Sulfonylureas for Diabetes: A deep insightRxVichuZ
This powerpoint presentation solely deals with Sulfonylureas, that come under Insulin secretagogues. Their complete pharmacological profile, with pharmacovigilance parameters, important catchpoints and mnemonics have been explained.
Sulfonylureas for Diabetes: A deep insightRxVichuZ
This powerpoint presentation solely deals with Sulfonylureas, that come under Insulin secretagogues. Their complete pharmacological profile, with pharmacovigilance parameters, important catchpoints and mnemonics have been explained.
In this presentation, all topics related to diabetes are mentioned anf if you want any topic in mre detail then please let me know. In this presentation dibetes definition, causes, types, treatment, management is mentioned.
Algorithms for Diabetes Management for StudentsUsama Ragab
Algorithms for Diabetes Management for Students
By Usama Ragab Youssif
Lecturer of Medicine - Zagazig University
Agenda
Type 2 Diabetes 101
Incretin based therapy
Algorithms of management
Email: usamaragab@medicine.zu.edu.eg, usama.ragab.zu@gmail.com
SlideShare: https://www.slideshare.net/dr4spring/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/doc.usama
Facebook Clinic: https://www.facebook.com/usamaclinic
Mobile: 00201000035863
VILDAGLIPTIN: DPP-IV INHIBITOR
Generic name: Vildagliptin
Brand name: Galvus
Treatment for: type 2 diabetes
selective inhibitor of dipeptidyl-
peptidase IV (DPP-IV)
- the first in a new class of oral antidiabetic agents
- known as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors
(DPP-IV) inhibitors
This 6th edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas once again sets the standard for evidence on the global epidemiology of diabetes. The new estimates build on the groundwork laid by previous editions, and confirm the precipitous rise in diabetes over
the last few years. An astounding 382 million people are estimated to have diabetes, with dramatic increases seen in countries all over the world. The overwhelming burden of the disease continues to be shouldered by low- and middleincome
countries, where four out of five people with diabetes are living. Socially and economically disadvantaged people in every country carry the greatest burden of diabetes and are often the most
affected financially.
BETH MARTINSExplain the difference between the types of dia.docxtangyechloe
BETH MARTINS
Explain the difference between the types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes
Type I Diabetes is hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency. This is caused by autoimmune destruction of B cells that are within the islets of Langerhans (Chetan, Thrower,& Narendran, 2019). Some signs surrounding Type I DM is polydipsia, polyuria, and weight loss. This is more common in children, but can be diagnosed at any age throughout life. Type I diabetes used to be called juvenile diabetes,but this is now known to not be the correct way to view this disease.
Type 2 Diabetes is impaired insulin secretion and abnormal suppression of postprandial (Hurtado & Vella, 2019). Type 2 DM the pancreas resists insulin, or does not produce enough insulin on its own. Often Type I and Type 2 DM are diagnosed incorrectly or mistaken for each other as signs and symptoms are similar. Being overweight or reduced amount of exercise is though to be a contributing factor as well as genetics, but this is till not fully understood.
Gestational diabetes is characterized by spontaneous hyperglycemia during pregnancy. Some risk factors include family history of diabetes, obesity during pregnancy, and advanced maternal age (Plows, Stanley, Baker, 2019). B cell dysfunction which lacks the ability to release insulin when the body needs it is what causes gestational diabetes.
Consider one type of drug used to treat the type of diabetes you selected, including proper preparation and administration of this drug. Then, reflect on dietary considerations related to treatment.
Patients who have Type 2 DM have both insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). The liver, muscle and adipose tissue are insulin resistant and increased blood sugar causes B cell function to fail. Insulin secretion decreases and B cells must increase how hard they must work to work against insulin resistance within the tissues (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021).
The medication I chose os Metformin from the class of Biguanide medications for treatment of Type 2 DM. Metformin uses 3 mechanisms to help lower blood sugar.
Inhibits glucose production in the liver
Reduces glucose absorption in the gut
Sensitizes insulin receptors in fat and skeletal muscle
Metformin is taken by mouth and is absorbed by the small intestines and excreted by the kidneys. Metformin is known to be a great choice for those who skip meals as it will not make blood sugar levels become dangerously low. Those with DM Type 2 should eat healthy carbs such as fruits and vegetables and not indulge in sugary drinks. Protein and polyunsaturated fats should be a staple in the everyday diet. Alcohol should be avoided, and the patient should try to eat several small “meals” per day tp keep blood sugar steady. If blood sugar becomes low having a sugary snack with a complex carbohydrate such as peanut butter and crackers should be on hand.
Short-term and long-t.
In this presentation, all topics related to diabetes are mentioned anf if you want any topic in mre detail then please let me know. In this presentation dibetes definition, causes, types, treatment, management is mentioned.
Algorithms for Diabetes Management for StudentsUsama Ragab
Algorithms for Diabetes Management for Students
By Usama Ragab Youssif
Lecturer of Medicine - Zagazig University
Agenda
Type 2 Diabetes 101
Incretin based therapy
Algorithms of management
Email: usamaragab@medicine.zu.edu.eg, usama.ragab.zu@gmail.com
SlideShare: https://www.slideshare.net/dr4spring/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/doc.usama
Facebook Clinic: https://www.facebook.com/usamaclinic
Mobile: 00201000035863
VILDAGLIPTIN: DPP-IV INHIBITOR
Generic name: Vildagliptin
Brand name: Galvus
Treatment for: type 2 diabetes
selective inhibitor of dipeptidyl-
peptidase IV (DPP-IV)
- the first in a new class of oral antidiabetic agents
- known as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors
(DPP-IV) inhibitors
This 6th edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas once again sets the standard for evidence on the global epidemiology of diabetes. The new estimates build on the groundwork laid by previous editions, and confirm the precipitous rise in diabetes over
the last few years. An astounding 382 million people are estimated to have diabetes, with dramatic increases seen in countries all over the world. The overwhelming burden of the disease continues to be shouldered by low- and middleincome
countries, where four out of five people with diabetes are living. Socially and economically disadvantaged people in every country carry the greatest burden of diabetes and are often the most
affected financially.
BETH MARTINSExplain the difference between the types of dia.docxtangyechloe
BETH MARTINS
Explain the difference between the types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes
Type I Diabetes is hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency. This is caused by autoimmune destruction of B cells that are within the islets of Langerhans (Chetan, Thrower,& Narendran, 2019). Some signs surrounding Type I DM is polydipsia, polyuria, and weight loss. This is more common in children, but can be diagnosed at any age throughout life. Type I diabetes used to be called juvenile diabetes,but this is now known to not be the correct way to view this disease.
Type 2 Diabetes is impaired insulin secretion and abnormal suppression of postprandial (Hurtado & Vella, 2019). Type 2 DM the pancreas resists insulin, or does not produce enough insulin on its own. Often Type I and Type 2 DM are diagnosed incorrectly or mistaken for each other as signs and symptoms are similar. Being overweight or reduced amount of exercise is though to be a contributing factor as well as genetics, but this is till not fully understood.
Gestational diabetes is characterized by spontaneous hyperglycemia during pregnancy. Some risk factors include family history of diabetes, obesity during pregnancy, and advanced maternal age (Plows, Stanley, Baker, 2019). B cell dysfunction which lacks the ability to release insulin when the body needs it is what causes gestational diabetes.
Consider one type of drug used to treat the type of diabetes you selected, including proper preparation and administration of this drug. Then, reflect on dietary considerations related to treatment.
Patients who have Type 2 DM have both insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). The liver, muscle and adipose tissue are insulin resistant and increased blood sugar causes B cell function to fail. Insulin secretion decreases and B cells must increase how hard they must work to work against insulin resistance within the tissues (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021).
The medication I chose os Metformin from the class of Biguanide medications for treatment of Type 2 DM. Metformin uses 3 mechanisms to help lower blood sugar.
Inhibits glucose production in the liver
Reduces glucose absorption in the gut
Sensitizes insulin receptors in fat and skeletal muscle
Metformin is taken by mouth and is absorbed by the small intestines and excreted by the kidneys. Metformin is known to be a great choice for those who skip meals as it will not make blood sugar levels become dangerously low. Those with DM Type 2 should eat healthy carbs such as fruits and vegetables and not indulge in sugary drinks. Protein and polyunsaturated fats should be a staple in the everyday diet. Alcohol should be avoided, and the patient should try to eat several small “meals” per day tp keep blood sugar steady. If blood sugar becomes low having a sugary snack with a complex carbohydrate such as peanut butter and crackers should be on hand.
Short-term and long-t.
MANAGEMENTS ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Diabetes mellitus DM affects all age groups and its prevalence has been increasing because of lifestyle changes, increased life span, etc. In order to provide safe and effective oral medical care for patients with diabetes, proper understanding of the disease is necessary, along with familiarity of the oral manifestations. The goal of therapy is to promote oral health in patients with diabetes, to diagnose diabetes. The sooner the disease is diagnosed, the better the prognosis of the patient, since complications in the early stage of the disease are less severe and more readily treated. As a member of the health care team, the dental
practitioner should have knowledge of oral manifestations of DM to recognize initial symptoms of the disease. Also when treating DM patients, the practitioner must understand the consequences of the controlled disease in relation to orthodontic treatment. This paper reviews the management of DM patient during orthodontic treatment.
Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is vital to your health because it's an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. It's also your brain's main source of fuel.
With diabetes, your body doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t use it as well as it should. When there isn’t enough insulin or cells stop responding to insulin, too much blood sugar stays in your bloodstream. Over time, that can cause serious health problems, such as heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease.
The growing epidemic of type 2 diabetes is one of the leading causes of premature morbidity and mortality worldwide, mainly due to the micro- and macrovascular complications associated with the disease. A growing body of evidence suggests that although the risk of developing complications is greater with glucose levels beyond the established
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
The effects of diabetes mellitus include long–term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs.
DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE - THE CONTINUUMPraveen Nagula
DIABETES IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES WORLD WIDE.
EVERY 6 SECONDS ONE PERSON IS AFFECTED BY DIABETES..
THEME FOR 2014-2016
LETS UNITE FOR DIABETES
Peer #1 Nicholette ThomasTypes of diabetes Type 1 .docxpauline234567
Peer #1
Nicholette Thomas
Types of diabetes:
Type 1 diabetes only accounts for 5% of diabetes cases and is usually diagnosed in childhood or adolescent ages (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2017). In type 1, the body destroys its own pancreatic beta cells through an autoimmune process. For this reason, no insulin can be produced innately, hence why it is known as insulin-dependent diabetes (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2017). Juvenile diabetes used to be used interchangeably with the term Type 1 diabetes, although the incidence of children developing type 2 diabetes is on the rise as well as the correlated rates of childhood obesity (Valaiyapathi et al., 2020).
Type 2 diabetes, which will be the main focus of this discussion, is usually diagnosed after the age of 40, and while there is a large hereditary component, it is often brought on largely by modifiable risk factors such as obesity, poor diet and sedentary lifestyle (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2017). It is characterized by the development of insulin resistance within target tissues such as the liver and adipose tissue, as well as an impaired or delayed secretion of insulin (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2017). Diagnosis of diabetes can include a combination of different tests including a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of greater than 126 mg/dL, a random glucose of greater than 200, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of greater than 11, and an A1c of greater than 6.5% (Quattrocchi et al., 2020). It is important to note that other conditions can affect the hgb A1c as well, such as sickle cell, anemia, blood transfusions, dialysis and pregnancy (Quattrocchi et al., 2020). Therefore, multiple tests should be performed and possibly repeated before making a definitive diagnosis.
Gestational diabetes is brought on by pregnancy and subsides rapidly after the birth of the child (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2017). It can be difficult to control due to elevated cortisol levels during pregnancy, other placental hormones that can antagonize the actions of insulin, and also due to the ability of glucose to freely get into the blood of the fetus (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2017). For this reason, blood glucose levels often need to be checked six to seven times per day and be correlated properly with meals / amount of carbohydrates to avoid harm to the fetus. Diet and insulin are utilized primarily to treat this type of diabetes (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2017).
Drug Therapy: Metformin
There are many different types of oral medications and different types of insulin that can be used to manage diabetes. Each class of oral medications works differently in the body to help lower blood sugar. A stepwise approach for managing diabetes, especially alongside different comorbidities such as heart disease and CKD should be implemented, as noted by the recommendations by the ADA, which I will link the updated 2023 articles for standards of care for pharm management under the references listed below. For the purpose o.
Diabetes Mellitus type 1 major comorbidity now days.
Insulin injection being the major treatment Diabetes Mellitus.
Some other drugs used to treat the Diabetes Mellitus are Tablet Metformin 500 mg and other hypoglycemic drugs.
Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension how they are interlinked.
Systemic diseases, or conditions themselves do not cause periodontitis but alter host tissues to increase the progression of periodontal disease. Systemic diseases and conditions can influence the course of periodontitis or affect the periodontal supporting tissues independent of the presence of dental plaque. Most commonly affecting diseases are diabetes, neoplasms.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
2. 2
S.NO TITLE PAGE
1 OVERVIEW OF DIABETES MELLITUS 4-8
2 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY DIABETES MELLITUS 9
3 TYPES OF DIABETES 10
4 WHO DIABETES DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA 18
5 MOST SIGNIFICANT SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES 19,20
6 CLASSIFICATION AND MECHANISM OF ANTIDIABETIC
DRUG
21,22
7 CLASSIFICATION AND MECHANISAM OF INSULLIN 23-25
8 DURATION OF ACTION OF SOME ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC
AGENTS
26
9 SOME ADVERSE EFFECTS OBSERVED WITH ORAL
HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS
27
10 ADVERSE EFFECTS OBSERVED WITH INSULIN 28
TABLE OF CONTENT
Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm, PhD, M.B.A, Ph.D
3. 3Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm, PhD, M.B.A, Ph.D
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Able to understand the diabetes mellitus
2. Able to demonstrate the diagnosis and symptom of diabetes
mellitus
3. Able to classified the different types of diabetes mellitus
4. Able to list the classification of drug used to treat diabetes
mellitus
5. Able to demonstrate the various mechanism of anti-diabetes
drugs
6. Able to understand some side effects of anti-diabetes drugs
4. 4Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm, PhD, M.B.A, Ph.D
Diabetes mellitus is derived from the Greek word diabetes meaningsiphon -
to pass through and the Latin word mellitus meaning honeyed or sweet.
This is because in diabetes excess sugar is found in blood as well as the
urine.
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of
metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a
prolonged period. Symptoms of high blood sugar (hyperglycaemia) include
frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger.
Diabetes is a chronic disease, which occurs when the pancreas does not
produce enough insulin, or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin
it produces. This leads to an increased concentration of glucose in the blood
Type 1 diabetes (previously known as insulin-dependent or childhood-onset
diabetes) is characterized by a lack of insulin production.
Type 2 diabetes (formerly called non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset
diabetes) is caused by the body’s ineffective use of insulin. It often results
from excess body weight and physical inactivity.
Gestational diabetes is hyperglycaemia that is first recognized during
pregnancy.
1. OVERVIEW OF DIABETES MELLITUS
5. 5Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm, PhD, M.B.A, Ph.D
1. About 347 million people worldwide have diabetes
There is an emerging global epidemic of diabetes that can be traced back to
rapid increases in overweight, including obesity and physical inactivity.
2. Diabetes is predicted to become the 7th leading cause of death in the
world by the year 2030.Total deaths from diabetes are projected to rise by
more than 50% in the next 10 years.
3. There are two major forms of diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by a lack of insulin production and type 2
diabetes results from the body's ineffective use of insulin.
4. A third type of diabetes is gestational diabetes
This type is characterized by hyperglycaemia, or raised blood sugar, with values
above normal but below those diagnostic of diabetes, occurring during
pregnancy. Women with gestational diabetes are at an increased risk of
complications during pregnancy and at delivery. They are also at increased risk
of type 2 diabetes in the future.
5. Type 2 diabetes is much more common than type 1 diabetes
Type 2 accounts for around 90% of all diabetes worldwide. Reports of type 2
diabetes in children – previously rare – have increased worldwide. In some
countries, it accounts for almost half of newly diagnosed cases in children and
adolescents.
WHO 10 FACTS OF DIABETES MELLITUS
6. 6Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm, PhD, M.B.A, Ph.D
6. Cardiovascular disease is responsible for between 50% and 80% of
deaths in people with diabetes
Diabetes has become one of the major causes of premature illness and death
in most countries, mainly through the increased risk of cardiovascular disease
(CVD).
7. In 2012 diabetes was the direct cause of 1.5 million deaths.
8. 80% of diabetes deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries
In developed countries most people with diabetes are above the age of
retirement, whereas in developing countries those most frequently affected are
aged between 35 and 64.
9. Diabetes is a leading cause of blindness, amputation and kidney failure
Lack of awareness about diabetes, combined with insufficient access to health
services and essential medicines, can lead to complications such as blindness,
amputation and kidney failure.
10. Type 2 diabetes can be prevented
Thirty minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity on most days and a
healthy diet can drastically reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Type
1 diabetes cannot be prevented.
10. 10Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm, PhD, M.B.A, Ph.D
3. TYPES OF DIABETES
TYPE I
(FORMALLY IDDM OR
JUVENILE)
TYPE II
(FORMALLY NIDDM
OR ADULT)
SECONDARY DIABETES
(OCCUR ONLY IF THERE IS AN
UNDERLYING DISEASE) E,G,:
CUSHING DISEASE,
PANCREATECTOMY, GROWTH
HORMONE TUMOR.
GESTATIONAL
DIABETES