (for fortune-telling), a series of surgical instruments, a strainer bowl last used to brew Artemisia-containing tea, a board game carefully laid out with pieces in play, as well as other objects.“This person was clearly a specialist and also clearly wealthy and powerful, as indicated by the special grave and its apparent location within the compound of a ‘chief.’ That would all fit Caesar’s Druid,” he said, adding that Caesar likely also visited Stanway during his lifetime.Pitts said the collection mirrors basic medical tools from other parts of the Roman world.The board game and its arranged pieces, however, are anything but common. None other like it has ever been found at Roman-era sites in Great Britain.Surviving metal corners and hinges from the board allowed Pitts to reconstruct it as an 8-inch by 12-inch rectangle. Raised sides suggest dice might have been used. The white and blue glass counters were positioned with care. Some were straight across the sides, another in a diagonal line and one white marker close to the board’s center.Pitts believes the game may have been another “divination tool,” along with the rods, jet bead and scent bottles also excavated at Stanway.Philip Crummy, director of the Colchester Archaeological Trust, told Discovery News that the person in the burial could very well have been a Druid “given the healing and divination attributes — assuming that Druids could be trained in these skills.”Crummy agrees with Pitts that such individuals would have been “near the top of the social scale in Iron Age Britain.”He is, however, not yet convinced the person was Celtic, since the medical kit was “fairly Romanized” and the individual may have acted “like a Roman surgeon/doctor would have done.” To the left, in a wooden box, is drinking equipment. At the top is a bronze strainer, crushed. Then there is a large Samian bowl, also crushed, and then a patera, or bronze saucepan, in perfect condition. The edges of the box were visible in the ground, and may perhaps be visible on screen, with a certain amount of imagination. To the right, outside the box, is a dinner set. This consists partly of terra rubra, in red, and terra nigra, in black. These items can be dated fairly precisely to around 50 AD, that is approximately 10 years after the Roman conquest in 43 AD. And on the outskirts of this pre-Roman town, a splendid series of graves has recently been discovered.Five enclosures have been discovered, each presumably the burial ground of one of the native princes. Unfortunately the main graves have all been robbed, but around the princes, some of the lesser functionaries were buried. One of these graves has been discovered - that of a doctor, which gives some idea of what the burial ceremony must have been like.Left to right: two iron scalpels, iron saw, copper-alloy double hook, iron double hook, copper-alloy double sharp hook (unknown function), copper-alloy smooth-jawed forceps, iron forceps, three iron handled needles, copper-alloy spoon-probe, incomplete instrument
- Copper alloy statuette of Nero in the guise of Alexander. Silver and copper-plating and deliberately patinated black bronze detail. The figure, which is hollow cast, stands with the weight on the right leg whilst the left foot is raised and may have originally rested on a globe or helmet (now missing). The right hand originally held a spear or sceptre (now missing) and the left arm is also missing. The figure wears imperial dress of decorated boots, a short tunic and a cuirass which is richly adorned with inlaid silver and niello patterns. The face is full and plump and the hair upstanding above the brow; the lips are slightly parted and the eyes, originally inlaid with colours (now missing) gaze upwards. Dimensions Height: 62 centimetres Width: 28 centimetres Depth: 25 centimetresFound/Acquired Barking Hall (?) (Europe,United Kingdom,England,Suffolk,Barking,Barking Hall)
- Found/Acquired Seine, River (all objects)(Europe,France,River Seine)Found/Acquired Paris (all objects)(Europe,France,Ile-de-France (département),Paris)Date2ndCPeriod/CultureRoman (scope note | all objects)DescriptionBronze figure of a Gaulish woman wearing a torc and bracelets.DimensionsHeight: 2 inches
- In stature she was very tall, in appearance most terrifying, in the glance of her eye most fierce, and her voice was harsh; a great mass of the tawniest hair fell to her hips; around her neck was a large golden necklace; and she wore a tunic of divers colours over which a thick mantle was fastened with a brooch. This was her invariable attire."
- OmensWhile the Britons were preparing to throw off the yoke, the statue of victory, erected at Camulodunum, fell from its base, without any apparent cause, and lay extended on the ground with its face averted, as if the goddess yielded to the enemies of Rome. Women in restless ecstasy rushed among the people, and with frantic screams denounced impending ruin. In the council-chamber of the Romans hideous clamours were heard in a foreign accent; savage howlings filled the theatre, and near the mouth of the Thames the image of a colony in ruins was seen in the transparent water; the sea was purpled with blood, and, at the tide of ebb, the figures of human bodies were traced in the sand.
- In this alarming crisis, the veterans sent to CatusDecianus, the procurator of the province, for a reinforcement. Two hundred men, and those not completely armed, were all that officer could spare. The colony had but a handful of soldiers. Their temple was strongly fortified, and there they hoped to make a stand. But even for the defense of that place no measures were concerted. Secret enemies mixed in all their deliberations. No fosse was made; no palisade thrown up; nor were the women, and such as were disabled by age or infirmity, sent out of the garrison. Unguarded and unprepared, they were taken by surprise, and, in the moment of profound peace, overpowered by the Barbarians in one general assault. The colony was laid waste with fire and sword.The temple held out, but, after a siege of two days, was taken by storm. PetiliusCerealis, who commanded the ninth legion, marched to the relief of the place. The Britons, flushed with success, advanced to give him battle. The legion was put to the rout, and the infantry cut to pieces. Cerealis escaped with the cavalry to his entrenchments. CatusDecianus, the procurator of the province, alarmed at the scene of carnage which he beheld on every side, and further dreading the indignation of a people, whom by rapine and oppression he had driven to despair, betook himself to flight, and crossed over into Gaul.
- Claudius head from the River Alde. Fragment of Life-Size Bronze Equine Statuary from Ashill, Norfolk. Analysis of impurities in bronze are similar
- Burnt Samian ware, coins grain