1. Group 1 elements (alkali metals) have a single outer electron and are highly reactive metals.
2. Group 2 elements (alkaline earth metals) have two outer electrons and are reactive metals, but less so than Group 1.
3. Groups 3-11 (d-block metals) are metals that are usually colored and act as catalysts in chemical reactions.
4. Groups 13-17 contain nonmetals, with the number of outer electrons increasing by one for each group.
5. The halogens in Group 17 gain one electron to achieve a full outer shell and are very reactive
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The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
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Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
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The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
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Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
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Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. You should know the following by the end of
today’s class…
• History of the idea of elements including
the contributions of the Greeks, Boyle and
Davy and Moseley
• Symbols of elements 1–36.
• History of the periodic table, including the
contributions of Dobereiner and Newlands
• The differences between the first Periodic
table and the modern table
11. In particular Empedocles 490 – 435 BCE,
had the idea that there were four basic
building blocks (elements) from which
everything was made:
earth,
fire,
water
and air
The Ancient Greeks
IDEA THAT MATTER IS COMPOSED OF ELEMENTS AND THAT
DIFFERENT ELEMENTS COMBINE TO MAKE NEW THINGS!
12. The Ancient Greeks
Democritus
Around 2500 years ago
Piece of matter
Split or break up
Eventually I end up with something which
cannot be broken up – called an element
13. Robert Boyle
Robert Boyle
17th Century
Irish scientist,
Robert Boyle,
later defined what
an element was:
An element is a substance that cannot
be broken down into any simpler substance
Definition
14. Humphrey Davy
• Davy was an English chemist who started out
his research examining the medicinal effect of
various gases
18. Naming the elements
• After a planet ….mercury, uranium
• European mythological figures….Titanium after
the Titans
• After its colour…. Gold
• After a physical property… Bromine= bad smell
• After a country…. francium = France
• After yourself….?
• After a scientist… Es = Einsteinium
19. Recap
• What is an element?
• What did the ancient Greeks think
materials were made of?
• Who was Robert Boyle?
• What contribution did Davy make to the
knowledge of the elements?
20.
21. Arrangement of the elements
•All of the known elements
of today are arranged on
….The Periodic Table of
Elements
23. Looking for a pattern in the
elements
• In the 1800s over 50
elements had been
discovered and more
were being found!
• Chemists wanted to
find if there was any
pattern to the elements
Date of Discovery
24. Johann Dobereiner
Dobereiner
1829 – His theory of triads
He noticed that certain
elements in groups of 3
had similar physical &
chemical properties with
the atomic weight of the
middle element being
halfway between the other
two.
He called such a group of
elements a triad.
What contribution did Dobereiner make to the systematic arrangement of the elements? (6)
2005 Q. 4 (d) (6)
25. Newlands -1864
Newland arranged all of the known
elements in order of increasing
atomic weight and he noticed the
chemical and physical properties of
the elements repeated with every 8th
element.
Higher level only
26. John Newlands
Newlands
Law of octaves
H Li Be B C N O
F Na Mg Al Si P S
He arranged the elements in order of
increasing atomic weight
Every 8th known element had similar
physical & chemical properties.
John Newlands
What contribution did Newlands make to the systematic arrangement of the elements known to him? (6)
2006 Q. 4 (f) (6)
27. Newlands Octaves
• The problem is that after Calcium the pattern starts to
break down.
• Although Newland had the right idea, some of the
elements hadn’t been discovered yet and this caused
elements to be forced into the wrong group!
Higher level only
28. Mendeleev and the periodic
table
Mendeleev created the first periodic table by grouping
together elements in a certain way.
29. Dmitri Mendeleev
Mendeleev
1869 – He drew up the first
periodic table of the known
elements of his time by arranging
the elements in order of
increasing atomic weight.
He noticed repeating patterns
which lead him to make very
accurate predictions about
undiscovered elements.
32. The differences in Mendeleev’s table and
the modern periodic table
1. Mendeleev’s table was arranged in order of
increasing atomic mass. Modern table is
arranged in order of increasing atomic
number.
2. In Mendeleev’s table the noble gases are
not included in the modern Table they are.
3. There are gaps in Medeleev’s table but
there are none in the modern periodic table
as they have been discovered..
State two ways in which Mendeleev’s periodic table of the elements differs from that of Moseley.
2003 Q. 4 (i) (6)
33.
34.
35. What have you learnt about..
Dobereiner
Newlands
Mendeleev
Octaves
Triads
36. Henry Moseley
Moseley
1913 – Henry Moseley discovered
that the positive charge in the
nucleus of an atom of any element is
of a definite amount.
These units of positive charge
became known as protons. The
periodic table is now arranged in
order of increasing atomic number.
The atomic number of and element is the number of protons
in the nucleus of an atom of that element
Definition
2008 Q. 4 (b) (6)
What contribution did Henry Moseley, the scientist shown in the photograph, make to the systematic arrangement
of the elements in the periodic table?
42. Group 1 – The Alkali Metals
2. They all float on water
1. They are all shiny
metals which are easily
cut with a knife.
3. They are all extremely
reactive and have to be
stored in oil to prevent
them from reacting
with the oxygen in the
air.
43. Demonstration – The reaction of
the alkali metals with water
1 – The reaction of lithium with water
2 – The reaction of sodium with water
3 – The reaction of potassium with
water
44. Why do the alkali metals increase in
reactivity as you go down the group?
As you go down the group the atomic radius
increases and the outermost electron is much
further from the nucleus and is under less of an
effect so that element is more reactive. This
outer electron is also protected from the nucleus
by an inner ‘screening effect’ of the inner
electrons.
Lithium Sodium
Potassium
6
2006 Q. 5 (b) (9)
Explain, in terms of the structures of the atoms, the trend in reactivity down Group I (the alkali metal group) of the
periodic table.
45. Balanced Equations
Li
Lithium
½
+ H2O H2 + LiOH
Water Hydrogen
Lithium
Hydroxide
2 2 2
Na
Sodium
½
+ H2O H2 + NaOH
Water Hydrogen
Sodium
Hydroxide
2 2 2
K
Potassium
½
+ H2O H2 + KOH
Water Hydrogen
Potassium
Hydroxide
2 2 2
46. Check if you have learnt..
• What group 1 in the Table is called?
• How many electrons are in the outer shell
of group 1 elements?
• Some properties of group 1 metals?
• What happens when they are reacted with
water?
• What is the reactivity trend as you go
down the group?
47. In today’s class
• We will look at the properties of the rest of
the groups in the Periodic table.
48. Group 2 – The earth alkali metals
Includes the following elements:
Beryllium (Be)
Magnesium (Mg)
Calcium (Ca) and others!
•They are all metals
•All of the elements in group one have two electrons in their outermost
shell!
•They are reactive- They have a tendency when reacting with outer
elements to lose these outer electrons and form ionic compounds
•They react less vigorously with water to produce hydrogen
49. Group 2 – The Alkaline Earth Metals
2. They are reactive but
not as reactive as the
alkali metals
1. They all have 2
electrons in their outer
shell
50. Groups 3 -11 The d block metals
They are all metals and are
usually brightly coloured and
act as catalysts for chemical
reactions
Includes the following
elements:
Scandium (Sc)
Titanium (Ti)
Vanadium (V)
Chromium (Cr)
Manganese (Mn)
Iron (Fe)
Cobalt (Co)
Nickel (Ni)
Copper (Co)
Zinc (Zn) and others!
54. Group 16
•All have 6 electrons on their outermost shell!
•All of the group are metals except for Polonium which is a metal
55. Group 17 - The Halogens
•They are non metals
•All of the elements in group one
have seven electrons in their
outermost shell!
•They are reactive - They have a
tendency when reacting with
outer compounds to gain one
electron
57. Group 18 - The Noble gases
They are all non metals
They are all odourless
and colourless gases
They are very
unreactive as they have
an outer shell full of
electrons, which makes
them chemically stable