Organic chemistry revision notes cover the formation of fossil fuels like oil from dead marine organisms under heat and pressure. Crude oil is separated into fractions like gasoline and kerosene through fractional distillation, and combustion produces pollution like carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. The energy released during combustion can be measured using a calorimeter. Homologous series are families of compounds with the same functional group and general formula that differ by CH2. Main series include alkanes, alkenes, and alcohols, which are named based on their carbon chain and functional group.

1. Organic ChemistryRevision Notes

2. Formation of OilOil, coal and gas are fossil fuelsCrude oil is formed by long term heat and pressure on dead marine plant and animal depositsFormed in porous rock under non-porous cap

3. Fractional DistillationCrude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbonsSeparated into useful fractions (refining)Simple in labTop to bottom: increasing viscosity, boiling point

4. Combustion and PollutionIncomplete combustion produces carbon monoxide, poisonous as it reduces RBC’s capacity to carry oxygenCars produce nitrogen oxidesSulfur dioxide contributes to acid rainAcid rain damages habitats, buildings, etc.

5. Energy from FuelCan use calorimeter to find out amount of energy produced in combustionΔH (Q)= m x c x T (c=4.2 for water)

6. Homologous SeriesFamily of organic compounds with same:General formulaFunctional groupChemical reactionsPhysical properties (e.g. b.p.) show patternConsecutive members differ by a CH2Main groups: alkanes, alkenes, alcoholsNaming: Carbon chain + functional group

7. AlkanesNo functional groupSingle C-C bonds only  saturatedContain only C and H: hydrocarbonsGeneral formula: CnH2n+2Main reaction is combustionFree radical reaction, cracking to make alkenes

8. AlkenesFunctional group: C=CSimple ones contain one C=C bond  unsaturatedContain only C and H: hydrocarbonsGeneral formula: CnH2nReactions: combustion, polymerization, bromination, addition, substitution, etc.

9. AlcoholsFunctional group: COOHProduced by fermentation or hydration of alkenesContain O: not a hydrocarbonGeneral formula: CnH2n+1OHDehydration to form alkenes

10. IsomerismSame molecular formula, different structural/displayed formula

11. Cracking

12. Addition PolymerizationMonomer contains double C=C bondAdd together to form chainE.g. ethene polythene

13. Condensation PolymerizationTwo different monomers, each with two (reactive) functional groupsWater (condensation) is formed as byproduct