09 how trees grow
•Download as PPT, PDF•
3 likes•5,359 views
This document discusses how trees grow. It describes the key parts of a tree including leaves, branches, trunk and roots. It then explains the functions of these parts, such as roots absorbing water and minerals from the soil. It details the processes of photosynthesis, where leaves use sunlight to produce food, and transpiration, where leaves release water vapor. It outlines the stages of growth from a seed germinating to becoming a sapling. Annual growth rings are formed that show the tree's age. The internal structure of the trunk is also described including the bark, cambium layer, sapwood and heartwood.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
13 diseases
This document discusses defects and diseases that can occur in wood. It describes natural defects like knots, resin pockets, shakes and waney edges that form during tree growth. It also covers artificial defects such as cupping, bowing, twisting and end splitting caused by improper drying. Fungal diseases and insect pests that damage wood are also examined, along with conditions needed for decay. The life cycles of fungi and boring insects are detailed.
07 wood
Trees release oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide, helping to clean the air. Tropical rainforests are important carbon sinks. Wood has many benefits and uses, including as a renewable fuel, habitat for wildlife, and raw material for paper, cardboard, and timber. There are natural and planted forests with different types like tropical and coniferous. Deforestation is causing environmental problems but can be reduced by sustainable forest management and using alternatives to solid tropical hardwoods.
Timber conversion
Timber conversion involves turning felled trees into usable lumber through sawing. There are two main conversion methods: plain sawing, which is fastest but produces wood more prone to warping; and quarter sawing, which shows the grain beautifully but is more complex and wasteful. Proper conversion allows wood to be dried, shaped, and graded for its quality before being sold as lumber.
08 types of tree
This document discusses different types of trees. It describes two main groups: coniferous and deciduous trees. Coniferous trees are softwoods that have needle-like leaves and remain green year-round, while deciduous trees are hardwoods that lose their broad leaves in autumn. Several deciduous trees are then outlined, including oak, ash, birch, and beech, along with their features and common uses for their wood. Coniferous trees such as Scots pine, Douglas fir, and Sitka spruce are also described. The document concludes with a brief overview of timber regions around the world.
Physical Properties of Wood
This document discusses the physical properties of wood, focusing on how these properties are determined by wood's structural organization and composition. It covers several key physical properties in detail, including moisture content and its relationship to wood behavior, density and specific gravity, dimensional changes related to moisture movement, and thermal properties like conductivity and expansion. The properties discussed are influenced by factors like grain direction, moisture content, density, and wood microstructure.
12 seasoning
The document discusses seasoning wood. There are two main methods of seasoning timber: natural (air) seasoning and artificial (kiln) drying. Air seasoning is a slower process that relies on outdoor weather conditions, while kiln drying allows for faster, controlled drying in an indoor oven-like chamber. The goal of seasoning is to reduce wood's moisture content below 20% to prevent rot and make it easier to work with.
Defects in wood
Defects in wood can lower its value and affect its strength, working qualities, and appearance. There are three main types of defects:
1. Natural defects that develop in the living tree or after felling, such as knots, reaction wood, compression wood, and grain defects.
2. Seasoning defects caused during drying, including warping, checking, collapse, and honeycombing due to uneven shrinkage.
3. Defects from conversion like chip marks, torn grain, and waney edges from tool marks or bark left on during processing. Proper drying and processing helps control defects for optimal wood quality and performance.
5. timber seasoning
Timber seasoning is the controlled process of reducing moisture content in wood. It aims to dry wood to around 22% moisture content. This makes the wood more stable and prevents defects like splitting or fungal/insect damage. There are two main seasoning methods - air seasoning which is slow and done outdoors, and kiln seasoning which is faster using controlled heat, humidity and air flow. Moisture content is measured using moisture meters or weighing samples before and after drying. Seasoning causes wood to shrink unevenly which can lead to cupping or shakes.
Recommended
13 diseases
This document discusses defects and diseases that can occur in wood. It describes natural defects like knots, resin pockets, shakes and waney edges that form during tree growth. It also covers artificial defects such as cupping, bowing, twisting and end splitting caused by improper drying. Fungal diseases and insect pests that damage wood are also examined, along with conditions needed for decay. The life cycles of fungi and boring insects are detailed.
07 wood
Trees release oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide, helping to clean the air. Tropical rainforests are important carbon sinks. Wood has many benefits and uses, including as a renewable fuel, habitat for wildlife, and raw material for paper, cardboard, and timber. There are natural and planted forests with different types like tropical and coniferous. Deforestation is causing environmental problems but can be reduced by sustainable forest management and using alternatives to solid tropical hardwoods.
Timber conversion
Timber conversion involves turning felled trees into usable lumber through sawing. There are two main conversion methods: plain sawing, which is fastest but produces wood more prone to warping; and quarter sawing, which shows the grain beautifully but is more complex and wasteful. Proper conversion allows wood to be dried, shaped, and graded for its quality before being sold as lumber.
08 types of tree
This document discusses different types of trees. It describes two main groups: coniferous and deciduous trees. Coniferous trees are softwoods that have needle-like leaves and remain green year-round, while deciduous trees are hardwoods that lose their broad leaves in autumn. Several deciduous trees are then outlined, including oak, ash, birch, and beech, along with their features and common uses for their wood. Coniferous trees such as Scots pine, Douglas fir, and Sitka spruce are also described. The document concludes with a brief overview of timber regions around the world.
Physical Properties of Wood
This document discusses the physical properties of wood, focusing on how these properties are determined by wood's structural organization and composition. It covers several key physical properties in detail, including moisture content and its relationship to wood behavior, density and specific gravity, dimensional changes related to moisture movement, and thermal properties like conductivity and expansion. The properties discussed are influenced by factors like grain direction, moisture content, density, and wood microstructure.
12 seasoning
The document discusses seasoning wood. There are two main methods of seasoning timber: natural (air) seasoning and artificial (kiln) drying. Air seasoning is a slower process that relies on outdoor weather conditions, while kiln drying allows for faster, controlled drying in an indoor oven-like chamber. The goal of seasoning is to reduce wood's moisture content below 20% to prevent rot and make it easier to work with.
Defects in wood
Defects in wood can lower its value and affect its strength, working qualities, and appearance. There are three main types of defects:
1. Natural defects that develop in the living tree or after felling, such as knots, reaction wood, compression wood, and grain defects.
2. Seasoning defects caused during drying, including warping, checking, collapse, and honeycombing due to uneven shrinkage.
3. Defects from conversion like chip marks, torn grain, and waney edges from tool marks or bark left on during processing. Proper drying and processing helps control defects for optimal wood quality and performance.
5. timber seasoning
Timber seasoning is the controlled process of reducing moisture content in wood. It aims to dry wood to around 22% moisture content. This makes the wood more stable and prevents defects like splitting or fungal/insect damage. There are two main seasoning methods - air seasoning which is slow and done outdoors, and kiln seasoning which is faster using controlled heat, humidity and air flow. Moisture content is measured using moisture meters or weighing samples before and after drying. Seasoning causes wood to shrink unevenly which can lead to cupping or shakes.
Plywood
The document discusses the process of manufacturing plywood. It begins with logging operations such as debarking and cutting logs. The logs are then heated and sliced/peeled into veneers. Veneers are dried and laid up in alternating perpendicular layers, with glue spread between layers. The laid up assembly is pressed under heat and pressure to bond the layers. Plywood is then cut and finished, with applications including construction, furniture, flooring, and more. Benefits of plywood include uniform strength, dimensional stability, and efficient wood utilization, while disadvantages include susceptibility to water damage if unprotected.
Composite wood and Adhesives
The document discusses different types of composite wood and adhesives used in their production. It describes plywood, laminated wood, core boards, sandwich boards, fiber boards, and particle boards as the main forms of composite wood. It also discusses different adhesives used like phenol formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde, melanine formaldehyde, polymeric methylene-di-isocyanate, and bioadhesives; and their properties and applications. The document provides information on composite wood products and adhesives used in their manufacturing.
characteristics of wood
Wood is a hygroscopic, porous material produced as secondary xylem in tree stems. It is composed of cellulose, which provides strength, and lignin, which provides compression resistance. Wood is formed through secondary growth as trees increase in diameter each year by adding new woody layers between the existing wood and inner bark. Each year's growth results in growth rings, and over time the inner heartwood becomes resistant to decay while the outer sapwood remains vulnerable.
composite boards
This document discusses composite wood production and its importance. It begins by defining composite wood and its classification. It then outlines the objectives and methodology. Under findings and discussion, it describes different types of composite woods like plywood, particle board, fiber boards, laminated veneer lumber, block boards, core board, foam board, wafer board, oriented strand board, and hardboard. It notes that composite woods provide strength and stiffness while being light weight. Their importance includes better strength to weight and stiffness to weight ratios compared to metals. Limitations of composite woods are also acknowledged. The document recommends promoting forest-based composite wood industries in Nepal to efficiently utilize forest resources.
Wood defects-shakes and pitch pocket
This document discusses various wood defects including shakes and pitch pockets. Shakes are longitudinal cracks between annual growth rings that separate wood fibers, making the wood undesirable when appearance is important. The main types of shakes are star shakes, cup shakes, heart shakes, and ring shakes. Pitch pockets are planoconvex cavities confined within a single growth ring that form due to an excessive accumulation of resin in localized wood regions.
conversion of timber.pptx
There are three main methods for converting logs into boards: through and through sawing, tangential sawing, and quarter sawing. Through and through sawing cuts logs parallel to the grain, producing wide boards quickly but with potential for cupping. Tangential sawing cuts logs at an angle to the grain, producing stable boards with a flame figure but is more expensive. Quarter sawing cuts logs at a 45 degree angle to the growth rings, producing narrow boards that are very stable with an attractive grain but is the most expensive method.
Wood 101
Introduction
Properties
Types of natural wood
Types of artificial wood
How boards are made
Joints
Coatings
Wood movement
1.1 identification hard & softwoods
There are two main types of trees: deciduous and coniferous. Deciduous trees, also known as broadleaf or hardwood trees, lose their leaves in autumn and have large broad leaves. Coniferous trees, also known as softwood or needle-leaf trees, are evergreen and have needle-like leaves and cones bearing seeds. Common deciduous trees in Ireland include oak, ash, beech, sycamore, and elm while common coniferous trees include Scots pine, Douglas fir, Norway spruce, and Sitka spruce.
Physical properties and moisture relations of wood
This chapter discusses the physical properties of wood that are most relevant to designing wood products. It covers topics such as appearance, moisture content, shrinkage, weight/density, working qualities, and thermal/electrical properties. The key physical properties vary between wood species and can be influenced by variables like moisture content. Understanding the interaction between physical properties and wood performance is important for product development.
4 conversion of_timber
The document discusses different methods for converting logs into timber: plain sawn, quarter sawn, and rift sawn. Plain sawn involves cutting the log tangentially to the growth rings, while quarter sawn cuts perpendicular to the rings. Rift sawn cuts at an angle between 45-75 degrees. Each method has advantages - plain sawn wastes less material but can warp, while quarter and rift sawn are more dimensionally stable but waste more material. The summary identifies the key conversion methods and discusses their cutting angles and relative advantages.
11 conversion of timber
This document discusses different methods for converting logs into timber. It describes felling timber and transporting logs. It then explains four methods for converting logs: horizontal bandsaw, through and through sawing, quarter sawing, and tangential sawing. For each method, it provides the advantages and disadvantages. An exam question is included that asks the reader to name the conversion methods shown in diagrams, state the advantages and disadvantages of each, and determine which board shown is most likely to cup and why.
types of timber boards
Veneer, laminate, cement fiber board, and mineral fiber board are common construction and material options. Veneer is thin slices of wood glued to panels, available in raw, paper, or phenolic backed varieties. Laminates are bonded paper layers creating durable, decorative sheets. Cement fiber board uses cement, fibers, and cellulose for durability and moisture resistance. Mineral fiber board uses mineral wool and other materials for strength and noise reduction. Each has advantages for different applications like furniture, walls, or ceilings depending on thickness and properties.
Softwood and Hardwood
Hardwoods come from angiosperms and have broad leaves, while softwoods come from conifers and are needle-leaved. The key anatomical differences are that hardwoods have vessels (pores) and a greater diversity of cell types like fibers, rays, and parenchyma. Softwoods mainly consist of long tracheids that perform conductive and mechanical functions, along with some parenchyma cells. Rays are usually only one cell wide in softwoods, while softwoods also contain resin canals.
Chapter 7: Timber
This document discusses timber, including its sources, classification, identification, structure, defects, seasoning, preservation, and fireproofing. It covers the various types of timber based on mode of growth, modulus of elasticity, durability, seasoning characteristics, and grading. It also identifies common defects in timber such as knots, shakes, grains, and decay. Methods of seasoning, preservation, and fireproofing timber are outlined.
Seasoning of timber 2
Timber must be seasoned before use to reduce moisture content and improve stability. Seasoning is the controlled process of drying timber through natural air seasoning or kiln seasoning. Air seasoning involves stacking timber with spacers outside to dry slowly over time, while kiln seasoning uses controlled heat, air circulation and humidity in chambers to dry timber more quickly. Both methods aim to dry timber safely to around 22% moisture content for various applications. Moisture meters and weight measurements are used to monitor moisture content during and after seasoning. Seasoning causes timber to shrink and become stronger but can also lead to defects like shakes if not controlled properly.
Wood a detailed study
This document provides an overview of wood and trees. It discusses the structure and composition of wood. It also examines the life cycle of trees, tree identification, wood properties, commercial uses of wood, and classifications of trees and wood. The document concludes with sections on interior and exterior wood usage.
Timber as Building material
Building materials by
Sourav Zaman,
Lecturer
Department of Architecture
Northern University of Business and Technology
4. tree conversion
Tree conversion involves cutting down trees in winter and transporting logs to sawmills to be cut into boards. There are three main conversion methods: through and through sawing cuts logs parallel to the grain but can cause cupping; tangential sawing cuts at 90 degree angles to produce flame figured boards but are prone to shrinkage; quarter sawing cuts at 45 degree angles to produce stable boards with attractive grain for flooring but is the most expensive due to extra processing steps.
Timber
All about timber as a construction material, from conversion of wood, seasoning, defects, deterioration and preservation, and wood products
Defects in timber
This document defines and classifies various defects that can occur in wood. It discusses defects caused by natural forces like knots, shakes, and twisted fibers. It also covers defects caused by fungi like blue stain, brown rot, and white rot. Defects caused by insects such as beetles, marine borers, and termites are outlined. Finally, it examines defects from seasoning, conversion and manufacturing processes like wane, diagonal grain, and honeycombing. The document provides detailed descriptions and examples for each type of wood defect.
2. tree growth & structure
Trees grow from seeds or cuttings. Seeds germinate after being dispersed from the tree, developing roots and shoots. The seedling grows leaves and becomes a sapling. Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil which travel up through the xylem cells to the leaves. Leaves use photosynthesis to produce food from sunlight, water and carbon dioxide, releasing oxygen. Transpiration occurs through pores in leaves, releasing water vapor. Food travels down the tree through phloem cells as new layers of xylem and phloem are added through the cambium layer, making the tree grow taller and thicker.
30 fastenings & fixtures
This document discusses different types of fastenings and fixtures used in woodworking, including nails, hinges, screws, bolts, catches, and locks. It provides examples of different fasteners and fixtures and asks the reader to name or describe them. Questions cover topics like naming parts of screws, types of hinges, where certain fasteners would be used, and describing the purpose of fixtures like escutcheon plates and gate latches.
More Related Content
What's hot
Plywood
The document discusses the process of manufacturing plywood. It begins with logging operations such as debarking and cutting logs. The logs are then heated and sliced/peeled into veneers. Veneers are dried and laid up in alternating perpendicular layers, with glue spread between layers. The laid up assembly is pressed under heat and pressure to bond the layers. Plywood is then cut and finished, with applications including construction, furniture, flooring, and more. Benefits of plywood include uniform strength, dimensional stability, and efficient wood utilization, while disadvantages include susceptibility to water damage if unprotected.
Composite wood and Adhesives
The document discusses different types of composite wood and adhesives used in their production. It describes plywood, laminated wood, core boards, sandwich boards, fiber boards, and particle boards as the main forms of composite wood. It also discusses different adhesives used like phenol formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde, melanine formaldehyde, polymeric methylene-di-isocyanate, and bioadhesives; and their properties and applications. The document provides information on composite wood products and adhesives used in their manufacturing.
characteristics of wood
Wood is a hygroscopic, porous material produced as secondary xylem in tree stems. It is composed of cellulose, which provides strength, and lignin, which provides compression resistance. Wood is formed through secondary growth as trees increase in diameter each year by adding new woody layers between the existing wood and inner bark. Each year's growth results in growth rings, and over time the inner heartwood becomes resistant to decay while the outer sapwood remains vulnerable.
composite boards
This document discusses composite wood production and its importance. It begins by defining composite wood and its classification. It then outlines the objectives and methodology. Under findings and discussion, it describes different types of composite woods like plywood, particle board, fiber boards, laminated veneer lumber, block boards, core board, foam board, wafer board, oriented strand board, and hardboard. It notes that composite woods provide strength and stiffness while being light weight. Their importance includes better strength to weight and stiffness to weight ratios compared to metals. Limitations of composite woods are also acknowledged. The document recommends promoting forest-based composite wood industries in Nepal to efficiently utilize forest resources.
Wood defects-shakes and pitch pocket
This document discusses various wood defects including shakes and pitch pockets. Shakes are longitudinal cracks between annual growth rings that separate wood fibers, making the wood undesirable when appearance is important. The main types of shakes are star shakes, cup shakes, heart shakes, and ring shakes. Pitch pockets are planoconvex cavities confined within a single growth ring that form due to an excessive accumulation of resin in localized wood regions.
conversion of timber.pptx
There are three main methods for converting logs into boards: through and through sawing, tangential sawing, and quarter sawing. Through and through sawing cuts logs parallel to the grain, producing wide boards quickly but with potential for cupping. Tangential sawing cuts logs at an angle to the grain, producing stable boards with a flame figure but is more expensive. Quarter sawing cuts logs at a 45 degree angle to the growth rings, producing narrow boards that are very stable with an attractive grain but is the most expensive method.
Wood 101
Introduction
Properties
Types of natural wood
Types of artificial wood
How boards are made
Joints
Coatings
Wood movement
1.1 identification hard & softwoods
There are two main types of trees: deciduous and coniferous. Deciduous trees, also known as broadleaf or hardwood trees, lose their leaves in autumn and have large broad leaves. Coniferous trees, also known as softwood or needle-leaf trees, are evergreen and have needle-like leaves and cones bearing seeds. Common deciduous trees in Ireland include oak, ash, beech, sycamore, and elm while common coniferous trees include Scots pine, Douglas fir, Norway spruce, and Sitka spruce.
Physical properties and moisture relations of wood
This chapter discusses the physical properties of wood that are most relevant to designing wood products. It covers topics such as appearance, moisture content, shrinkage, weight/density, working qualities, and thermal/electrical properties. The key physical properties vary between wood species and can be influenced by variables like moisture content. Understanding the interaction between physical properties and wood performance is important for product development.
4 conversion of_timber
The document discusses different methods for converting logs into timber: plain sawn, quarter sawn, and rift sawn. Plain sawn involves cutting the log tangentially to the growth rings, while quarter sawn cuts perpendicular to the rings. Rift sawn cuts at an angle between 45-75 degrees. Each method has advantages - plain sawn wastes less material but can warp, while quarter and rift sawn are more dimensionally stable but waste more material. The summary identifies the key conversion methods and discusses their cutting angles and relative advantages.
11 conversion of timber
This document discusses different methods for converting logs into timber. It describes felling timber and transporting logs. It then explains four methods for converting logs: horizontal bandsaw, through and through sawing, quarter sawing, and tangential sawing. For each method, it provides the advantages and disadvantages. An exam question is included that asks the reader to name the conversion methods shown in diagrams, state the advantages and disadvantages of each, and determine which board shown is most likely to cup and why.
types of timber boards
Veneer, laminate, cement fiber board, and mineral fiber board are common construction and material options. Veneer is thin slices of wood glued to panels, available in raw, paper, or phenolic backed varieties. Laminates are bonded paper layers creating durable, decorative sheets. Cement fiber board uses cement, fibers, and cellulose for durability and moisture resistance. Mineral fiber board uses mineral wool and other materials for strength and noise reduction. Each has advantages for different applications like furniture, walls, or ceilings depending on thickness and properties.
Softwood and Hardwood
Hardwoods come from angiosperms and have broad leaves, while softwoods come from conifers and are needle-leaved. The key anatomical differences are that hardwoods have vessels (pores) and a greater diversity of cell types like fibers, rays, and parenchyma. Softwoods mainly consist of long tracheids that perform conductive and mechanical functions, along with some parenchyma cells. Rays are usually only one cell wide in softwoods, while softwoods also contain resin canals.
Chapter 7: Timber
This document discusses timber, including its sources, classification, identification, structure, defects, seasoning, preservation, and fireproofing. It covers the various types of timber based on mode of growth, modulus of elasticity, durability, seasoning characteristics, and grading. It also identifies common defects in timber such as knots, shakes, grains, and decay. Methods of seasoning, preservation, and fireproofing timber are outlined.
Seasoning of timber 2
Timber must be seasoned before use to reduce moisture content and improve stability. Seasoning is the controlled process of drying timber through natural air seasoning or kiln seasoning. Air seasoning involves stacking timber with spacers outside to dry slowly over time, while kiln seasoning uses controlled heat, air circulation and humidity in chambers to dry timber more quickly. Both methods aim to dry timber safely to around 22% moisture content for various applications. Moisture meters and weight measurements are used to monitor moisture content during and after seasoning. Seasoning causes timber to shrink and become stronger but can also lead to defects like shakes if not controlled properly.
Wood a detailed study
This document provides an overview of wood and trees. It discusses the structure and composition of wood. It also examines the life cycle of trees, tree identification, wood properties, commercial uses of wood, and classifications of trees and wood. The document concludes with sections on interior and exterior wood usage.
Timber as Building material
Building materials by
Sourav Zaman,
Lecturer
Department of Architecture
Northern University of Business and Technology
4. tree conversion
Tree conversion involves cutting down trees in winter and transporting logs to sawmills to be cut into boards. There are three main conversion methods: through and through sawing cuts logs parallel to the grain but can cause cupping; tangential sawing cuts at 90 degree angles to produce flame figured boards but are prone to shrinkage; quarter sawing cuts at 45 degree angles to produce stable boards with attractive grain for flooring but is the most expensive due to extra processing steps.
Timber
All about timber as a construction material, from conversion of wood, seasoning, defects, deterioration and preservation, and wood products
Defects in timber
This document defines and classifies various defects that can occur in wood. It discusses defects caused by natural forces like knots, shakes, and twisted fibers. It also covers defects caused by fungi like blue stain, brown rot, and white rot. Defects caused by insects such as beetles, marine borers, and termites are outlined. Finally, it examines defects from seasoning, conversion and manufacturing processes like wane, diagonal grain, and honeycombing. The document provides detailed descriptions and examples for each type of wood defect.
What's hot (20)
Physical properties and moisture relations of wood
Physical properties and moisture relations of wood
Viewers also liked
2. tree growth & structure
Trees grow from seeds or cuttings. Seeds germinate after being dispersed from the tree, developing roots and shoots. The seedling grows leaves and becomes a sapling. Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil which travel up through the xylem cells to the leaves. Leaves use photosynthesis to produce food from sunlight, water and carbon dioxide, releasing oxygen. Transpiration occurs through pores in leaves, releasing water vapor. Food travels down the tree through phloem cells as new layers of xylem and phloem are added through the cambium layer, making the tree grow taller and thicker.
30 fastenings & fixtures
This document discusses different types of fastenings and fixtures used in woodworking, including nails, hinges, screws, bolts, catches, and locks. It provides examples of different fasteners and fixtures and asks the reader to name or describe them. Questions cover topics like naming parts of screws, types of hinges, where certain fasteners would be used, and describing the purpose of fixtures like escutcheon plates and gate latches.
29 finishes
This document discusses different wood finishes. It begins by outlining the purposes of applying a finish to wood, which include protecting the wood from wear and tear, preventing decay, and enhancing the wood's appearance. It then describes the two main stages of finishing as surface preparation and application of the finish. A number of specific finishes are discussed such as paint, varnish, Danish oil, wax, and lacquer. Application steps are provided for several of these finishes.
14 wood preservation
Wood preservation involves protecting wood from insects, fungi, weathering and wear and tear. It prolongs the life of wood and prevents natural decay. The main types of wood preservatives are tar oil, water-borne and solvent-based preservatives. Tar oils are dark liquids made from coal tar that are toxic to fungi and insects. Water-borne preservatives use toxic salts and water that leave the salts in the wood after treatment. Solvent-based preservatives use toxic chemicals dissolved in solvents left in the wood after treatment. Pressure treatment is the most effective application method, forcing the preservative deep into the wood using pressure and vacuum.
15 manufactured boards
This document discusses various manufactured boards that are used as substitutes for solid wood. It describes how plywood is made by gluing thin wood veneers together in alternating 90 degree layers. Other manufactured boards mentioned include blockboard, pineboard/lamwood, oriented strand board (OSB), chipboard, medium density fibreboard (MDF), and hardboard. The document provides details on their manufacturing processes and advantages such as helping conserve forests, being economical alternatives that come in large uniform sizes and are stable.
26 veneering & inlay
This chapter discusses veneering and inlay techniques in woodworking. It covers topics such as using veneers to efficiently use expensive woods or cover large surfaces. Proper preparation of the groundwork and careful cutting, matching, and application of veneers is emphasized. Different patterns like borders, marquetry, parquetry and the use of inlay are also described. The chapter concludes with a short quiz to test the reader's understanding.
27 laminating scroll saw work & pyrography
This document discusses laminating wood, scroll saw work, and pyrography. Laminating involves gluing together thin wood strips or veneers to form thicker, stronger pieces that do not warp. The strips are softened with hot water and glued between a former and cramps to set the shape. Scroll saw work uses a scroll saw to cut intricate shapes from thin wood for pictures, puzzles, and inlay work. Pyrography is the art of wood burning, where a heated tool is used to burn images or symbols onto wood surfaces.
19 hand tools
The document is a chapter from a textbook about wood materials technology. It provides information about various hand tools used in woodworking, including their names, uses, and parts. It describes tools such as try squares, marking gauges, mortise gauges, saws, chisels, planes, drills, and hammers. It also discusses techniques like planing end grain and drilling holes in wood.
28 adhesives
This document discusses different types of adhesives used in woodworking. It describes various adhesives like PVA glue, epoxy resin, contact glue, superglue and hot melt glue. It explains their properties such as shelf life, pot life, closed assembly time, how they work through specific and mechanical adhesion. It provides guidance on using different adhesives for specific applications like veneering, bonding wood or metals.
18 plastics
The document discusses plastics and their uses. It describes the two main groups of plastics - thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics. Thermoplastics can be softened and reshaped multiple times by heating, while thermosetting plastics can only be shaped once as they permanently set after heating. The document provides examples of different types of plastics and outlines the steps for cutting, drilling, bending, and shaping acrylic using a strip heater and formers.
20 sharpening tools
This document discusses sharpening tools like chisels and planes. It explains that grinding is used to reshape a blade when it is worn down, damaged, or incorrectly sharpened. Sharpening involves using sharpening stones like an oilstone or honing stone to hone the blade back to a fine cutting edge. The correct grinding angle is 25 degrees while the sharpening angle is 30 degrees. Sharpening saws involves filing the teeth level and using a saw set to bend every second tooth to ensure the blade cuts properly.
02 health safety
This document outlines safety guidelines for working in a wood workshop. It emphasizes keeping the work area tidy, following instructions, asking questions if unsure, and walking carefully. When using tools, one should carry them safely, wear protective equipment like eye protection and dust masks, work slowly when learning, and keep hands away from cutting edges. Many injuries occur to hands, so being careful with tools like chisels is important. The document also covers safely handling materials, reading safety signs, using personal protective equipment, precautions for power tools like removing loose clothing, and safety features of the workshop like emergency stops and machine guards.
25 turning
The document discusses woodturning techniques and safety, describing the parts of the lathe like the headstock, tailstock, and tool rest. It explains different types of turning like between centers or with a faceplate. Various woodturning tools are also outlined such as gouges, skews, and parting tools that can be used to create shapes.
17 metals
This document discusses different types of metals used in materials technology. It describes ferrous metals like iron and steel that contain iron, and non-ferrous metals like aluminum, copper, zinc, and lead that contain no iron. Alloys are mixtures of two or more metals, such as brass which is a copper-zinc alloy and bronze which is a copper-tin alloy. The document also mentions tools like files that are used to shape and smooth the edges of metals.
23 joints
This document discusses different types of wood joints used in furniture and woodworking. It describes various butt, edge, halving, housing, bridle, finger, mortise and tenon, dovetail, screw, plug, block, mitre, and dowel joints. Each joint type has different strengths and suitable applications. The document provides examples of describing suitable joints for joining furniture parts like table rails and legs or shelf units. It also includes a quiz to test the reader's knowledge of different joint names and parts.
06 project report
This document provides guidance on writing a project report for a materials technology course. It outlines the key sections to include: analysis of the design brief, research on materials and existing solutions, development of design ideas and sketches, working drawings, description of the manufacturing process, and evaluation of the final project. Tips are provided such as getting an early start, using sketches and color, and keeping materials neat and organized. The sections are exemplified using a sample project report for a table lamp.
03 sketching
This chapter discusses sketching techniques for technical drawings. It recommends using light lines first to establish proportions before adding heavier lines. It covers sketching in 2D and 3D, including using parallel lines, grids, and light boxes to help show curves and proportions. Shading, texture, color and worksheets are also presented to enhance sketches. The goal is to produce fair sketches, not perfect renderings, to effectively communicate ideas.
Explain The Life Cycle Of A Tree
Trees go through a life cycle starting as a seed that grows into a seedling and then a tree. As a tree it will grow flowers that become fruit. There are over 100,000 types of trees worldwide. Trees are plants as they do not move and get their food through photosynthesis rather than hunting for it like animals. Trees can grow in many places including forests, jungles, backyards and parks as long as they have sun, soil, water and a warm environment. Their bark protects the inside and trees stand upright due to their strong root system.
22 machines
This document discusses various woodworking machines and safety precautions for their use. It provides information on the scroll saw for decorative curved work and cutting veneers. Safety precautions listed for scroll saw use include always wearing eye protection and keeping guards in place. The band saw is mentioned as having an emergency stop switch, adjustable blade, and lockable blade access door. The function of the rip fence on a table saw is described as guiding pieces for cutting to width and making parallel cuts. Safety precautions are given for the mortising machine, pillar drill, disc and belt sander.
04 drawing
This document discusses different types of technical drawings used in materials technology. It covers topics such as using different pencils for lighter and darker lines in drawings, including measurements and scales to allow objects to be reproduced accurately. Orthographic projections show all views of an object, including elevations, plans and end views. Sections are used to show cut views and internal details clearly. Pictorial drawings like isometric drawings represent 3D objects in 2D and include techniques for constructing dimension lines. Worksheets are provided as examples for practice adding dimensions to drawings.
Viewers also liked (20)
Similar to 09 how trees grow
Botany 101b
This document provides an overview of plant botany, defining key terms like trees, shrubs, herbs, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. It describes the structures and functions of plant parts, including stems, leaves, buds, roots, and reproductive parts. It also covers processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration, as well as environmental factors that influence plant growth like light, temperature, water, humidity, and nutrients.
Cross section of a tree
The document describes the different parts of a tree's cross-section and their functions. It identifies the pith, medullary rays, heartwood, annual growth rings, cambium layer, sapwood, phloem, and bark. The cambium layer adds new xylem and phloem each year, forming growth rings. The sapwood transports water and minerals upwards, while the phloem acts as the food supply line transporting sap downwards from the leaves. The bark protects the tree from injury, disease, and browsing animals.
Plants
Fungi are multicellular organisms that are not closely related to plants or animals. They break down organic matter as decomposers and can also feed on plants and animals. Plants evolved from algae and developed vascular tissue, roots, stems and leaves to adapt to life on land. They reproduce using alternation of generations between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes. Angiosperms are the most abundant group of plants and reproduce using flowers and seeds. Plant tissues include epidermis, ground tissue and vascular tissue which transports water and nutrients.
Basic_Botany.ppt
This document provides an overview of basic botany and plant physiology concepts for home gardeners. It covers plant parts and their functions, including stems, leaves, buds, roots, and flowers. It also discusses environmental factors that affect plant growth such as temperature, light, and water. The goal is to develop an understanding of these topics and apply it to home gardening. Key plant structures and processes are defined, such as vascular tissue, photosynthesis, and the roles of different plant parts.
Root anatomy
There are two main types of root systems: taproot systems and fibrous root systems. A taproot system features a primary taproot that grows downward deep into the soil, with many smaller secondary roots branching out from it. A fibrous root system lacks a dominant taproot and instead comprises many similar-sized primary and secondary roots that spread close to the soil surface. Roots have several key functions: to absorb water and minerals, anchor the plant, and store food produced by the leaves. The root tip contains cells called the apical meristem where new cells are produced, and is protected by the root cap. [END SUMMARY]
Stems by pooja
Stems have several functions including supporting leaves, flowers, and fruits; transporting water and nutrients between roots and leaves; and storing food and water. Stems originate from the seed embryo and can be herbaceous or woody. They have external features like nodes and internodes and internal structures including the epidermis, cortex, vascular bundles, pith, and meristems. Stems also show primary and secondary growth. Some stems have specialized structures for storage, protection, or photosynthesis.
Introduction to Froestry
This document discusses forests and their importance. It covers the definition of a forest, the various benefits forests provide including economic, environmental, and social benefits. It also discusses the major parts of a tree - roots, trunk, and crown - and their functions. Key chemical processes within trees like photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration are explained. The document also covers forest reproduction through seeds and vegetatively. National policies around forest and wildlife conservation in the US are summarized.
Tree Anatomy – Roots, Shoots & Leaves
This document provides an overview of tree biology, focusing on the structures and functions of roots, stems, leaves, and the transport systems within trees. It defines key terminology and covers topics like photosynthesis, transpiration, tree growth, and defense mechanisms like compartmentalization. The document is intended to teach the basic anatomy and physiology of trees to tree stewards.
Chapter 9-Plants
Plants range in size from microscopic to huge redwood trees. They vary in where they grow from polar regions to hot deserts. Plant cells contain structures like cell walls, chloroplasts, and a vacuole that distinguish them from animal and bacterial cells. Plants are believed to have evolved from green algae in the sea around 420 million years ago. They adapted to land through structures like a waxy cuticle and the development of seeds for reproduction on land. Plants are classified as vascular or nonvascular, with vascular plants having transport tissues.
Plant parts A Presentation By Mr. Allah dad Khan Visiting Professor the Univ...
Plant parts A Presentation By Mr. Allah dad Khan Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar allahdad52@gmail.com
Plant anatomy presentation
This document provides an overview of plant anatomy, focusing on the four basic plant parts - leaves, stems, roots, and flowers. It describes the structures and functions of each part in detail. For leaves, it outlines the tissues of the leaf including the epidermis, mesophyll layer, and vascular bundles. For stems, it discusses external structures, internal structures of monocots and dicots, and specialized stem types. It also defines the different types of roots and their internal and external parts. Finally, it examines the structures and types of flowers.
LearnAndPlay_Lesson_Trees.pdf
This document provides information about Shelby Farms Park, the largest urban park in the United States at 4,500 acres. It discusses the park's trails, lakes, and wildlife. It also introduces the Shelby Farms Park Conservancy nonprofit that manages the park. The rest of the document describes the key parts of trees, the process of photosynthesis, and the differences between deciduous and coniferous trees. Visitors to Shelby Farms Park can see many local tree species on the park's trails.
Plant adaptations
Plants have a variety of adaptations to survive in different environments. Desert plants like cacti store water in their stems and have waxy coatings to reduce water loss. Grassland plants like prairie grasses have deep roots to absorb water and narrow leaves to lose less water. Forest trees vary by region - tropical trees have buttresses and shallow roots, deciduous trees drop leaves in winter and have broad leaves in summer, coniferous trees have needle-like waxy leaves and shed snow well. Tundra plants are low-growing and clump together to conserve heat in the harsh climate. Overall, plant adaptations allow them to obtain resources and protect themselves based on their environmental conditions.
Dendrochronology jaspreet
Dendrochronology is the study of tree rings to determine a tree's age and learn about past climate conditions. It works by matching patterns of wide and narrow tree rings between core samples from the same tree and across different trees. This technique, called crossdating, allows scientists to assign exact years to each tree ring. Dendrochronology reveals that tree growth and ring patterns correlate with climate - trees grow better rings in warm, wet conditions and poorer rings when cold and dry. Only trees in temperate zones exhibit clear annual growth rings due to seasonal climate changes.
Plant anatomy & physiology
This document summarizes plant anatomy and physiology, focusing on the four basic parts of plants - leaves, stems, roots, and flowers. It describes the structures and functions of each part in detail, including tissues of the leaf like the epidermis, mesophyll layer, and vascular bundles. It also discusses specialized stem structures like bulbs, tubers, and rhizomes. The summary provides an overview of the key components and processes in plant anatomy.
A presentation on different plants form and functions of avijit chowdhury&nil...
The document describes the different parts of a plant. It defines shrubs, herbs, and trees based on their stem characteristics. It explains that plants have a root system underground and a shoot system above ground. The root system includes tap roots, fibrous roots, and prop roots. The shoot system contains stems, leaves, nodes, internodes, buds, flowers, and fruits. It provides details on each of these parts, including their functions and characteristics.
Unit 4 the plant kingdom
The document discusses flowering and non-flowering plants. Flowering plants, like apple and cherry trees, reproduce sexually through flowers and seeds contained in fruits. Non-flowering plants like ferns and mosses reproduce asexually through spores. Gymnosperms are also flowering plants but have small flowers and cones instead of fruits. The document also describes the key parts of plants - roots that take in water and minerals, stems that provide structure and transport nutrients, and leaves that perform photosynthesis to produce food.
Plant adaptations (teach)
The document summarizes many plant adaptations based on their environmental conditions. It discusses how desert plants store water and reduce water loss through waxy coatings, spines, and deep root systems. Grassland plants like those in savannas and prairies extend roots deep into the ground and have narrow leaves. Forest plants vary by region - tropical rainforest trees have buttresses and stilt roots, deciduous trees drop leaves, and coniferous trees have needle-like waxy leaves and shed snow well. Tundra plants are low-growing and have shallow roots to survive the harsh Arctic conditions. Overall, the document shows how plants have remarkably adapted to their environments to obtain water, sunlight, and reproduce.
plants
This document provides an overview of plant characteristics and classification. It discusses the key parts and processes of seed plants including angiosperms and gymnosperms. Seed plants are classified into gymnosperms, which produce naked seeds, and angiosperms, which produce seeds within fruits. Angiosperms undergo pollination and fertilization to produce seeds which are then dispersed by fruits. This allows for sexual reproduction through cross-pollination and asexual reproduction through vegetative propagation. Seed plants are essential to humans and ecosystems.
Plant Organs
Plant organs include roots, stems, and leaves which are composed of tissues and serve specific functions. Roots function to anchor plants, absorb water and minerals, store food, and conduct fluids. Stems provide support, transport water and nutrients, and can store food. Leaves capture sunlight for photosynthesis. Flowers evolve from stems and leaves and produce fruits containing seeds.
Similar to 09 how trees grow (20)
Plant parts A Presentation By Mr. Allah dad Khan Visiting Professor the Univ...
Plant parts A Presentation By Mr. Allah dad Khan Visiting Professor the Univ...
A presentation on different plants form and functions of avijit chowdhury&nil...
A presentation on different plants form and functions of avijit chowdhury&nil...
Recently uploaded
CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN TẬP VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN CÂU HỎI TRONG ĐỀ MINH HỌA THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT ...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN TẬP VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN CÂU HỎI TRONG ĐỀ MINH HỌA THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/qspvswamcohjtbvbbhjad04lg65waylfA Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two Hearts
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
How to Fix [Errno 98] address already in use
This slide will represent the cause of the error “[Errno 98] address already in use” and the troubleshooting steps to resolve this error in Odoo.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation results
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف أحرف الخلاف للقراء العشرةأعد أحرف الخلاف بالتلوين وصلا سمير بسيوني غفر الله له
How to Predict Vendor Bill Product in Odoo 17
This slide will guide us through the process of predicting vendor bill products based on previous purchases from the vendor in Odoo 17.
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Physical pharmaceutics notes for B.pharm students
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
Geography as discipline
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptx
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
NIPER 2024 MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS.ANSWERS TO NIPER 2024 QUESTIONS.NIPER JEE 2...
NIPER JEE PYQ
NIPER JEE QUESTIONS
MOST FREQUENTLY ASK QUESTIONS
NIPER MEMORY BASED QUWSTIONS
Recently uploaded (20)
SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN TẬP VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN CÂU HỎI TRONG ĐỀ MINH HỌA THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT ...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN TẬP VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN CÂU HỎI TRONG ĐỀ MINH HỌA THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT ...
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptx
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptx
NIPER 2024 MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS.ANSWERS TO NIPER 2024 QUESTIONS.NIPER JEE 2...
NIPER 2024 MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS.ANSWERS TO NIPER 2024 QUESTIONS.NIPER JEE 2...
09 how trees grow
- 2. Chapter 9 How Trees Grow
- 3. Parts of a tree Leaves Branches Trunk Roots
- 4. Function of various parts Roots - anchor the tree and absorb moisture and minerals from the soil, and protect the tree from weather insects and animal attack. Trunk - supports the branches and is the main source of wood we use Bark - protects the wood on the inside from attack Leaves - used to produce food for the tree to grow
- 5. Photosynthesis Green colouring in leaves is called chlorophyll Sun shines on chlorophyll in presence of CO2 + H2O causes a chemical reaction called Photosynthesis to occur Photosynthesis produces glucose (food for the tree) and oxygen
- 7. Transpiration Transpiration is the loss of water from the leaves by evaporation Transpiration is where Carbon Dioxide is taken from the air by the leaves, the leaves give out oxygen. It occurs through tiny pores called stomata found on the underside of leaves When there is little water available in the soil the stomata closes
- 8. Stages of growth of the young tree Seed germinates Shoot grows to the surface Root grows down into the soil Seedling develops roots and leaves Seedling grows into a sapling
- 9. Annual rings Annual rings show the age of the tree – 1 ring per year − spring/summer = rapid growth & larger cells − autumn/winter = slower growth & smaller cells
- 10. Parts of the trunk
- 11. Bast: A thin moist layer of inner bark New bark cells are produced as the old cells die off Cambium layer: This is a layer of cells under the bark. This is where the growth of the tree occurs Each year the cells are added to the outside of the tree forming a growth ring. Sapwood As the tree grows layers of cells are added to the sapwood It is light coloured wood in the trunk outside the heartwood
- 12. Heartwood Darker colour than sapwood Found beside the pith close to the centre of the tree Provides support for the tree Heartwood is more durable and resistant to fungal and insect attack than sapwood Pith Pith is found in the centre of the trunk and is made up of original sapling cells
- 13. What is the name given to the darker wood in the centre of the trunk? − The heartwood
- 14. The living tree Name the processes occurring in a tree − Photosynthesis − Transpiration