presented by: Miss Prajakta D. sawant, Lecturer at Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, radhanagari.
SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY. PHARMACOLOGY AND
TOXICOLOGY(0813).
presented by: Miss Prajakta D. sawant, Lecturer at Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, radhanagari.
SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY. PHARMACOLOGY AND
TOXICOLOGY(0813).
Autacoids - pharmacological actions and drugs related to them. SIVASWAROOP YARASI
Autacoids or "autocoids" are biological factors which act like local hormones, have a brief duration, and act near the site of synthesis. The word autacoids comes from the Greek "autos" (self) and "acos" (relief, i.e. drug).
This is an introduction to Pharmacology, which is very helpful for nursing students. This presentation tells about classification, sources, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
Pharmacology is study of the substances which interact with living system by activating or inhibiting normal body processes. It includes physical and chemical properties, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of drugs.
H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
The H2 receptor antagonists (H2RA) are a class of drugs used to block the action of histamine on parietal cells (specifically the histamine H2 receptors) in the stomach, decreasing the production of acid by these cells.
PROTON - PUMP INHIBITORS
Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs): are a group of drugs whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of gastric acid production.
They are the most potent inhibitors of acid secretion available.
These drugs are among the most widely sold drugs in the world, and are generally considered effective.
The vast majority of these drugs are benzimidazole derivatives, but promising new research indicates the imidazopyridine derivatives may be a more effective means of treatment.
General pharmacology Diploma in pharmacy second year YogeshShelake
The General pharmacology ,Toxicology & Pharmacotherapeutics
To Undastanding the general pharmacology & Definitions of PHARMACODYNAMECIS ,PHARMACOKINITICS (Absorbation,Distribution,Metabolism,Excreation )Pharmacology ,Toxicology ,Pharmacotherapeutic ,
Advantages of Routs of Administration & Their Disadvantages
Factors affecting of absorpation ,excreation of drug,factor modifing deug action
Autacoids - pharmacological actions and drugs related to them. SIVASWAROOP YARASI
Autacoids or "autocoids" are biological factors which act like local hormones, have a brief duration, and act near the site of synthesis. The word autacoids comes from the Greek "autos" (self) and "acos" (relief, i.e. drug).
This is an introduction to Pharmacology, which is very helpful for nursing students. This presentation tells about classification, sources, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
Pharmacology is study of the substances which interact with living system by activating or inhibiting normal body processes. It includes physical and chemical properties, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of drugs.
H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
The H2 receptor antagonists (H2RA) are a class of drugs used to block the action of histamine on parietal cells (specifically the histamine H2 receptors) in the stomach, decreasing the production of acid by these cells.
PROTON - PUMP INHIBITORS
Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs): are a group of drugs whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of gastric acid production.
They are the most potent inhibitors of acid secretion available.
These drugs are among the most widely sold drugs in the world, and are generally considered effective.
The vast majority of these drugs are benzimidazole derivatives, but promising new research indicates the imidazopyridine derivatives may be a more effective means of treatment.
General pharmacology Diploma in pharmacy second year YogeshShelake
The General pharmacology ,Toxicology & Pharmacotherapeutics
To Undastanding the general pharmacology & Definitions of PHARMACODYNAMECIS ,PHARMACOKINITICS (Absorbation,Distribution,Metabolism,Excreation )Pharmacology ,Toxicology ,Pharmacotherapeutic ,
Advantages of Routs of Administration & Their Disadvantages
Factors affecting of absorpation ,excreation of drug,factor modifing deug action
This ppt highlights about scientific basis of drug therapy described with four processes involved in the choice of appropriate drug therapy with examples.... helps to make rational choice of drugs with systematic steps as like that of making diagnosis.
introduction to General pharmacology by : Dr Debasish PradhanDr Debasish Pradhan
Introduction to general Pharmacology, Routes of drug administration with their advantages and Disadvantages, Factors affecting routes of drug administration.
Pharmacology is the branch of pharmaceutical sciences which is concerned with the study of drug or medication action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism
Introduction to essential Pharmacology for Advanced EMT and Paramedic Students. A bit long but a good lecture. Does not goo into individual drugs, that is later. This is JUST the introduction.
Acids and bases buffers ARRHENIUS CONCEPT
THE LEWIS CONCEPT-THE ELECTRON DONOR ACCEPTOR SYSTEM
BRONSTED-LOWRY CONCEPT (PROTON TRANSFER
THEORY
buffer action
ph scale
buffer capacity
acid base balance
isotonicity method
isotonic soltions
buffer solutions in pharmaceutical preparations
WHAT IS PHARMACOPOEIA?
TYPES OF PHARMACOPOEIA
HISTORY OF PHARMACOPOEIA
CONTENT OF PHARMACOPOEIA
WHAT IS MONOGRAPH?
PURPOSE OF MONOGRAPH
TYPES OF MONOGRAPH
IMPORTANCE OF CONTENT OF MONOGRAPH
MONOGRAPH DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Definition of Impurity
Types of Impurities
Sources of Impurity
foreign unwanted matter present in a compound which are differ from the actual molecular formula.
According to ICH “An impurity in a drug of the new drug substance that is not the substance”.
Chemically a compound is impure if it contains undesirable foreign matter i.e. impurities. Thus chemical purity is freedom from foreign matter
Impurities can have unwanted pharmacological or toxicological effect that seriously impact product quality and patient safety.
The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) has formulated a workable guideline regarding the control of impurities.
Impurities in pharmaceutical are the unwanted chemicals that remains with the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API’s), or develop during formulation or upon aging of both API and formulated API’s to medicine.
The presence of the unwanted chemicals, even in small amount , may influence the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical product
Recrystallization is the most convenient method for purifying organic compounds that are solids at room temperature.
Compounds obtained from natural sources, or from reaction mixtures, almost always contain impurities.
The impurities may include some combination of insoluble, soluble, and colored impurities. To obtain a pure compound these impurities must be removed.
Each type of impurity is removed in a separate step in the recrystallization procedure.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
3. DEFINITION:
Pharmacology is the science that deals with the study of drugs and their
interaction with the living systems.
The word Pharmacology is derived from Greek pharmacon means drug and
logos means study.
DRUG:
Drug is a substance used in the diagnosis ,prevention or treatment of
disease.
PHARMACOKINECTICS:
Pharmacokinectics is the study of the absorption distribution ,metabolism
and excretion of drugs i.e what the body does the drug (in greek kinesis =
movement).
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
4. PHARMACODYNAMICS :
Pharmacodynamics is the study of the effect of the drugs on the body and
their mechanism of action ,i.e what the drug does the body.
THERAPEUTICS:
Therapeutics deals with the use of drugs in the prevention and treatment of
disease.
TOXICOLOGY :
Toxicology deals with the adverse effect of the drug and also the study of
poisons,i.e detection ,prevention and treatment of poisoning.(Toxicon
=poison in Greek).
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
5. INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
CHEMOTHERAPY :
Chemotherapy is the use of chemicals for the treatment of infections. the
term now also includes the use of chemical to treat malignancies.
PHARMACY :
Pharmacy is the science of identification , compounding and dispensing
of drugs .It also includes collection , isolation, purification , synthesis
and Standardization of medical substances.
6. INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
DESIRED ACTION:
the expected response of a medication
SIDE EFFECTS:
known and frequently experienced, expected reaction to drug.
ADVERSE REACTION:
unexpected, unpredictable reactions that are not related too usual effects of
a normal dose of the drug.
DRUG INTERACTIONS:
Takes place when one drug alters the action of another drug.
7. TYPES OF PHARMACOLOGY
1. EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY:
Done in the laboratory on experimental animals such as
rodents and non rodents.
2. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY:
On human subjects normal or deceased
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
8. CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
1.Chemical nature
2.Source
3.Target organ/site of action
4.Mode of action
5.Therapeutic uses
6.Physiological system
7.Physical effects
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
9. SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY
ACADEMICS:
UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION
Introduction to drugs mechanisms of actions
Prescription writing
Pharmaceutical preparations
Identification of adverse drug reactions
POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION:
Basic research
Experimental pharmacology pharmacokinetics
Pharmacovigilance
Clinical pharmacology
Therapeutic drug monitoring
10. INDUSTRIES:
Medical advisor
Medical transcription
Medico marketing
Product management
Contract research organization
Training
Research: new drug development
SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY
15. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
FACTORS GOVERNING CHOICE
OF ROUTE
Physical & chemical properties of drug-
solid/liquid/gas; solubility, stability, PH, irritancy
Site of desired action- localized and approachable or
generalized and non approachable
Rate & extent of absorption from various routes
Effect of digestive juices & first pass effect
Rapidity of the desired response- emergency/routine
Accuracy of dosage
Condition of the patient- unconscious, vomiting
16. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
ORAL ROUTE
The most common route of drug administration.
Drug is given through oral cavity.
ADVANTAGES
1. Safe
2. Convenient- self- administered, pain free, noninvasive and easy to take Economical-
compared to other parentral routes
3. Usually good absorption- takes place along the
4. whole length of the GI tract
5. No need for sterilization
DISADVANTAGES
1. Slow absorption slow action - can not used in emergency
2. Irritable and unpalatable drugs- nausea and Vomiting
3. Cannot be used Unco-operative, vomiting and unconscious patien
4. Some drugs destroyed
5. Sometimes inefficient drug absorbed, some drugs are not absorbed like
streptomycin
6. First-pass effect- Due to Biotransformation
7. Food–Drug interactions and Drug-Drug interactions
17. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
SUBLINGUAL/BUCCAL ROUTE:
Tab or pellet containing the drug is placed under tongue or crushed in
mouth and spread over the buccal mucosa. Ex- GTN, buprenorphine,
desaminooxytocin.
ADVANTAGES
Drug absorption is quick
Quick termination
First-pass avoided
Can be self administered Economical
DISADVANTAGES
Unpalatable & bitter drugs
Irritation of oral mucosa
Large quantities not given
Few drugs are absorbed
18. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
RECTAL ROUTE
Drugs that are administered rectally as a suppository. - In this form, a drug is
mixed with a waxy substance that dissolves or liquefies after it is inserted into
the rectum. - ex- Diazepam, indomethacin, paraldehyde, ergotamine.
ADVANTAGES
Used in children
Little or no first pass effect (ext haemorrhoidal vein)
Used in vomiting or unconscious
Higher concentrations rapidly achieved
DISADVANTAGES
Inconvenient
Absorption is slow and erratic
Irritation or inflammation of rectal mucosa can occur
19. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
PARENTERALROUTES
Direct delivery of drug in to systemic circulation without intestinal
mucosa
Intradermal (I.D.) (into skin)
Subcutaneous (S.C.) (into subcutaneous tissue)
Intramuscular (I.M.) (into skeletal muscle)
Intravenous (I.V.) (into veins)
Intra-arterial (I.A.) (into arteries)
Intrathecal (I.T.) (cerebrospinal fluids )
Intraperitoneal (I.P.) (peritoneal cavity)
Intra-articular (Synovial fluids)
20. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
ADVANTAGES
high bioavailability
Rapid action (emergency)
No first pass metabolism
Suitable for
Vomiting &unconsciousness
Irritant & Bad taste drugs.
No gastric irritation
No food-drug interaction
DISADVANTAGES
Infection
Sterilization
Invasive
assistance require
Pain
Needs skill
Anaphylaxis
Expensive.
PARENTERALROUTES
Dosage form:
Vial or ampoule
21. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
Produce local effect to
Skin (percutaneous) e.g. allergy testing, topical
local anesthesia
Mucous membrane of respiratory tract
(Inhalation) e.g. asthma
Eye drops e.g. conjunctivitis
Ear drops e.g. otitis externa
Intranasal, e.g. decongestant nasal spray
TOPICAL APPLICATION
22. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
No single method of drug
administration is ideal for all drugs in all
circumstances