This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in four units related to microprocessors and microcomputers. Unit I discusses computer memory elements and types. Unit II introduces microprocessors and the 8085 microprocessor, its architecture, operations, and assembly language programming. Unit III covers the differences between the 8085 and 8086 microprocessors and the architecture of the 8086 family. Unit IV discusses assembly language programming of the 8086, 32-bit and 64-bit processors, microcontrollers, and embedded systems.

1. Syllabus
Unit I
Computer Elements: Memories- Volatile and Non-volatile memories, Magnetic
memories, DRO, NDRO system. Semiconductor memories :RAM, ROM, SRAM, DRAM,
EPROM. Addressing of memories: MAR, MAD & MDR Hexadecimal addressing.
Unit II
Introduction to Microprocessors and microcomputers, Study of 8 bit Microprocessor,
8085 pin configuration, Internal Architecture and operations, Bus organization,
interrupts, Stacks and Subroutines, various data transfer schemes, timing diagrams.
Assembly language programming of 8085.
Unit III
Difference between 8085 and 8086, Block diagram and architecture of 8086 family, pin
configuration of 8086, Minimum mode & Maximum mode operation, Bus Interface Unit,
Register Organization, Instruction Pointer, Stack & Stack pointer, merits of memory
segmentation, Execution Unit, Register Organization, Addressing modes, Interrupts. I/O
mapped and memory mapped I/O, Direct memory addressing.
Unit IV
Assembly language programming of 8086. Introduction to 32 and 64 bit processors and
latest technologies. Introduction to microcontrollers(8051). Introduction to embedded
system.

3. Microcomputer – a computer with a
microprocessor as its CPU. Includes memory,
I/O etc.
Microprocessor – silicon chip which includes
ALU, register circuits & control circuits .
Microcontroller – silicon chip which includes
microprocessor, memory & I/O in a single
package.

4. What is Microprocessor?
• computer's Central Processing Unit (CPU) built on a single
Integrated Circuit (IC) is called a microprocessor.
• A digital computer with one microprocessor which acts as a
CPU is called microcomputer.
• It is a programmable, multipurpose, clock -driven, register-
based electronic device that reads binary instructions from a
storage device called memory, accepts binary data as input and
processes data according to those instructions and provides
results as output.

7. • Basic Terms used in Microprocessor
• Instruction Set - The group of commands that the microprocessor can
understand is called Instruction set. It is an interface between hardware
and software.
• Bus - Set of conductors intended to transmit data, address or control
information to different elements in a microprocessor. A microprocessor
will have three types of buses, i.e., data bus, address bus, and control bus.
• Clock Speed - It is the number of operations per second the processor can
perform. It can be expressed in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). It is
also called the Clock Rate.
• Bandwidth - The number of bits processed in a single instruction is called
Bandwidth.
• Word Length - The number of bits the processor can process at a time is
called the word length of the processor. 8-bit Microprocessor may process
8 -bit data at a time.

8. Working of microprocessor
• FETCH----DECODE----EXECUTE
• Initially, the instructions are stored in the storage memory of
the computer in sequential order. The microprocessor fetches
those instructions from the stored area (memory), then decodes
it and executes those instructions till STOP instruction is met.
Then, it sends the result in binary form to the output port.
• Between these processes, the register stores the temporary data
and ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) performs the computing
functions.

9. Features
• Low Cost
• High Speed
• Small Size
• Versatile -.
• Low Power Consumption -
• Less Heat Generation -
• Reliable -
• Portable -

10. Parts of microprocessor
1.Arithmetic Logic Unit
• This is the area of microprocessor where various computing
functions are performed on data.
• Arithmetic logic units (ALUs) in microprocessors allow
computers to add, subtract, multiply, divide and perform other
logical operations at high speeds.

11. • 2. Timing and control unit provides the necessary control
signal to all the operations in the microcomputer.
• It control the flow of data between the microprocessor,
memory and peripherals.

12. 3. Register array
• Accumulator is a register that stores result after the execution
of an arithmetic & logical instructions.
• General purpose registers are used to store data & hold
intermediate results while executing a program. They are used
by microprocessor itself.
• Special purpose registers are Special Function Register is
a register within a microprocessor, which controls or
monitors various aspects of the microprocessor's function.

13. In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on
a chip doubled every 18 to 24 months.
He made a prediction that semiconductor technology will
double its effectiveness every 18 months.
Moore's Law

15. Evaluation of microprocessors