This document contains information about various medical terms organized into 6 categories. It provides definitions for terms related to medications, vitamins, medical tests, surgical procedures, and more. Key details include definitions of medications used to treat allergies, nausea, hypothyroidism, and infections. It also defines terms like enhanced recovery after surgery protocol, dermatome assessment, and nephrostomy tube.

1. Category 1
1. It is an antihistamine thathelpscontrol allergicreaction. Preventmotionsickness.Suppresscough.
Answer:Diphenhydramine
2. It is an antiemeticthathelpscontrol nauseaandvomiting.
Answer:Dimenhydrinate andOndansetron
3. It is a thyroidhormone thathelpstreathypothyroidism.
Answer:Levothyroxine
4. It is an anti-infective thathelpspreventinfection before aftersurgery.
Answer:Ceftriaxone,Metronidazole,Piperacillin/Tazobactam,Ampicillin
Metronidazole:Intra-abdominal infection,itisalsouse as antiulcer.
5. It is an antidepressants.
Answer:
a. Citalopram (selective serotoninreuptakeinhibitor) - preventreuptake of serotonininthe CNS
b. Bupropion- decrease reuptake of dopamine,serotonin,andnorepinephrineinthe CNS.Control
depressionanddecrease cigarette cravings
c. Amitriptyline (tricyclic) - decrease the effectof serotoninandnorepinephrine inthe CNS
Category 2
1. It is a non-opioiduse totreatmildbreakthroughpain.
Answer:Acetaminophen/Tylenol
2. It is an opioiduse totreatmoderate to severe pain.
Answer:Fentanyl,Hydromorphone
3. It is a sedative use toinduce sleepiness.
Answer:Melatonin,Zopiclone
4. It is an antaciduse to preventstomachulcerwhenpatients'are inNPO.
Answer:
a. Pantoprazole (Protonpumpinhibitor) - diminishedaccumulationof acidinthe gastriclumen,with
lessenacidreflux bypreventingthe transportof hydrogenionsinthe gastriclumen.
b. Milkof magnesia– sometimesusedasantacidandlaxative.
c. Ranitidine (Histamine 2antagonist) - inhibitsthe actionof histamine atthe H2 receptorsite causing
inhibitionof gastricsecretion.Healingandpreventionof ulcer.
5. It is use as hypertensive,tolowerBPto preventstroke.
Answer:
a. Clonidine (Adrenergics) - stimulatesalpha-adrenergicreceptorsinthe CNS,whichresultsindecreased
sympatheticoutflowinhibitingcardio-accelerationandvasoconstrictioncenters.DecreasedBPandpain.
b. Ramipril (ACE inhibitor)- inhibitthe conversionof angiotensin1to 2, increase plasmareninlevelsand
decrease aldosterone levels,netresultsystemicvasodilation.
c. Metropolol (Betablocker) - blockstimulationof beta1 (myocardial) adrenergicreceptors,causing
decrease BPand heartrate.Decrease frequencyof attacksof anginapectoris.

2. d. Amlodipine (Calciumchannel blocker) - inhibitthe transportof calciumintomyocardial andvascular
smoothmuscle cells,inhibitexcitationcontraction.Systemicandcoronaryvasodilation.Decreased
anginaattack.
e.Hydrochlorothiazide (Diuretics) - TreatmentforedemaassociatedwithHF.Increase excretionof
sodiumandwaterby inhibitingsodiumreabsorption.Alsopromote excretionof chloride,potassium,
magnesium,andbicarbonate.
Category 3
1. It is a fat soluble vitamin use toincrease intestinal absorptionof calcium, iron,magnesium,
phosphate,andzinc.
Answer:VitaminD
2. It helpsindevelopingandmaintainingnormal redbloodcells,andproductionof neurotransmitter.
Answer:VitaminB12
3. It helpsinthe absorptionof iron.Use bybodyto form collagen,repairandmaintaincartilages,bones,
teeth,heal woundsandformscar tissues.
Answer:VitaminC
4. It is a vitaminneededbythe bodyforbloodclotting.Itisusedtoreverse the effectof bloodthinning
medicationswhentoomuchisgivensuchaswarfarin.
Answer:VitaminK
5. It is a vitaminrequiredforthe properfunctionof manyorgansinthe body.It isan antioxidant.Ithelps
to slowdownprocessesthatdamage cells.
Answer:VitaminE
Category 4
1. It is the besttool for assessingeffectivenessof epidural containinglocal anesthetic.Bothleftandright
sidesneedtobe assessedforareaof sensoryblockusinga coldsensation.
Answer:Dermatome Assessment
2. It is generallydefinedasfree from microorganisms.Involvesstrategiesusedinpatientcare toreduce
exposure tomicroorganismsandmaintainobjectsandareasas free frommicroorganismsaspossible.
Answer:Sterile Technique
3. Is a methodof allowingapersoninpaintoadministertheirownpainrelief.The infusionis
programmable bythe prescriber.
Answer:PatientControlledAnalgesia
4. It is the mostfrequentlyrecommendedmonitoringforpeople withdiabetes.People withunstable
bloodsugarlevelsorduringepisodesof infectionorotherillness.
Answer:CapillaryBloodGlucose
5. It is a multimodal perioperative care pathwaysdesignedtoachieveearlyrecoveryaftersurgical
proceduresbymaintainingpreoperativeorganfunctionandreducingthe profoundstressresponse
followingsurgery.
Answer:EnhancedRecoveryAfter Surgery (ERAS) Protocol

3. Category 5
1. It is a urine testthat measuresthe amountof urine leftinthe bladderafterurinationtohelpevaluate
urinationproblemsuchasincontinence andenlarge prostate.
Answer:Post-VoidResidual
2. It is a testthat usesreflectedsoundwavestosee how bloodflowsthroughabloodvessel.Ithelps
doctorsevaluate bloodflowthroughmajorarteriesandvein,suchasthose of the arms,legs,andneck.
Answer:DopplerUltrasound
3. It is a type of motorneurondisease thatcausesnerve cellsinthe brainandspinal cordto breakdown
and die.Asa resultnovoluntarymuscle nourishment.Thisdiseasebecame famouslastyeardue tothe
"Ice Bucket Challenge"advocacy.
Answer:AmyotrophicLateral Sclerosisor ALS
4. It is a safetymeasure use byhealthcare teamtoprotectthemselvesfromantineoplasticmedicationor
bodywaste frompatienttakingthe medication,staff usuallywearblue gloves,maskwithaface shield,
and a gownwhenemptyingwaste.
Answer:CytotoxicPrecaution
5. A bloodpressure thatremainsabove goal inspite of the concurrentuse of 3 to 4 antihypertensive
agentsof differentclasses.
Answer:ResistantHypertension
Category 6
1. It is an inflammationinthe gallbladdercause bybile ductstones.
Answer:Cholecystitis
2. It is a type of surgerywhere partof the colonisremoved.
Answer:Hemicolectomy
3. It is a type of surgerywhere the sigmoidcolonandrectumare removed.
Answer:AnteriorResection
4. It is a tube that isinsertedthroughthe skinintothe kidney,drainurine directlyfromthe kidneyintoa
collectingbag.
Answer:NephrostomyTube
5. It is a form of urinarydiversionwhereanurologistcreatesasmall openinginthe abdomencalled
stoma,takesa short segmentof the small intestine andconnectsone endtothe stoma,thenthe ureters
are attachedto the otherendsegmentof intestine.
Answer:Ileal-Conduit
1. Advantge of IV antiinfectivesoverPOmeds
First,studieshave demonstratedthat oral therapycanbe as effective asparenterallyadministeredanti-
infectivesinthe treatmentof infectionsrangingfrommildtomoderate tosevere.Secondly,the
potential existsfordecreasingadverse effectsassociatedwithIV therapy.Patientswhocontinue to
receive parenteraltherapyare atincreasedriskforinfusion-relatedadverseeffectssuchasline

4. infectionsandphlebitis.Third,oral anti-infectivesare easiertoadministerthanIV preparations,require
lesstime toprepare,andoftenimprove patientcomfort,mobility,andindependence,whichcanresult
ina shorterhospital stay.Lastly,oral anti-infectivesare oftenlessexpensive thanparenteral agents.
Althoughoral anti-infectivesare generallypreferredforthe reasonsstatedpreviously,certainpatients
are notcandidatesforIV:POconversion.Theseinclude individualswithgastrointestinal abnormalities,
whichwill alterdrugabsorption.Inaddition,specificdisease states,suchashigh-riskneutropenia,have
not beenstudiedinacontrolledclinical setting.Also,inthe case of meningitisandinfective endocarditis,
antibioticpenetrationispoor,andconcentrationstoeradicate the microorganismmaybe better
achievedwiththe IV route.
2. Why a patientreceivingmultiple antihypertensive meds
Resistanthypertensionisdefinedasbloodpressurethatremainsabove goal inspite of the concurrent
use of 3 antihypertensiveagentsof differentclasses.Ideally,one of the 3agentsshouldbe a diuretic
and all agentsshouldbe prescribed atoptimal dose amounts.Althougharbitraryinregardtothe
numberof medicationsrequired,resistanthypertensionisthusdefinedinordertoidentifypatientswho
are at highriskof havingreversible causesof hypertensionand/orpatientswho,because of persistently
highbloodpressure levels,maybenefitfromspecial diagnosticandtherapeuticconsiderations.As
defined,resistanthypertensionincludespatientswhose bloodpressureiscontrolledwithuse of more
than 3 medications.Thatis,patientswhose bloodpressureiscontrolledbutrequire 4or more
medicationstodoso shouldbe consideredresistanttotreatment.Recommendationsforthe
pharmacological treatmentof resistanthypertensionremainlargelyempiricdue tothe lackof
systematicassessmentsof 3or 4 drug combinations.Studiesof resistanthypertensionare limitedbythe
highcardiovascularriskof patientswithinthissubgroup,whichgenerallyprecludessafewithdrawal of
medications;the presence of multipledisease processes(eg,sleepapnea,diabetes,chronickidney
disease,atheroscleroticdisease) andtheirassociatedmedical therapies,whichconfoundinterpretation
of studyresults;andthe difficultyinenrollinglarge numbersof studyparticipants.Expandingour
understandingof the causesof resistanthypertensionandtherebypotentiallyallowingformore
effectivepreventionand/ortreatmentwill be essential toimprove the long-termclinical managementof
thisdisorder.
3. What is a nephrostomy?Whyyouneedanephrostomy?
You may needanephrostomytube whensomethingisblockingthe normal flow of urine.Urine from
your kidneyspassesthroughtubescalledureters.Youruretersare connectedtoyourbladder.If your
uretersgetblockedbystonesorbloodclots,urine stays inyour kidneysandwill cause problems.The
nephrostomytube isputinto drainyour urine directlyfromyourkidneys.Youmayneedthistube if you
have a condition suchas pelvictumors,damage toyoururinarysystem, orprostate cancer.
4. What is sterile technique?
Sterile technique.Sterile isgenerallydefinedasmeaningfree frommicroorganisms.3
Sterile technique
involvesstrategiesusedinpatientcare toreduce exposure tomicroorganismsandmaintainobjectsand
areas as free frommicroorganismsaspossible.Steriletechniqueinvolvesmeticuloushandwashing,use
of a sterile field,use of sterile glovesforapplicationof asterile dressing,anduse of sterileinstruments.
“Sterile tosterile”rulesinvolve the use of onlysterile instrumentsandmaterialsindressingchange
procedures;andavoidingcontactbetweensterile instrumentsormaterialsandanynon-sterile surface
or products.Sterile technique isconsideredmostappropriate inacute care hospital settings,forpatients
at highriskfor infection,andforcertainproceduressuchassharp instrumental wounddebridement.