10 Marine Sediments Notes
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This document provides an overview of marine sediments, including their sources, classification, and types. Sediments are deposited through natural processes and come from rivers, glaciers, wind, coastal erosion, volcanoes, and groundwater. Sediments are classified as either oceanic/pelagic found in open ocean, or neritic found near continental margins. The main types of sediments are terrigenous derived from land; biogenous from plants and animals; hydrogenous formed on the sea floor; and cosmogenous from outer space. Examples of each type include Sahara dust, turbidites, coccolithophores, evaporites, and hydrothermal vents. Grain size is also an important characteristic measured using specialized equipment
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Sediments in the ocean powerpoint
There are several types of sediments found in oceans. Terrigenous sediments are derived from land sources through rivers, glaciers, wind, and coastal erosion. Biogenous sediments are derived from plants and animals, consisting mainly of shells and bones. They form oozes, including calcareous oozes made of calcium carbonate from organisms like foraminifera and coccolithophores, and siliceous oozes made of silicon from diatoms and radiolaria. Hydrogenous sediments form through chemical reactions in the ocean and include manganese nodules, phosphorites, and deposits near hydrothermal vents. Sediment size, sorting, and location affect conditions for organisms.
Ocean sediments
Ocean sediments originate from various sources and accumulate on the ocean floor. The main sources are weathering of continental rocks, volcanic eruptions, biological activity, chemical processes within the ocean crust and seawater, and impacts from extraterrestrial objects. Sediments are classified based on their origin, size, and composition. The most abundant sediment types are terrigenous sediments derived from weathering of land areas, and biogenous sediments composed of the remains of marine organisms.
Marine sediments
Oceans also contain a huge amount of mineral resources. Deep ocean basins are the zones of continuous sedimentation. The oceans are the final destination for many of all the sediments to be deposited. About 200 million years of earth history are available in the fossiliferous sediments deposited within the ocean basins. This module explains the characteristics of marine sediments.
Continental Margins
Continental Margins
Passive Continental Margins
Active Continental Margina
Continental Shelf
Continental Slope
Continental Rise
Turbidity Currents
Submarine Canayon
Abyssal Fan
Continental Break
THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION
The document discusses the thermohaline circulation system, also known as the ocean conveyor belt. It is driven by differences in temperature and salinity that cause some water masses to become dense and sink into deep ocean basins. This circulation exchanges warm surface water for cold deep water and transports heat energy around the globe. As the Arctic sea ice and Greenland ice sheet melt due to warming, the influx of freshwater could disrupt or shut down this circulation system by inhibiting the sinking of dense water masses. Major disruptions to thermohaline circulation could significantly impact global climate patterns and marine ecosystems.
Elements of sea water (aem 215)
Seawater makes up about 96.5% of the oceans and has an average salinity of around 3.5%, meaning it contains approximately 35 grams of dissolved salts per kilogram. The major salts are sodium and chloride ions. Seawater is denser than freshwater due to these dissolved salts. Oceanography studies all aspects of the oceans, including their physical, chemical, geological, and biological properties and processes. It aims to understand ocean systems and how humans impact them. The oceans are divided into basins and cover over 70% of the Earth's surface. Seawater properties like density, freezing point, and conductivity are determined by its salt content and water composition.
Physical Oceanography
The study of physical oceanography helps in understanding all these aspects in detail. Let us see most of these factors and processes in our future modules. Mathematical models of all these processes are also developed using these phenomena and mechanisms. The individual aspects of all the elements of physical oceanography are to be studied in detail.
Ocean Chemistry
This document discusses various aspects of ocean chemistry including salinity, dissolved gases, temperature, and upwelling. It notes that salinity is highest around 30 degrees north and south due to high evaporation and low precipitation. Dissolved gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide are essential for marine life. The ocean has distinct temperature layers including a warm mixed upper layer and a deeper cold layer separated by a thermocline where temperature decreases rapidly with depth. Upwelling occurs when deeper, nutrient-rich water rises to the surface and supports large fish populations. Events like El Nino disrupt upwelling and can negatively impact fisheries.
Recommended
Sediments in the ocean powerpoint
There are several types of sediments found in oceans. Terrigenous sediments are derived from land sources through rivers, glaciers, wind, and coastal erosion. Biogenous sediments are derived from plants and animals, consisting mainly of shells and bones. They form oozes, including calcareous oozes made of calcium carbonate from organisms like foraminifera and coccolithophores, and siliceous oozes made of silicon from diatoms and radiolaria. Hydrogenous sediments form through chemical reactions in the ocean and include manganese nodules, phosphorites, and deposits near hydrothermal vents. Sediment size, sorting, and location affect conditions for organisms.
Ocean sediments
Ocean sediments originate from various sources and accumulate on the ocean floor. The main sources are weathering of continental rocks, volcanic eruptions, biological activity, chemical processes within the ocean crust and seawater, and impacts from extraterrestrial objects. Sediments are classified based on their origin, size, and composition. The most abundant sediment types are terrigenous sediments derived from weathering of land areas, and biogenous sediments composed of the remains of marine organisms.
Marine sediments
Oceans also contain a huge amount of mineral resources. Deep ocean basins are the zones of continuous sedimentation. The oceans are the final destination for many of all the sediments to be deposited. About 200 million years of earth history are available in the fossiliferous sediments deposited within the ocean basins. This module explains the characteristics of marine sediments.
Continental Margins
Continental Margins
Passive Continental Margins
Active Continental Margina
Continental Shelf
Continental Slope
Continental Rise
Turbidity Currents
Submarine Canayon
Abyssal Fan
Continental Break
THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION
The document discusses the thermohaline circulation system, also known as the ocean conveyor belt. It is driven by differences in temperature and salinity that cause some water masses to become dense and sink into deep ocean basins. This circulation exchanges warm surface water for cold deep water and transports heat energy around the globe. As the Arctic sea ice and Greenland ice sheet melt due to warming, the influx of freshwater could disrupt or shut down this circulation system by inhibiting the sinking of dense water masses. Major disruptions to thermohaline circulation could significantly impact global climate patterns and marine ecosystems.
Elements of sea water (aem 215)
Seawater makes up about 96.5% of the oceans and has an average salinity of around 3.5%, meaning it contains approximately 35 grams of dissolved salts per kilogram. The major salts are sodium and chloride ions. Seawater is denser than freshwater due to these dissolved salts. Oceanography studies all aspects of the oceans, including their physical, chemical, geological, and biological properties and processes. It aims to understand ocean systems and how humans impact them. The oceans are divided into basins and cover over 70% of the Earth's surface. Seawater properties like density, freezing point, and conductivity are determined by its salt content and water composition.
Physical Oceanography
The study of physical oceanography helps in understanding all these aspects in detail. Let us see most of these factors and processes in our future modules. Mathematical models of all these processes are also developed using these phenomena and mechanisms. The individual aspects of all the elements of physical oceanography are to be studied in detail.
Ocean Chemistry
This document discusses various aspects of ocean chemistry including salinity, dissolved gases, temperature, and upwelling. It notes that salinity is highest around 30 degrees north and south due to high evaporation and low precipitation. Dissolved gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide are essential for marine life. The ocean has distinct temperature layers including a warm mixed upper layer and a deeper cold layer separated by a thermocline where temperature decreases rapidly with depth. Upwelling occurs when deeper, nutrient-rich water rises to the surface and supports large fish populations. Events like El Nino disrupt upwelling and can negatively impact fisheries.
Paleoceanography
Paleoceanography is the study of ancient ocean systems based on sedimentary material including microfossils. Key points:
- Sediment cores provide paleo-information but are expensive to collect through programs like DSDP, ODP, and IODP.
- Study focuses on microfossils like foraminifera and isotopes of oxygen and carbon to understand past ocean conditions like climate.
- Isotopic composition from carbonates allows estimation of past temperatures using equations like Epstein's, revealing long-term global cooling over the Cenozoic.
Foraminifera , micro fossil
Microfossils are very small remains of organisms 0.001 mm (1 micron) to 1 mm, that require magnification for study.
They are abundant, can be recovered from small samples.
Provide the main evidence for organic evolution through the time
They classified into two groups:
Organic-walled; Acritarchs, Dinoflagellate, Spores and Pollen grains … etc.
Foraminifera Each chamber interconnected by an opening (foramen) or several openings (foramina).
Known from Early Cambrian through to recent times, and has reached its acme during the Cenozoic.
Have a wide environmental range from terrestrial to deep sea and from polar to the tropical region.
Depending on the species, the shell may be made of organic compounds, sand grains and other particles cemented together, or from crystalline calcite.
Inorganic walled; Diatoms, Silicoflagellates, Ostracods, Conodonts, and Foraminifera
Continental margins
The document summarizes key features of continental margins and ocean basins. Continental margins have three divisions: continental shelves, slopes, and rises. Shelves gently slope away from land and are composed of continental crust. Slopes more steeply slope from shelves into ocean basins. Rises are found at the base of slopes and accumulate sediment. Margins are either passive with thick sediment or active with thin sediment at convergent plate boundaries. Ocean basins cover 30% of Earth and contain abyssal plains, trenches, ridges, and seamounts.
Depositional environments
The document discusses various depositional environments and their diagnostic criteria. It describes fluvial, aeolian, lacustrine, and glacial environments. Fluvial environments include features like meandering rivers, levees, and crevasse splays. Aeolian environments are characterized by dune types and loess deposits. Lacustrine deposits show rhythmic bedding and contain fossils. Glacial environments involve ice transport and deposition of unsorted sediments. Diagnostic criteria allow identifying depositional environments based on structures, fossils, and sediment characteristics.
Sea level changes
Sea level changes over geological timescales are reconstructed using a wide range of techniques. Relative sea level rises are indicated by submerged coastal features, while falls are shown by raised beaches and shorelines. Oxygen isotope records from ocean sediments also reveal changes in global sea level during the Quaternary period, with average sea levels 50-60m lower during glacial periods. More recently, sea levels rose rapidly following the last glacial maximum but have been relatively stable over the past 5,000-6,000 years. Future sea level rise is projected to have significant environmental and economic impacts through coastal flooding and erosion.
Topography of ocean floors
Seas and Oceans are blue beauties of the planet earth.
Oceans are vast body of saline water occupying the great depressions on the earth. The surface beneath the oceanic waters is characterized by a lot of relief features.
The structure, configuration and relief features of the oceans also vary from each other.On the basis of Bathymetry and other studies, the morphology of Ocean basins contains a lot of relief features. This module highlights many of those features.
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Classification of Marine Depositional Environment
The document classifies and describes four major marine depositional environments:
1) The continental shelf is a gently sloping edge where sediments ranging from coarse sand to clays wash off the continent. Coral reefs or carbonate muds may also dominate.
2) The continental slope is a more steeply sloping edge below the shelf, with fine silts and clays.
3) The continental rise is a fan-shaped deposit at the base of the slope containing turbidites from turbidity currents, with sands, silts and clays.
4) The abyssal plain is the deep ocean floor, flat and covered by fine-grained sediments like clay and shells of microorganisms
Sedimentary structure
This document discusses sedimentary structures, which are macroscopic features formed during sediment deposition. It classifies sedimentary structures based on their morphology and formation processes. The key types discussed are physical structures like bedding, cross-bedding, and ripple marks formed directly by sedimentation. Chemical structures like nodules and concretions are formed by precipitation. Biogenic structures such as stromatolites and trace fossils provide evidence of ancient life. Studying sedimentary structures can provide insight into depositional environments, paleocurrents, and stratigraphic relationships.
Introduction marine geology
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Ore bearing fluids
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
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The document describes several features of the ocean floor including the continental margin, continental shelf, continental slope, submarine canyons, turbidity currents, continental rise, ocean basin floor, abyssal plains, seamounts, mid-ocean ridge, and seafloor spreading. The three main regions of the ocean floor are the continental margins, ocean basin floor, and mid-ocean ridge.
Ocean Circulation
Ocean currents are driven by both wind at the surface and density differences in deep water. Surface currents move large amounts of heat and water around the world's oceans. Below the surface, thermohaline circulation involves the slow movement of dense water masses that sink and flow horizontally, driven by differences in water density due to temperature and salinity. Together, surface and deep ocean currents form the global conveyor belt that redistributes heat around the planet.
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The document summarizes key features of the ocean floor, including how it forms and changes over time. Mid-ocean ridges form new ocean crust, while seafloor spreading causes the crust to cool and sink away from the ridges. Other features include seamounts, guyots, continental shelves, trenches, and hydrothermal vents. The shape of the ocean basins is influenced by plate tectonics and cooling of the ocean crust. Sediments that accumulate on the seafloor come from terrestrial and marine sources and can contain valuable resources like oil, gas, and minerals.
Morphology of ocean floor
The document summarizes the morphology and features of the ocean floor. It describes key features such as continental margins consisting of continental shelves, slopes, and rises. It also discusses ocean basins and their abyssal plains and hills, as well as mid-ocean ridges, trenches, seamounts, and guyots that form undersea volcanoes. Plateaus and island arcs are also mentioned. In conclusion, the ocean floor varies significantly in shape and size due to ongoing crustal movements from plate tectonics.
Ocean floor topography
This document discusses various topics related to ocean floor topography including continental margins, oceanic divisions, submarine canyons, ocean currents, the Coriolis effect, tidal currents, ocean waves, and how waves can cause coastal erosion. It describes key features of passive and active continental margins and how the ocean floor transitions from the continental shelf to deeper ocean basins and trenches.
Sea level change
This document summarizes different types of coastal landforms including those formed by changes in sea level: rias are flooded river valleys with gently sloping sides; fjords are steep-walled glacial valleys flooded after ice melt; and raised beaches and abandoned coastlines provide evidence of higher former sea levels. Eustatic sea level changes are global in scale due to ice volume changes, while isostatic changes are local and caused by land level changes from glacial rebound or subsidence under ice weight.
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Properties of sea water
Seas and oceans are very huge bodies of saline waters. Their distribution and dynamics are very influential in several ways. Understanding the properties of seawater is inevitable in oceanographic studies. Seawater is one of the most fascinating and plentiful substances on the planet. The basic properties of seawater and their distribution, the interchange of properties between sea and atmosphere or land, the transmission of energy within the sea, and the geochemical laws which are governing the composition of seawater and marine sediments, are the fundamental aspects studied in the subject oceanography.
Wind and its depositional features
Wind is caused by differences in air pressure that cause air to move from high to low pressure areas. Wind erosion occurs when the force of wind picks up and transports sediment such as sand. Key wind erosion processes include deflation, abrasion, saltation, attrition, and suspension. This shapes various landforms including yardangs, zeugens, mesas, buttes, mushroom rocks, earth pillars, and honeycombed structures. Wind deposition forms features like sand sheets, ripples, falls, and various dune types defined by their crescent, longitudinal, star, parabolic, transverse, whale-back, or undulating shapes.
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Paleoceanography is the study of ancient ocean systems based on sedimentary material including microfossils. Key points:
- Sediment cores provide paleo-information but are expensive to collect through programs like DSDP, ODP, and IODP.
- Study focuses on microfossils like foraminifera and isotopes of oxygen and carbon to understand past ocean conditions like climate.
- Isotopic composition from carbonates allows estimation of past temperatures using equations like Epstein's, revealing long-term global cooling over the Cenozoic.
Foraminifera , micro fossil
Microfossils are very small remains of organisms 0.001 mm (1 micron) to 1 mm, that require magnification for study.
They are abundant, can be recovered from small samples.
Provide the main evidence for organic evolution through the time
They classified into two groups:
Organic-walled; Acritarchs, Dinoflagellate, Spores and Pollen grains … etc.
Foraminifera Each chamber interconnected by an opening (foramen) or several openings (foramina).
Known from Early Cambrian through to recent times, and has reached its acme during the Cenozoic.
Have a wide environmental range from terrestrial to deep sea and from polar to the tropical region.
Depending on the species, the shell may be made of organic compounds, sand grains and other particles cemented together, or from crystalline calcite.
Inorganic walled; Diatoms, Silicoflagellates, Ostracods, Conodonts, and Foraminifera
Continental margins
The document summarizes key features of continental margins and ocean basins. Continental margins have three divisions: continental shelves, slopes, and rises. Shelves gently slope away from land and are composed of continental crust. Slopes more steeply slope from shelves into ocean basins. Rises are found at the base of slopes and accumulate sediment. Margins are either passive with thick sediment or active with thin sediment at convergent plate boundaries. Ocean basins cover 30% of Earth and contain abyssal plains, trenches, ridges, and seamounts.
Depositional environments
The document discusses various depositional environments and their diagnostic criteria. It describes fluvial, aeolian, lacustrine, and glacial environments. Fluvial environments include features like meandering rivers, levees, and crevasse splays. Aeolian environments are characterized by dune types and loess deposits. Lacustrine deposits show rhythmic bedding and contain fossils. Glacial environments involve ice transport and deposition of unsorted sediments. Diagnostic criteria allow identifying depositional environments based on structures, fossils, and sediment characteristics.
Sea level changes
Sea level changes over geological timescales are reconstructed using a wide range of techniques. Relative sea level rises are indicated by submerged coastal features, while falls are shown by raised beaches and shorelines. Oxygen isotope records from ocean sediments also reveal changes in global sea level during the Quaternary period, with average sea levels 50-60m lower during glacial periods. More recently, sea levels rose rapidly following the last glacial maximum but have been relatively stable over the past 5,000-6,000 years. Future sea level rise is projected to have significant environmental and economic impacts through coastal flooding and erosion.
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Seas and Oceans are blue beauties of the planet earth.
Oceans are vast body of saline water occupying the great depressions on the earth. The surface beneath the oceanic waters is characterized by a lot of relief features.
The structure, configuration and relief features of the oceans also vary from each other.On the basis of Bathymetry and other studies, the morphology of Ocean basins contains a lot of relief features. This module highlights many of those features.
Applications of micro-fossil in bio statigraphy
This document provides an overview of biostratigraphy and microfossils. It defines biostratigraphy as using fossils to determine the relative age of rock strata. Microfossils, which are fossils less than 0.5mm in size, are commonly used for biostratigraphy. Various types of microfossils like foraminifera, radiolaria, and diatoms are described. Biostratigraphic units defined by fossil occurrences like zones, assemblage zones, and interval zones are also outlined. The document discusses uses of biostratigraphy in fields like stratigraphy, correlation, and sequence stratigraphy. Microfossils are concluded to be very useful for reconstructing past environments from deep sea sediments and in the
Classification of Marine Depositional Environment
The document classifies and describes four major marine depositional environments:
1) The continental shelf is a gently sloping edge where sediments ranging from coarse sand to clays wash off the continent. Coral reefs or carbonate muds may also dominate.
2) The continental slope is a more steeply sloping edge below the shelf, with fine silts and clays.
3) The continental rise is a fan-shaped deposit at the base of the slope containing turbidites from turbidity currents, with sands, silts and clays.
4) The abyssal plain is the deep ocean floor, flat and covered by fine-grained sediments like clay and shells of microorganisms
Sedimentary structure
This document discusses sedimentary structures, which are macroscopic features formed during sediment deposition. It classifies sedimentary structures based on their morphology and formation processes. The key types discussed are physical structures like bedding, cross-bedding, and ripple marks formed directly by sedimentation. Chemical structures like nodules and concretions are formed by precipitation. Biogenic structures such as stromatolites and trace fossils provide evidence of ancient life. Studying sedimentary structures can provide insight into depositional environments, paleocurrents, and stratigraphic relationships.
Introduction marine geology
Marine geology is the study of the Earth below the oceans and seas. It examines the character and history of ocean floors and coastal areas. Major developments in marine geology include the HMS Challenger expedition in the 1870s which made the first systematic survey of ocean basins, and the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory founded in 1948 which advanced techniques like precision depth recording and piston coring. Deep-sea drilling projects from the 1960s-1980s using vessels like the Glomar Challenger confirmed theories of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics through ocean floor sampling and drilling.
Ore bearing fluids
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
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Seawater is unique in its physico-chemical properties. This module explains their characteristics, in a nutshell.
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The document describes several features of the ocean floor including the continental margin, continental shelf, continental slope, submarine canyons, turbidity currents, continental rise, ocean basin floor, abyssal plains, seamounts, mid-ocean ridge, and seafloor spreading. The three main regions of the ocean floor are the continental margins, ocean basin floor, and mid-ocean ridge.
Ocean Circulation
Ocean currents are driven by both wind at the surface and density differences in deep water. Surface currents move large amounts of heat and water around the world's oceans. Below the surface, thermohaline circulation involves the slow movement of dense water masses that sink and flow horizontally, driven by differences in water density due to temperature and salinity. Together, surface and deep ocean currents form the global conveyor belt that redistributes heat around the planet.
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The document summarizes key features of the ocean floor, including how it forms and changes over time. Mid-ocean ridges form new ocean crust, while seafloor spreading causes the crust to cool and sink away from the ridges. Other features include seamounts, guyots, continental shelves, trenches, and hydrothermal vents. The shape of the ocean basins is influenced by plate tectonics and cooling of the ocean crust. Sediments that accumulate on the seafloor come from terrestrial and marine sources and can contain valuable resources like oil, gas, and minerals.
Morphology of ocean floor
The document summarizes the morphology and features of the ocean floor. It describes key features such as continental margins consisting of continental shelves, slopes, and rises. It also discusses ocean basins and their abyssal plains and hills, as well as mid-ocean ridges, trenches, seamounts, and guyots that form undersea volcanoes. Plateaus and island arcs are also mentioned. In conclusion, the ocean floor varies significantly in shape and size due to ongoing crustal movements from plate tectonics.
Ocean floor topography
This document discusses various topics related to ocean floor topography including continental margins, oceanic divisions, submarine canyons, ocean currents, the Coriolis effect, tidal currents, ocean waves, and how waves can cause coastal erosion. It describes key features of passive and active continental margins and how the ocean floor transitions from the continental shelf to deeper ocean basins and trenches.
Sea level change
This document summarizes different types of coastal landforms including those formed by changes in sea level: rias are flooded river valleys with gently sloping sides; fjords are steep-walled glacial valleys flooded after ice melt; and raised beaches and abandoned coastlines provide evidence of higher former sea levels. Eustatic sea level changes are global in scale due to ice volume changes, while isostatic changes are local and caused by land level changes from glacial rebound or subsidence under ice weight.
Coastal Geomorphology Landforms Of Wave Erosion & Deposition
This document discusses various coastal landforms and processes. It defines coastal geomorphology and describes how waves, longshore currents, rip currents, and tides shape coastal areas and transport sediment. It then lists and describes specific coastal landforms like headlands, bays, sea cliffs, beaches, bars, spits, tombolos, sand dunes, salt marshes, and more. For each landform, it provides a brief definition and example photo. Coastal erosion processes like abrasion, hydraulic action, corrosion, and attrition are also outlined.
Properties of sea water
Seas and oceans are very huge bodies of saline waters. Their distribution and dynamics are very influential in several ways. Understanding the properties of seawater is inevitable in oceanographic studies. Seawater is one of the most fascinating and plentiful substances on the planet. The basic properties of seawater and their distribution, the interchange of properties between sea and atmosphere or land, the transmission of energy within the sea, and the geochemical laws which are governing the composition of seawater and marine sediments, are the fundamental aspects studied in the subject oceanography.
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What are sediments How are sediments formedWhat are sources of s.docx
What are sediments? How are sediments formed?
What are sources of sediments? Make a list and give a brief description in your own words.
Examine the diagram above. Where do terrigenous sediments accumulate? Why do they accumulate here?
What happens to the size of sediment as you get farther away from the shoreline? Explain what is happening.
What are turbidites?
What is grading bedding?
How do turbidites produce grading bedding?
You are to collect a handful of the oldest biogenous sediment in the Atlantic Ocean. Where would you get it from? Explain why you selected these locations. (Hint: The mid-ocean ridge is a divergent boundary, which of which direction the plates would be moving.)
How might cores be obtained from below the seafloor? What types of technology might be necessary to accomplish this scientific task?
How would you go about finding and identifying cosmogenous sediment?
[Optional: Extra Credit]
What was the name and latitude and longitude of the island you were stranded on at the beginning of the course? Would you expect there to be more biogenous sediment or abyssal clays on the ocean floor? Why?
Quiz Questions
What is the most abundant sediment by volume in oceans?
A.
Lithogenous
B.
Cosmogenous
C.
Biogenous
D.
Hydrogenous
What is the most abundant sediment by surface area in oceans? (Hint: Consider how big the oceans are)
A.
Lithogenous
B.
Cosmogenous
C.
Biogenous
D.
Hydrogenous
Which of the following choices is least abundant in oceans?
A.
Lithogenous
B.
Cosmogenous
C.
Biogenous
D.
Hydrogenous
Which of the following choices includes calcareous and siliceous oozes?
A.
Lithogenous
B.
Cosmogenous
C.
Biogenous
D.
Hydrogenous
Which of the following choices includes manganese nodules?
A.
Lithogenous
B.
Cosmogenous
C.
Biogenous
D.
Hydrogenous
What are the most abundant sediment size deposits at Fort Lauderdale, FL Beach?
A.
Gravel
B.
Sand
C.
Silt
D.
Mud
What are the most abundant sediment size deposits on the continental shelf?
A.
Gravel
B.
Sand
C.
Silt
D.
Mud
What are the most abundant sediment size deposits in the great abyssal plains?
A.
Gravel
B.
Sand
C.
Silt
D.
Mud
**Answer the Task Questions on a word processing document. Don't forget to cite your references!**
**Answer the Quiz Questions in a separate word processing document.**
.
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- 1. 14. Marine Sediments pages 113-136 in your text It’s a Wet, Dirty World! Ya Gotta Love It!!!
- 2. What is Sediment? Matter that has been deposited by some natural process
- 3. Where does marine sediment come from? Major Sediment Input to the Oceans-Land Rivers contribute the most Other Sources: Glaciers and ice sheets Wind blown dust Coastal erosion Volcanic debris Groundwater
- 4. How do we know? We sample!
- 5. How is marine sediment classified? • Oceanic (AKA Pelagic) – those found in the open ocean (further away from land) • Neritic – those found in waters above continental margins (closer to land) (coastal, “n” for nearshore)
- 6. What sediments are found where? Neritic Pelagic
- 7. What are the sediment types? 1) Terrigenous - derived from land 2) Biogenous - derived from plants and animals 3) Hydrogenous - formed on or in the sediments on the sea floor (AKA Authigenic) 4) Cosmogenous - particles from outer space See page 119 in your text for a summary of these
- 9. 1) Terrigenous Sediment ex. Sahara Dust –
- 10. Turbidites – another example of Terrigenous Sediment Like a landslide, but it happens under water
- 11. 2)
- 12. If the ocean becomes more acidic, organisms with calcium skeletons will be in trouble Coccolithophore subjected to acidic seas – before and after: Corals have calcium shells – imagine a huge worldwide reef die-off!
- 13. Can you find the coccolithophore bloom?
- 14. Still don’t believe a teeny organism can make sediment? Famous White Chalk cliffs in Etretat France – actually hundreds of millions of coccolithophores! Famous Painting by Monet:
- 15. 3 & 4)
- 16. Evaporites – an example of (3) Hydrogenous Sediment Form when seawater evaporates and is not replaced with fresh water
- 17. Sampling for an example of Hydrogenous Sediment – Hydrothermal Vents
- 18. Closer to Home… Long Island – Fire Island Beach Sand is mostly Quartz, Garnet, and Magnetite
- 19. Grain Sizes What is the name of this equipment?
- 20. Need To Check Your Notes? • Check your details in your text and on these sites: http://www.indiana.edu/~g131/seds.html http://geology.uprm.edu/Morelock/dpseaterrig.htm
Editor's Notes
- Distribution of pelagic sedimentDominant component Composition Atlantic Pacific IndianTotal % Foraminiferal ooze and nannofossil oozeCalcium carbonate65 365447Pteropod ooze Calcium carbonate20.1- 0.5Diatom oozeSilica (opal)71020 12Radiolarian oozeSilica (opal)-50.53Red (actually brown) clay K, FeAl silicate26492538
- Check it out in the Metropolitan Museum of Art - 1883