DIPLOMA LEVEL - Introduction of pharmacology

1. BY
Prof. Dr. SAMINATHAN KAYAROHANAM
M.PHARM, Ph.D., M.B.A, PhD
INTRODUCTIN OF
PHARMACOLOGY

2. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
2
 Able to define and discuss basic concepts of
pharmacology
 Able to understand the history of pharmacology
 Able to define the pharmacokinetics
(absorption, distribution, metabolism and
excretion) and pharmacodynamics.
 Able to explain the various dosage form
 Able to demonstrate the various route of
administration

3. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
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TABLE OF CONTENT

4. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
4
PHARMACOLOGY
PHARMACOKINETICS
What does the body
do to drugs?
HOW DOES THE BODY
HANDLE. DRUGS?
PHARMACODYNAMICS
what a drug does to the body?
The study of the biochemical,
physiologic, and molecular effects
of drugs on the body and
involves receptor binding and
chemical interactions.
Pharmacology is a branch of science that deals with the study of drugs (use,
actions, mechanism & adverse effect) on living systems - that is, the study of how
drugs work in the body.
Pharmacology is a Greek word derived from combination of two words
1. Pharmacon = Drug 2. Logos = Study

5. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
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Pharmacodynamics
( It is derived from Greek word Dynamics which means Power )
"What the drug does to the body)
This include physiological & biochemical effect of drugs & their mechanism of
action, macromolecular, sub-cellular organ system level.
Pharmacokinetics
(It is derived from Greek word Kinesis which means Movements)
"What the body does with the drug“)
This refers to movement of drug in & alteration of the drug by the body including
absorption, distribution, binding, storage, bio-transformation & excretion of drug
e.g.
Digoxin 70% absorbed orally, 25% bound to plasma protein localized in heart ,
skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, widely distributed & metabolized in liver. Excrete
out as it is in glomerulus in Kidney.

6. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
6

7. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
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Pharmacology for Nurses: A Pathophysiologic Approach Michael Patrick Adam
Leland Norman Holland, Carol Q. Urban
The four processes of pharmacokinetics: absorption, distribution , metabolism, and excretion

8. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
8
Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 13th Ed. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time Course of Drug Action. - Nicholas H. G. Holford, MB, ChB
PHARMACOKINETIC (DOSE-CONCENTRATION) &
PHARMACODYNAMIC (CONCENTRATION-EFFECT) COMPONENTS

9. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
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TOXICOLOGY
"Which Deals with the undesirable effect of drugs on living system from individual
cell to complex ecosystem“
MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY
"The Science of substance used to prevent, diagnose & treat the
Disease“
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
The basic aim of Pharmacology is to generate data for optimum use of drug.
" It is the study of drugs in man including Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics,
investigation in patients, treatment, adverse effect etc“
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS
"Application of Pharmacodynamics information together with knowledge of
disease for its prevention & cure“
CHEMOTHERAPY
"It is a treatment of systemic infection with specific drugs that have selected
toxicity for the infected melagnant cells with no or minimal effects on the host
cell"

10. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
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SCIENTIST CONTRIBUTION
Oswald Schmiedberg Father of Pharmacology
Sir James Black Father of Modern Pharmacology
Clark Gave Theory of drug action based on occupation of receptors by specific drugs.
Otto Loewi Nerve junctions to be mediated by neurotransmitters.*
Ahlquist Classified adrenergic receptors into α and β types.
Banting and Best Discovered insulin in 1921
Serturner Isolated active principle of opium
William Withering Published his work on medicinal uses of Foxglove (digitalis)
Ehrlich Coined the term chemotherapy.
Fleming Discovered penicillin
Walksman Discovered streptomycin
First local anaesthetic Cocaine (1884) for ocular anaesthesia
First i.v. anaesthetic Thiopentone
First drug for
Schizophrenia
Chlorpromazine
First ACE inhibitor Teprotide
First oral ACE inhibitor Captopril
First Fibrinolytic Streptokinase
First antibiotic Penicillin
First antitubercular drug PAS (followed by streptomycin)

11. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
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A HLSTORTCAL TTMELLNE OF REGULATORY ACTS,
STANDARDS, AND ORGANIZATIONS

12. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
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PHYSICAL
WELL-BEING
SOCIAL WELL-
BEING
MENTAL
WELL - BEING
HEALTH
Health is a state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

13. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
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TYPES OF DOSAGE FORMS
CLASIFICATION BASD ON
ROUTE AND METHOD OF
ADMINISTRATION
CLASIFICATION BASD ON
THE PHYSICAL FORM OF
THE DOSAGE FORM
Definition: Dosage forms are the means ( or the form ) by which drug
molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body.
Oral Dosage Forms
Rectal Dosage Forms
Respiratory/ inhaled Dosage Forms
Ophthalmic Dosage Forms
Optic Dosage Forms
Topical Dosage Forms
Parenteral Dosage Forms
Vaginal Dosage forms
Nasal Dosage forms etc…
Solid
Semi solid
Liquid
Gaseous

14. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
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2. To mask the undesirable taste or offensive odour of a drug
substance
e.g., capsules, taste masked suspensions, coated tablets, etc.
1. To achieve rapid onset of action following drug delivery
e.g., parenteral dosage forms, inhalational/ respiratory dosage forms.
4. To provide drug products that are stable, effective and safe for
consumption under specified suitable storage conditions
e.g., powders for reconstitution.
3. To achieve improved bioavailability, modified disposition as
well as drug targeting
e.g., Nanosuspensions.
5 To protect the drug molecules from the destructive influence of
gastric juice following oral administration of the dosage form
e.g., enteric-coated tablets.

15. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
15
SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
UNIT DOSAGE FORM BULK DOSAGE FORM
INTERNAL
EXTERNAL
TABLET CAPSULE
PILLS
Multi layer
Time /Sustain and controlled released tablet
Coating tablet (Film, Sweet, Enteric)
Effervescent tablet Medicated
Soft gelatin Hard gelatin
Non-Medicated
Powder for injection
Powder for syrup
Effervescent Powder
Powder for suspension

16. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
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MONOPHASIC LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS
INTERNAL
EXTERNAL
Liquids applied to the
skin
Liquids used in mouth
Liquids instilled into body
cavities
Syrups
Mixtures
Elixirs
Linctuses
Lotions
Liniments
Gargles
Mouthwashes
Throat paints
Douches
Ear drops
Nasal drops
Eye drops
Collodions
Paints
Enemas
Injection
Ampules vial Large volume
parenterals
loaded
syringes
BIPHASIC LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS
LIQUID DOSAGE FORM
ORAL USE EMULSION
EXTERNAL USE
LINIMENTS
Parenteral ORAL SUSPENSION EXTERNAL LOTION
LIQUID IN LIQUID
SOLIDS IN LIQUID

17. SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
Ointments
Creams
Liniments
Suppository
Gel/ jelly
Aerosols
Transdermal Drug delivery system
Paste
Poultices
GAS
Inhaler
Aerosols
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18. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
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19. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
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LOCAL APPLICATION
a. Surface only, i.e. ointment,
powder and lotions, etc. may
be appliedon the skin.
b. Mucous membrane, i.e.
mouthwash, gargles (buccal),
drops, vaginal pellets, etc.
c. Deep tissues, i.e. intra-
articular injection of
hydrocortisone and
intrathecal injection of
Xylocaine, Procaine, etc
AGAIN SYSTEMIC APPLICATION
a. Oral ingestion, i.e. Aspirin tab, etc.
b. Buccal sublingual, i.e. glyceryl trinitrate to
relieve anginal pain c. Rectal, i.e. rectal enema
or barium enema for diagnostic purpose.
d. Intramuscular injection, i.e. streptomycin
injection in tuberculosis
e. Intravenous route, i.e. Thiopental Sodium as
an IV anesthetic.
f. Intra-arterial, i.e. injection Neostigmine in
Myasthenia gravis.
g. Subcutaneous, i. Pellets- Norplants
ii. Silastic preparations, iii. Dermojects.
h. Inhalations, i.e. volatile anesthetics

20. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
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1) ORAL
(2) OCULAR / OTOLOGIC / NASAL
(3) UROGENITAL
(4) RECTAL - (ENTERAL)
(5) DERMAL
(6) INJECTION / INFUSION - (INTO TISSUE/BLOOD)

21. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
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A)Solids 22) Smoking device 23)Dry Powder Inhaler
(DPI)
B)Liquids 23) pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler
(pMDI) 24) Nebulizer 25) Vaporizer
C) Gas 26) Oxygen mask 27)Oxygen concentrator
Anesthetic machine 28) Relative analgesia
machine
(1) ORAL
(i) Digestive
tract (enteral)
(ii) Buccal /
Sublabial /
Sublingual
(iii) Respiratory
tract
A)Solids 1)Pill 2)Tablet 3)Capsule 4)Osmotic
controlled release capsule (OROS)5) Soft gel
B) Liquids 6)Solution 7)Suspension 8)Emulsion
9)Syrup 10)Elixir 11)Tincture 12) Hydro gel
A) Solids 13)Orally Disintegrating Tablet (ODT) 14)Film
15) Lollipop 16) Lozenges 17)Chewing gum
B)Liquids 18)Mouthwash 19)Toothpaste 20)Ointment
21)Oral spray

22. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
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(2) OCULAR /
OTOLOGIC /
NASAL
(29) Nasal spray
(30) Ear drops
(31) Eye drops
(32) Ointment
(33) Hydrogel
(34) Nanosphere suspension
(35) Mucoadhesive microdisc
(microsphere tablet)

23. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
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(36) Ointment
(37) Pessary (vaginal
suppository)
(38) Vaginal ring
(39) Vaginal douche
(40) Intrauterine device (IUD)
(41) Extra-amniotic infusion
Intravesical infusion
(3) UROGENITAL

24. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
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(42) Ointment
(43) Suppository
(44) Enema
(Solution , Hydro gel)
(45) Murphy drip
(46) Nutrient enema
(4) RECTAL
(ENTERAL)

25. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
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(47) Ointment
(48) Liniment
(49) Paste
(50) Film
(51) Hydrogel
(52) Liposomes
(53) Transfersome vesicals
(54) Cream
(55) Lotion
(56) Lip balm
(57) Medicated shampoo
(58) Dermal patch
(59) Transdermal patch
(60) Transdermal spray
(61) Jet injector
(5) DERMAL

26. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
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(62) Intradermal
Skin (63)Subcutaneous
(64)Transdermal implant
(65) Intracavernous (base of the penis)
Organs (66) Intravitreal (inside the eye)
(67) Transscleral (Across the sclera, or
white, of the eye)
(68) Intrathecal(injection into the spinal canal)
Central nervous (69) Intracerebral
system (70) Epidural
(71) Intravenous
(72) Intra-cardiac
Circulatory / (73) Intramuscular
Musculoskeletal (74) Intraosseous (marrow of a bone
(75) Intraperitoneal
(76) Nano cell injection
(6) INJECTION /
INFUSION
(into tissue/blood)

27. Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.
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1. Intraarterial (into an artery), e.g. treatment of embolism
2. Intraarticular, into a joint space. Used in treating osteoarthritis
3. Intracardiac (into the heart), e.g. adrenaline - cardiopulmonary resuscitation
4. Intracavernous injection, an injection into the base of the penis
5. Intradermal, (into the skin itself) is used for skin testing some allergens,
6. Intralesional (into a skin lesion), e.g. acne medication
7. Intramuscular (into a muscle), e.g. many vaccines, antibiotics
8. Intraocular, into the eye, e.g., some medications for glaucoma or eye
neoplasms
9. Intraosseous infusion (into the bone marrow)
10.Intraperitoneal, (infusion or injection into peritoneum) e.g. peritoneal
dialysis
11.Intrathecal (into the spinal canal) is most commonly used for
spinal anesthesia and chemotherapy
12.Intravaginal administration, in the vagina
13.Intravenous (into a vein), e.g. many drugs, total parenteral nutrition
14.Intravesical infusion is into the urinary bladder.
15.Intravitreal, through the eye

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Prof. Dr. Saminathan Kayarohanam. M.Pharm, Ph.D., M.B.A, Ph.D.