Revision notes for IGCSE Chemistry Organic topic.

1. Organic Chemistry Revision Notes

2. Formation of Oil Oil, coal and gas are fossil fuels Crude oil is formed by long term heat and pressure on dead marine plant and animal deposits Formed in porous rock under non-porous cap

3. Fractional Distillation Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons Separated into useful fractions (refining) Simple in lab Top to bottom: increasing viscosity, boiling point

4. Combustion and Pollution Incomplete combustion produces carbon monoxide, poisonous as it reduces RBC’s capacity to carry oxygen Cars produce nitrogen oxides Sulfur dioxide contributes to acid rain Acid rain damages habitats, buildings, etc.

5. Energy from Fuel Can use calorimeter to find out amount of energy produced in combustion ΔH (Q)= m x c x T (c=4.2 for water)

6. Homologous Series Family of organic compounds with same: General formula Functional group Chemical reactions Physical properties (e.g. b.p.) show pattern Consecutive members differ by a CH2 Main groups: alkanes, alkenes, alcohols Naming: Carbon chain + functional group

7. Alkanes No functional group Single C-C bonds only  saturated Contain only C and H: hydrocarbons General formula: CnH2n+2 Main reaction is combustion Free radical reaction, cracking to make alkenes

8. Alkenes Functional group: C=C Simple ones contain one C=C bond  unsaturated Contain only C and H: hydrocarbons General formula: CnH2n Reactions: combustion, polymerization, bromination, addition, substitution, etc.

9. Alcohols Functional group: COOH Produced by fermentation or hydration of alkenes Contain O: not a hydrocarbon General formula: CnH2n+1OH Dehydration to form alkenes

10. Isomerism Same molecular formula, different structural/displayed formula

11. Cracking

12. Addition Polymerization Monomer contains double C=C bond Add together to form chain E.g. ethene polythene

13. Condensation Polymerization Two different monomers, each with two (reactive) functional groups Water (condensation) is formed as byproduct