1. The document summarizes the history and development of the periodic table, including contributions from Greek philosophers, Boyle, Davy, Moseley, Dobereiner, Newlands, and Mendeleev.
2. It describes the key features and organization of the modern periodic table, including periods, groups, atomic number, valence electrons, and trends in physical/chemical properties for different groups like alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases, and transition metals.
3. Specific elements are highlighted from different groups to illustrate trends, including lithium, sodium, potassium, beryllium, barium, calcium, magnesium, strontium, radium, chlorine, brom
Periodic Classification of Elements and PeriodicityNEHANEHA67
PPT will cover all the history of periodic table and periodic properties of elements and their trends as well as Oxides, Halides, Hydrides and Position of Hydrogen
Periodic Classification of Elements and PeriodicityNEHANEHA67
PPT will cover all the history of periodic table and periodic properties of elements and their trends as well as Oxides, Halides, Hydrides and Position of Hydrogen
Chapter - 5, Periodic Classification of Elements, Science, Class 10Shivam Parmar
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Chapter-5, Periodic Classification of Elements, Science Class10
CLASSIFICATION
DOBEREINER’S TRIAD
LIMITATIONS
NEWLAND’S LAW OF OCTAVES
CHARACTERISTICS OF LAW OF OCTAVES
LIMITATIONS OF NEWLANDS LAW OF OCTAVES
MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE
PROPERTIES OF GROUPS STUDIED BY MENDELEEV
LIMITATIONS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE
MERITS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
PROPERTIES OF MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
NOBLE GASES
POSITION OF ELEMENTS IN THE MODERN PERIODIC -TABLE
METALS
NON-METALS
METALLOIDS
TRENDS IN MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur & Teacher)
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
4. Humphrey Davy
• Used electrolysis to
break down water
into hydrogen and
oxygen. Isolated
potassium and
sodium.
5. Henry Mosely
• Measured No.of
protons in the
nuclei of atoms.
Atomic number
to arrange
elements.
6. Dobereiner
• Saw trends and similarities among several
groups of elements in threes
• Triads = groups of 3 elements
• Chlorine = 35.5, Bromine = 80, Iodine = 127
(average of Cl and I = 81)
7. Newlands
• Tried to find some mathematical relation
between the atomic weights of elements
which were chemically similar
• Groups called octaves
• Arranged the elements in rows of seven
• Eighth element had properties similar to
the first
8. “Law of Octaves” because of its
similarity to musical octaves
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
K
Ca
?
?
As
Se
Br
10. Dimitri Mendeleev
• He suggested that the properties of the
elements were a function of their atomic
masses
• Left gaps for undiscovered elements
• Gave a name and predicted the properties of
these yet to be discovered elements.
12. Learning Outcomes
• Elements. Symbols of elements 1–36.
• The periodic table as a list of elements
arranged to demonstrate trends in their
physical and chemical properties.
• Brief statement of the principal resemblances
of elements within each main group, in
particular alkali metals, alkaline earth metals,
halogens and noble gases.
13. Modern periodic table
• Elements in the periodic table are arranged in
periods (rows) and groups(columns). Atomic
number increases as you move across a row
or period.
15. Periods
• The period number of an element signifies the
highest unexcited energy level for an electron
in that element.
16. Groups
• Elements within a group share several common
properties.
• Groups are elements have the same outer electron
arrangement.
• The outer electrons are called valence electrons.
Because they have the same number of valence
electrons, elements in a group share similar chemical
properties.
• The Roman numerals listed above each group are the
usual number of valence electrons. For example, a
group VA element will have 5 valence electrons.
18. Metals
•Metals are lustrous (shiny),
malleable (can be hammered)
• are good conductors of heat and
electricity.
19. Group 1: Alkali Metals
Group 1: Alkali Metals
The alkali metals are located in Group IA
(Sodium and potassium are examples of
these elements.
Alkali metals form salts and many other
compounds.
These elements are less dense than
other metals, form ions with a +1
charge, and have the largest atom sizes
of elements in their periods. The alkali
metals are highly reactive.
20. Alkaline Metals 1
Learning outcome
Demonstration of the
reaction with water of
lithium, sodium
and potassium.
22. Sodium
• Sodium + Oxygen Sodium oxide
• Sodium + Water Sodium Hydroxide +
Hydrogen gas
• Stored in oil to prevent them from reacting
with air or water
23. Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals
The alkaline earths are located in
Group IIA (second column) of the
periodic table.
Calcium and magnesium are
examples of alkaline earths. These
metals form many compounds.
They have ions with a +2 charge.
Their atoms are smaller than
those of the alkali metals.
31. Group 17: Halogens
The halogens are located in Group
VIIA of the periodic table.
Examples of halogens are chlorine
and iodine. You find these
elements in bleaches,
disinfectants, and salts. These
nonmetals form ions with a -1
charge. The physical properties of
the halogens vary. The halogens
are highly reactive.
33. Chlorine
• Green gas
• Chlorine + Hydrogen Hydrogen Chloride gas
• Hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water to
form Hydrochloric acid.
• Chlorine reacts with sodium to form Sodium
Chloride [Table Salt]
36. Group 18: Noble Gases
The noble gases are located in Group
VIII of the periodic table. Helium and
neon are examples of noble gases.
These elements are used to make
lighted signs, refrigerants, and lasers.
The noble gases are not reactive. This is
because they have little tendency to
gain or lose electrons.
38. Transition Metals
•The transition elements are
located in groups IB to VIIIB.
•These elements are very hard, with
high melting points and boiling
points. The transition metals are
good electrical conductors.
•They form positively charged ions.