This document discusses the role of antibiotics in dental surgery (exodontics). It covers the history of antibiotics, definitions, classifications, mechanisms of action, factors influencing efficacy, rational antibiotic usage, choices of antibiotics, and prevention of misuse and abuse. The key points are:
1. Antibiotics are substances that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. They are classified based on their source, family, spectrum, effect, and gram-positive/negative activity.
2. Antibiotics work by altering bacterial cell membranes, inhibiting cell wall synthesis, and interfering with protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Their efficacy depends on drug binding, bacterial load, host defenses, and ability to reach the infection site.
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
Broad Spectrum Antibiotic:Tetracycline,four cyclic rings,Physicochemical Properties,Classification-According to source and Based on Duration of action ,Mechanism of action-30S ribosomes ,Inhibit protein synthesis,Antimicrobial spectrum
Resistance
Adverse effects
Precautions,Uses by snehal chakorkar
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
Broad Spectrum Antibiotic:Tetracycline,four cyclic rings,Physicochemical Properties,Classification-According to source and Based on Duration of action ,Mechanism of action-30S ribosomes ,Inhibit protein synthesis,Antimicrobial spectrum
Resistance
Adverse effects
Precautions,Uses by snehal chakorkar
Penicillin (PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics, derived originally from common moulds known as Penicillium moulds; which includes penicillin G (intravenous use), penicillin V (use by mouth), procaine penicillin, and benzathine penicillin (intramuscular use).
THIS PRESENTATION ABOUT ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS DETAILING THE COMPLETE INFORMATION ABOUT THE DRUGS USED WITH ITS MECHANISM OF ACTION, STRUCTURAL ACTIVITY AND DOSES.
Aminoglycosides(medicinal chemistry by p.ravisankar)Dr. Ravi Sankar
Aminoglycosides,Aminocyclitols,Source,Structures of streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,A mention of other aminoglycoside antibiotics,Acid hydrolysis,Mechanism of action,SAR,Dihydrostreptomycin and its importance,therapeutic uses, toxicity.
Definition
History
Chemistry
Properties
Classification & its Generation
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of action
Indication
Contraindication
Therapeutic use
Adverse effect
Resistance
Comparison with penicillin
Market preparation
Basic principles of chemotherapy/ AMAs covers definition, history of AMAs development, principles of AMAs, problems associated with AMAs, failure of therapy with examples.
Nasal decongestants and Respiratory Stimulants.pdfShaikh Abusufyan
At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Discuss definition and therapeutic uses, limitation, classification and pharmacology of nasal decongestant.
B. Explain definition and uses, limitation, classification and pharmacology of respiratory stimulants.
I am happy to share lecture series on different topics of Pharmacology experiments, Pharmacy practice, Clinical pharmacy and Pharmacology. Wish you all happy learning.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
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For 5+ video lecture series on Drug discovery refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Bbn9IE6c4MagVHZMNNinJov
For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
For 5+ video lecture series on Adverse Drug Reaction use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbWpd06N6RcV2q0K3JT29Wv
For 2+ video lecture series on Therapeutic drug monitoring refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZQtOerZuDjx4yo0eOeTHIy
For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
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Antibacterial Agents/ antibiotics (Ocular Pharmacology)
PRESENTATION LAYOUT
Introduction to antimicrobial drugs
Classification of antimicrobial drugs
Antibacterial drugs:
- Classification
- Indications
- Side effects
Antibacterial Resistance
Antimicrobial drugs are chemotherapeutic drugs
Two categories: – Antibiotics : Antimicrobial drugs produced by microorganisms
– Synthetic drugs : Antimicrobial drugs synthesized in the lab
..............................................
For Further Reading
oTextbook of microbiology by Ananthanarayan & Paniker
o Essentials of Medical Pharmacology KD Tripathi
o Basic & Clinical Pharmacology by Bertram G. Katzung
o Ophthalmic Drugs by Graham Hopkins and Richard Pearson
o Internet
Immunosupressants and Immunostimulants their pharmacology, uses etc. Basics of immunology, innate immune response, acquired immune response, role of complement in innate immune response. Major histocompatibility complex, antibody structure. classification of immunosupressants, their mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects.
synthetic antimicrobials having a quinolone structure that are active primarily against gram-negative bacteria, though newer fluorinated compounds also inhibit gram-positive ones.
Penicillin (PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics, derived originally from common moulds known as Penicillium moulds; which includes penicillin G (intravenous use), penicillin V (use by mouth), procaine penicillin, and benzathine penicillin (intramuscular use).
THIS PRESENTATION ABOUT ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS DETAILING THE COMPLETE INFORMATION ABOUT THE DRUGS USED WITH ITS MECHANISM OF ACTION, STRUCTURAL ACTIVITY AND DOSES.
Aminoglycosides(medicinal chemistry by p.ravisankar)Dr. Ravi Sankar
Aminoglycosides,Aminocyclitols,Source,Structures of streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,A mention of other aminoglycoside antibiotics,Acid hydrolysis,Mechanism of action,SAR,Dihydrostreptomycin and its importance,therapeutic uses, toxicity.
Definition
History
Chemistry
Properties
Classification & its Generation
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of action
Indication
Contraindication
Therapeutic use
Adverse effect
Resistance
Comparison with penicillin
Market preparation
Basic principles of chemotherapy/ AMAs covers definition, history of AMAs development, principles of AMAs, problems associated with AMAs, failure of therapy with examples.
Nasal decongestants and Respiratory Stimulants.pdfShaikh Abusufyan
At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Discuss definition and therapeutic uses, limitation, classification and pharmacology of nasal decongestant.
B. Explain definition and uses, limitation, classification and pharmacology of respiratory stimulants.
I am happy to share lecture series on different topics of Pharmacology experiments, Pharmacy practice, Clinical pharmacy and Pharmacology. Wish you all happy learning.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
For 2+ video lecture series on Pharmacoeconomics refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY8U1TnlcHttsRB8hwpoJRL
For 5+ video lecture series on Pharmacoepidemiology refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbqIaLoMmuF0Bf66SMFZtnb
For 5+ video lecture series on Drug discovery refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Bbn9IE6c4MagVHZMNNinJov
For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
For 5+ video lecture series on Adverse Drug Reaction use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbWpd06N6RcV2q0K3JT29Wv
For 2+ video lecture series on Therapeutic drug monitoring refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZQtOerZuDjx4yo0eOeTHIy
For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
For 6+ video lecture series on drugs act on Gastrointestinal tract refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BYgHRHwuarKTt96bu_2L5WK
To support this channel you can through UPI ID: abushaikh07-yahoo.com@okhdfcbank
For More Such Learning You Can Subscribe to My YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5o-WkzmDJaF7udyAP2jtgw/featured?sub_confirmation=1
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/asacademylearningforever
Website Blog: https://itasacademy.blogspot.com/
Direct Download Link ❤❤https://healthkura.com/antibacterial-agents/❤❤
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at ❤❤❤ https://healthkura.com ❤❤❤
Antibacterial Agents/ antibiotics (Ocular Pharmacology)
PRESENTATION LAYOUT
Introduction to antimicrobial drugs
Classification of antimicrobial drugs
Antibacterial drugs:
- Classification
- Indications
- Side effects
Antibacterial Resistance
Antimicrobial drugs are chemotherapeutic drugs
Two categories: – Antibiotics : Antimicrobial drugs produced by microorganisms
– Synthetic drugs : Antimicrobial drugs synthesized in the lab
..............................................
For Further Reading
oTextbook of microbiology by Ananthanarayan & Paniker
o Essentials of Medical Pharmacology KD Tripathi
o Basic & Clinical Pharmacology by Bertram G. Katzung
o Ophthalmic Drugs by Graham Hopkins and Richard Pearson
o Internet
Immunosupressants and Immunostimulants their pharmacology, uses etc. Basics of immunology, innate immune response, acquired immune response, role of complement in innate immune response. Major histocompatibility complex, antibody structure. classification of immunosupressants, their mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects.
synthetic antimicrobials having a quinolone structure that are active primarily against gram-negative bacteria, though newer fluorinated compounds also inhibit gram-positive ones.
Antibiotics,antibiotics resistances,classification of antibiotics,misuse of antibiotics details discussed here. for more information visit my blog helpful for pharmacy and medical student.thanks.
http://mydreamlan.wordpress.com/category/education/
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1. Role of Antibiotics In Exodontics
Dr.V.RAMKUMAR
CONSULTANT DENTAL &FACIOMAXILLARY SURGEON
REG NO:4118 -TAMILNADU –INDIA( ASIA)
2. History
• Pasteur & joubert ( 1877)
• Modern era (1936) sulfanilamide
• Golden year (1941) penicillin.
3. Definition
• Antibiotics are substances produced by
microorganisms, which suppress the growth
of or kill other microorganisms at very low
concentrations.
4. Classification
1. On the basis of preparation :
i. Naturally occurring, e.g. from fungi, e.g. penicillins, cephalosporins,
erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and aminoglycosides,
etc.
ii. Synthetic, e.g. sulfonamides.
2. On the basis of family:
i. Penicillins
ii. Cephalosporins
iii. Sulfonamides
iv. Tetracyclines
v. Aminoglycosides
vi. Macrolide
5. 3. On the basis of spectrum of activity:
i. Narrow: penicillins
ii. Broad: ampicillins, tetracyclines.
4. On the basis of effect:
i. Bacteriostatic: erythromycine, tetracycline, sulfonamide,
etc.
ii. Bactericidal: penicillins, cephalosporins, etc.
6. 5. On the basis of their effect on Gram-positive or
Gram-negative bacteria:
i. Antibiotics acting on Gram-positive bacteria: penicillins,
cephalosporins, erythromycine, bacterim, tetracycline,
gentamicin, etc.
ii. Antibiotics acting on Gram-negative bacteria: penicillin
acts on gonococci.
7. 6. On the basis of systems:
i. Urinary tract:
– Nalidixic acid: acts on kidney and urinary
bladder
– Furadantin: acts on bladder
i. Skin : Neomycin, bacitracin, polymyxin.
ii. Orally (locally): neomycin, streptomycin.
8. Antimicrobial vs Antibiotic
Confusion regarding antimicrobial
and antibiotic !!
Mechanisms by which antibiotics may
inhibit growth and multiplication :
Alteration of cell membrane permeability
Alteration in synthesis of cellular component
Inhibition of Cellular metabolism
9. Sites of action
Inhibiting formation of the bacterial cell wall
Inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis
Inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis
Altering the permeability of cytoplasmic membranes
10. Factors influencing the efficacy:
Drug binding
Protection of pathogens
Total bacterial load
Effectiveness of host defenses
Pathogens in the periodontal tissues, root canals and other oral
sites not affected by the therapy
Systemic and Topical antibiotics
What to use and Where ??
11. Rationale of antibiotic usage
Microbial etiology
Concept based on the premise….
Patients who do not respond to mechanical therapy
Thus the concept of antibiotic therapy
centers upon the pathogenic microbiota,
the patient and the drug
12. 3 ways : Empirical therapy
Definitive therapy
Prophylactic
-against specific organisms
-high risk
-In general
Uses in dentistry and their side effects
13. Choice of an antibiotic :
Patient factors :
1.Age
2. Dose modification :
3. Local factors : Pus
Hematomas
Ph
Anaerobic environment
4. Drug allergy
5. Impaired host defence
14. Organism related considerations:
• Clinical diagnosis itself directs…
• Choice
Combination therapy
Synergism
To reduce severity or incidence of adverse effects
Prevent resistance
To broaden the spectrum of antibiotic action
“Good decisions improve the chances of successful outcomes”
16. QUINOLONES
• Synthetic
• Having a quinolone structure
• Primarily active against Gm–ve bacteria
• Newer fluorinated compounds also inhibit
Gm+ve ones
• 1stmember
nalidixic acid in mid 1960s
17. Fouoroquinolones
• Quinolones antimicrobials having one or more
fluorine substitution.
• First generation Fouoroquinolones –
• Second generation Fouoroquinolones -
Norofloxacin Ofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin Pefloxacin
Lomefloxacin Levofloxacin
Sparfloxacin Gatifloxacin
Moxifloxacin
18. Beta Lactam Antibiotics
These are antibiotics having a β-lactam ring.
The two major groups are pinicillins and
cephalosporons.
19. PENICILLINS
• Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be used
clinically in 1941. it is a miracle that the
least toxic drug of its kind was the first to
be discovered. It was originally obtained
from the fungus Penicillium notatum, but
the present source is a high yielding mutant
of P.chrysogenum.
20. Semisynthetic Penicillin
Classification –
1. Acid resistant alternative to penicillin G phenoxymethyl
penicillin (Penicillin V).
2. Penicillinase resistant penicillins Methicillin, Oxacillin,
Cloxacillin.
3. Extended spectrum penicillins
a) Aminopenicillins: Ampicillin, Bacampicillin, Amoxicillin.
b) Carboxypenicillins: Carbenicillin, Carbenicillin indanyl,
Carbenicillin phenyl (Carfecillin), Ticarcillin.
c) Ureidopenicillins: Piperacillin, Mezlocillin.
d) Micillinam (Amdinocillin).
β-lactamase inhibitors Clavulanic acid Sulbactam.
21. Cephalosporins
• These are a group of semisynthetic
antibiotics derived form ‘cephalosporin-C’
obtained from a fungus Cephalosporium.
They are chemically related to penicillins;
the nucleus consists of a β-lactam ring fused
to a dihydrothiazine ring.
26. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
These are a group of natural and semisynthetic antibiotics
having polybasic amino groups linked glycosidically to two or
more aminosugar (streptidine,2-deoxy streptamine, garosamine
residues).
28. MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS
• These are antibiotics having a macrocyclic
lactone ring with attached sugar.
Erythromycin has been in use from the
1950s, Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin and
Azithromycin are the recent additions.
32. Principles for choosing ANTIBIOTICS!!!!!
• IDENTIFICATION OF THE CAUSATIVE ORGANISM
• DETERMINATION OF ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY
• SPECIFIC, NARROW SPECTRUM – Ab
• LEAST TOXIC Ab
• Pt’s DRUG HISTORY
• BACTERICIDAL RATHER THAN
BACTERIOSTATIC
• Ab WITH PROVEN HISTORY OF SUCCESS
• COST OF Ab
+
+
+
+
34. Causes of failure
• Inadequate surgical treatment
• Depressed host defence
• Prence of foreign body
• Antibiotic problems
– drug not reaching infection
– Dose not adequate
– Wrong bacterial diagnosis
– Wrong antibiotics
35. Classification of wounds ( CCSC )
Class I (Clean) – Non-Traumatic or surgical
Class II (Clean contaminated) – Fresh
Class III ( Contaminated )
Class IV ( Dirty )
36. Class I – No Antibiotics
Class II – Rarely / depressed host, prosthetic
device infection prolonged surgery
and reduced blood supply.
Class III & IV - Antibiotics
Whento use?????
38. Indications of prophylactic Ab
• Endocarditis
• Valvular heart diseases
• Total joint replacement
• ESR
• Prosthetic valves
• DM
• Leukemia
• COL
• Immunosuppressed patients
39. Prophylactic regimens for dental procedures
Situation Antibiotic Regimen
• Standard general
prophylaxis
Amoxicillin Adults, 2.0 g; children, 50
mg/kg orally one hour
before procedure
• Can not use oral
medications
Ampicillin Adults, 2.0 g IM/IV;
children, 50 mg/kg IM/IV
within 30 minutes before
procedure
40. Contd..
• Allergic to
penicillin
Clindamycin
or
Cephalexin
Cephadroxil
or
Azithromycin
or
Clarithromycin
Adults, 500 mg; children, 20 mg/kg
orally one hour before procedure
Adults, 2.0 g; children, 50 mg/kg
orally one hour before procedure
Adults, 500 mg; children, 15 mg/kg
orally one hour before procedure
• Allergic to
penicillin and
unable to
take oral
medications
Clindamycin
or
Cephazolin
Adults, 600 mg; children, 15 mg/kg IV
one hour before procedure
Adults, 1.0 g; children 25 mg/kg IM/IV
within 30 minutes before procedure
42. Misuse of antibiotics :
Inappropriate antibiotic
Failure to take the entire prescribed course
Saving antibiotics for a future illness
Sharing or using someone else’s medicine
Era of antibiotic on demand
False sense of security
Over the counter availability (self medication)
43. Is antibiotic misuse a serious problem ?
Antibiotic misuse can lead to the development of
antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Misusing antibiotics means they may not be effective
when needed to treat an infection in the future.
44. Abuses :
Humans have ignored a clear warning that
excessive or abuse of antibiotics would lead to
a world filled with human carriers of bacteria
resistant to known antibiotics
Broad spectrum and long courses of therapy
Prophylactic use for simple surgical procedures
“When in doubt cover”
Well defined limited infections
Pain
“Selective pressure phenomenon”
45. Emerging Antimicrobial Resistant
Organisms: The Global Problem of
Antibiotic Misuse
Adaptations (product of selection)
Acquisition and transmission of antibiotic resistance
(horizontal gene transfer)
Mechanisms:
1. Mutation
2. Destruction or inactivation
3. Efflux
47. How to prevent abuse ??
Sufficient risk of infection morbidity
Bactericidal antibiotics are preferred …
Narrow spectrum antibiotic effective
Dosages should not be reduced.
Aggressive antibiotic protocol in immuno- compromised
patients
Close up follow up of patients with infection
Difficult chronic and sub acute infections
48. How to prevent antibiotic abuse
Most appropriate
Maintain high enough levels of the drug
No “Just in case”
2 or more drugs to be administered
Restrict use of drugs
Strictly regulate the amplification of drug resistance
49. Policy for antibiotic use
Surveillance systems
Educational and Compliance programs
Solutions for bacterial resistance :
Research
Quality control in pharmaceutical production
Other modalities : “Decoy molecules”