07 wood
•Download as PPT, PDF•
1 like•1,614 views
Trees release oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide, helping to clean the air. Tropical rainforests are important carbon sinks. Wood has many benefits and uses, including as a renewable fuel, habitat for wildlife, and raw material for paper, cardboard, and timber. There are natural and planted forests with different types like tropical and coniferous. Deforestation is causing environmental problems but can be reduced by sustainable forest management and using alternatives to solid tropical hardwoods.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
09 how trees grow
This document discusses how trees grow. It describes the key parts of a tree including leaves, branches, trunk and roots. It then explains the functions of these parts, such as roots absorbing water and minerals from the soil. It details the processes of photosynthesis, where leaves use sunlight to produce food, and transpiration, where leaves release water vapor. It outlines the stages of growth from a seed germinating to becoming a sapling. Annual growth rings are formed that show the tree's age. The internal structure of the trunk is also described including the bark, cambium layer, sapwood and heartwood.
13 diseases
This document discusses defects and diseases that can occur in wood. It describes natural defects like knots, resin pockets, shakes and waney edges that form during tree growth. It also covers artificial defects such as cupping, bowing, twisting and end splitting caused by improper drying. Fungal diseases and insect pests that damage wood are also examined, along with conditions needed for decay. The life cycles of fungi and boring insects are detailed.
Composite wood and Adhesives
The document discusses different types of composite wood and adhesives used in their production. It describes plywood, laminated wood, core boards, sandwich boards, fiber boards, and particle boards as the main forms of composite wood. It also discusses different adhesives used like phenol formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde, melanine formaldehyde, polymeric methylene-di-isocyanate, and bioadhesives; and their properties and applications. The document provides information on composite wood products and adhesives used in their manufacturing.
Wood defects-shakes and pitch pocket
This document discusses various wood defects including shakes and pitch pockets. Shakes are longitudinal cracks between annual growth rings that separate wood fibers, making the wood undesirable when appearance is important. The main types of shakes are star shakes, cup shakes, heart shakes, and ring shakes. Pitch pockets are planoconvex cavities confined within a single growth ring that form due to an excessive accumulation of resin in localized wood regions.
4 conversion of_timber
The document discusses different methods for converting logs into timber: plain sawn, quarter sawn, and rift sawn. Plain sawn involves cutting the log tangentially to the growth rings, while quarter sawn cuts perpendicular to the rings. Rift sawn cuts at an angle between 45-75 degrees. Each method has advantages - plain sawn wastes less material but can warp, while quarter and rift sawn are more dimensionally stable but waste more material. The summary identifies the key conversion methods and discusses their cutting angles and relative advantages.
Defects in wood
Defects in wood can lower its value and affect its strength, working qualities, and appearance. There are three main types of defects:
1. Natural defects that develop in the living tree or after felling, such as knots, reaction wood, compression wood, and grain defects.
2. Seasoning defects caused during drying, including warping, checking, collapse, and honeycombing due to uneven shrinkage.
3. Defects from conversion like chip marks, torn grain, and waney edges from tool marks or bark left on during processing. Proper drying and processing helps control defects for optimal wood quality and performance.
Wood Seasoning
Seasoning : Definition/Types/Behavior of wood on seasoning/Stacking timber /Seasoning sheds and kilns/Compartment and progressive kilns
12 seasoning
The document discusses seasoning wood. There are two main methods of seasoning timber: natural (air) seasoning and artificial (kiln) drying. Air seasoning is a slower process that relies on outdoor weather conditions, while kiln drying allows for faster, controlled drying in an indoor oven-like chamber. The goal of seasoning is to reduce wood's moisture content below 20% to prevent rot and make it easier to work with.
Recommended
09 how trees grow
This document discusses how trees grow. It describes the key parts of a tree including leaves, branches, trunk and roots. It then explains the functions of these parts, such as roots absorbing water and minerals from the soil. It details the processes of photosynthesis, where leaves use sunlight to produce food, and transpiration, where leaves release water vapor. It outlines the stages of growth from a seed germinating to becoming a sapling. Annual growth rings are formed that show the tree's age. The internal structure of the trunk is also described including the bark, cambium layer, sapwood and heartwood.
13 diseases
This document discusses defects and diseases that can occur in wood. It describes natural defects like knots, resin pockets, shakes and waney edges that form during tree growth. It also covers artificial defects such as cupping, bowing, twisting and end splitting caused by improper drying. Fungal diseases and insect pests that damage wood are also examined, along with conditions needed for decay. The life cycles of fungi and boring insects are detailed.
Composite wood and Adhesives
The document discusses different types of composite wood and adhesives used in their production. It describes plywood, laminated wood, core boards, sandwich boards, fiber boards, and particle boards as the main forms of composite wood. It also discusses different adhesives used like phenol formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde, melanine formaldehyde, polymeric methylene-di-isocyanate, and bioadhesives; and their properties and applications. The document provides information on composite wood products and adhesives used in their manufacturing.
Wood defects-shakes and pitch pocket
This document discusses various wood defects including shakes and pitch pockets. Shakes are longitudinal cracks between annual growth rings that separate wood fibers, making the wood undesirable when appearance is important. The main types of shakes are star shakes, cup shakes, heart shakes, and ring shakes. Pitch pockets are planoconvex cavities confined within a single growth ring that form due to an excessive accumulation of resin in localized wood regions.
4 conversion of_timber
The document discusses different methods for converting logs into timber: plain sawn, quarter sawn, and rift sawn. Plain sawn involves cutting the log tangentially to the growth rings, while quarter sawn cuts perpendicular to the rings. Rift sawn cuts at an angle between 45-75 degrees. Each method has advantages - plain sawn wastes less material but can warp, while quarter and rift sawn are more dimensionally stable but waste more material. The summary identifies the key conversion methods and discusses their cutting angles and relative advantages.
Defects in wood
Defects in wood can lower its value and affect its strength, working qualities, and appearance. There are three main types of defects:
1. Natural defects that develop in the living tree or after felling, such as knots, reaction wood, compression wood, and grain defects.
2. Seasoning defects caused during drying, including warping, checking, collapse, and honeycombing due to uneven shrinkage.
3. Defects from conversion like chip marks, torn grain, and waney edges from tool marks or bark left on during processing. Proper drying and processing helps control defects for optimal wood quality and performance.
Wood Seasoning
Seasoning : Definition/Types/Behavior of wood on seasoning/Stacking timber /Seasoning sheds and kilns/Compartment and progressive kilns
12 seasoning
The document discusses seasoning wood. There are two main methods of seasoning timber: natural (air) seasoning and artificial (kiln) drying. Air seasoning is a slower process that relies on outdoor weather conditions, while kiln drying allows for faster, controlled drying in an indoor oven-like chamber. The goal of seasoning is to reduce wood's moisture content below 20% to prevent rot and make it easier to work with.
Timber ppt-1
This document discusses various topics related to timber, including:
- Definitions of timber, wood, and lumber
- Classification of trees as endogenous or exogenous
- Seasoning of timber through natural, kiln, chemical, or electric methods
- Common uses of timber in construction and manufacturing
- Defects in timber like heart shakes, star shakes, and knots
- Deterioration of timber through decay, insects, and fire
- Methods of preserving timber through oily and water-soluble preservatives applied by painting, dipping, or pressure processes
Saw Mill
A sawmill is a facility that cuts logs into lumber. There are different types of sawmills classified by their layout and size, including band sawmills, circular sawmills, and gang sawmills. Sawmills are also classified as permanent or portable. Permanent sawmills are near cities while portable sawmills can be moved based on timber supply. Composite wood products like plywood and particle board are manufactured to overcome weaknesses in natural wood like knots and grain patterns. They are made by bonding wood fibers, flakes, or veneers under heat and pressure. These composite woods find use in construction, furniture, and other applications.
The Material Wood
This document provides an overview of wood as a construction material, including its properties, types of wood, lumber production processes, engineered wood products, and fasteners. It discusses the qualities and composition of wood, softwoods and hardwoods, lumber grading and sizing, drying and surfacing methods, and common uses of wood in construction such as framing, sheathing, and trim. Engineered wood products like glulam, I-joists, and wood trusses are also summarized.
08 types of tree
This document discusses different types of trees. It describes two main groups: coniferous and deciduous trees. Coniferous trees are softwoods that have needle-like leaves and remain green year-round, while deciduous trees are hardwoods that lose their broad leaves in autumn. Several deciduous trees are then outlined, including oak, ash, birch, and beech, along with their features and common uses for their wood. Coniferous trees such as Scots pine, Douglas fir, and Sitka spruce are also described. The document concludes with a brief overview of timber regions around the world.
Wood working basics and shrinkage types
The document describes tree anatomy and the process of turning trees into lumber. It discusses the different layers that make up a tree, from the outer bark to the inner heartwood. It explains how trees grow in annual growth rings and how lumber is cut from logs. The document also covers lumber grading, defects, seasoning, shrinkage, and common wood products like glulam beams.
28 adhesives
This document discusses different types of adhesives used in woodworking. It describes various adhesives like PVA glue, epoxy resin, contact glue, superglue and hot melt glue. It explains their properties such as shelf life, pot life, closed assembly time, how they work through specific and mechanical adhesion. It provides guidance on using different adhesives for specific applications like veneering, bonding wood or metals.
Mechanical properties of wood
This document defines and describes the various mechanical properties of wood, including stiffness, tensile strength, compressive strength, shearing strength, bending strength, toughness, hardness, cleavability, and resilience. It provides details on how each property is measured and how it impacts the performance and uses of wood. The properties consider how wood resists both internal and external forces acting parallel or perpendicular to the wood grain.
Presentación curso Dasometría
Este documento presenta información sobre dasometría e inventario forestal. Introduce los conceptos y objetivos de la dasometría, que incluye la medición de árboles individuales y masas forestales. También explica los principales métodos de inventario forestal como el muestreo y la planificación del inventario. Finalmente, cubre temas relacionados con la ordenación de montes como los objetivos y métodos de ordenación de masas arboladas.
26 veneering & inlay
This chapter discusses veneering and inlay techniques in woodworking. It covers topics such as using veneers to efficiently use expensive woods or cover large surfaces. Proper preparation of the groundwork and careful cutting, matching, and application of veneers is emphasized. Different patterns like borders, marquetry, parquetry and the use of inlay are also described. The chapter concludes with a short quiz to test the reader's understanding.
Chapter 10 the role of extended rotations
This document discusses the role of extended forest rotations. It argues that shortening rotations has reduced forest productivity and restricted management options. Extended rotations, along with thinning, can improve wood quality, wildlife habitat, and other values. While extended rotations may increase long-term timber supply, a balanced mix of stand ages is needed to meet various objectives. Shifting some areas to longer rotations could help address current problems and conflicts in forest management.
14 wood preservation
Wood preservation involves protecting wood from insects, fungi, weathering and wear and tear. It prolongs the life of wood and prevents natural decay. The main types of wood preservatives are tar oil, water-borne and solvent-based preservatives. Tar oils are dark liquids made from coal tar that are toxic to fungi and insects. Water-borne preservatives use toxic salts and water that leave the salts in the wood after treatment. Solvent-based preservatives use toxic chemicals dissolved in solvents left in the wood after treatment. Pressure treatment is the most effective application method, forcing the preservative deep into the wood using pressure and vacuum.
11 conversion of timber
This document discusses different methods for converting logs into timber. It describes felling timber and transporting logs. It then explains four methods for converting logs: horizontal bandsaw, through and through sawing, quarter sawing, and tangential sawing. For each method, it provides the advantages and disadvantages. An exam question is included that asks the reader to name the conversion methods shown in diagrams, state the advantages and disadvantages of each, and determine which board shown is most likely to cup and why.
Physical Properties of Wood
This document discusses the physical properties of wood, focusing on how these properties are determined by wood's structural organization and composition. It covers several key physical properties in detail, including moisture content and its relationship to wood behavior, density and specific gravity, dimensional changes related to moisture movement, and thermal properties like conductivity and expansion. The properties discussed are influenced by factors like grain direction, moisture content, density, and wood microstructure.
NATURAL WOOD.
1. Wood is a natural material composed mainly of cellulose that is used widely in building, tools, vehicles, and decorative objects. It is composed of fibers that transport water and provide mechanical strength.
2. There are various terms used to describe wood depending on its application, such as carpentry, timbering, joinery, and cabinetry. Knots will affect the properties of sawn wood.
3. The density, strength, and other properties of wood vary depending on factors like species, moisture content, and processing. Both hardwoods and softwoods have distinct characteristics and applications.
4. tree conversion
Tree conversion involves cutting down trees in winter and transporting logs to sawmills to be cut into boards. There are three main conversion methods: through and through sawing cuts logs parallel to the grain but can cause cupping; tangential sawing cuts at 90 degree angles to produce flame figured boards but are prone to shrinkage; quarter sawing cuts at 45 degree angles to produce stable boards with attractive grain for flooring but is the most expensive due to extra processing steps.
Updated summer tree id practice cyber
This document provides an overview of tree identification techniques. It discusses using features such as leaves, bark, location, shape, size, and twigs to identify trees. Specific identification terminology for leaves is defined, including types such as simple, compound, margins, and arrangements. Common tree identification features like fruits, shapes, and buds are also outlined. The document concludes with examples walking through identifying tree species using dichotomous keys focused on leaf features.
Defect and decay in woods
This document discusses various types of defects that can occur in wood, including natural defects caused by factors like fire scars, insect damage, or fungal growth. It also describes defects that can arise during the processing of wood, such as machine burns or miscuts. Several types of decay caused by fungi are outlined, including brown decay, white decay, and soft decay. The document provides examples of different fungi that can cause decay and notes environmental factors that influence decay.
Types of wood.pdf
The document discusses various types of construction materials, focusing on natural wood and engineered wood. It describes hardwoods and softwoods, providing examples of common types of wood like oak, maple, pine and cedar. It then discusses how overexploitation of natural wood led to the development of engineered wood products like plywood, blockboard, veneers, laminates, particle board, medium density fiberboard, and high density fiberboard. These composite materials are manufactured by binding wood fibers, particles or veneers together under heat and pressure.
types of commercial Timber
This document provides information about various types of timber and timber products. It begins by listing various types of trees and their characteristics, locations found, and common uses. It then describes different timber products including plywood, laminates, veneers, blockboards, particle boards, and fiber boards. For each product, it discusses the manufacturing process, types, properties, advantages, disadvantages, and market rates. The document provides a detailed overview of different timber sources and products used in interior design and construction.
03 sketching
This chapter discusses sketching techniques for technical drawings. It recommends using light lines first to establish proportions before adding heavier lines. It covers sketching in 2D and 3D, including using parallel lines, grids, and light boxes to help show curves and proportions. Shading, texture, color and worksheets are also presented to enhance sketches. The goal is to produce fair sketches, not perfect renderings, to effectively communicate ideas.
06 project report
This document provides guidance on writing a project report for a materials technology course. It outlines the key sections to include: analysis of the design brief, research on materials and existing solutions, development of design ideas and sketches, working drawings, description of the manufacturing process, and evaluation of the final project. Tips are provided such as getting an early start, using sketches and color, and keeping materials neat and organized. The sections are exemplified using a sample project report for a table lamp.
More Related Content
What's hot
Timber ppt-1
This document discusses various topics related to timber, including:
- Definitions of timber, wood, and lumber
- Classification of trees as endogenous or exogenous
- Seasoning of timber through natural, kiln, chemical, or electric methods
- Common uses of timber in construction and manufacturing
- Defects in timber like heart shakes, star shakes, and knots
- Deterioration of timber through decay, insects, and fire
- Methods of preserving timber through oily and water-soluble preservatives applied by painting, dipping, or pressure processes
Saw Mill
A sawmill is a facility that cuts logs into lumber. There are different types of sawmills classified by their layout and size, including band sawmills, circular sawmills, and gang sawmills. Sawmills are also classified as permanent or portable. Permanent sawmills are near cities while portable sawmills can be moved based on timber supply. Composite wood products like plywood and particle board are manufactured to overcome weaknesses in natural wood like knots and grain patterns. They are made by bonding wood fibers, flakes, or veneers under heat and pressure. These composite woods find use in construction, furniture, and other applications.
The Material Wood
This document provides an overview of wood as a construction material, including its properties, types of wood, lumber production processes, engineered wood products, and fasteners. It discusses the qualities and composition of wood, softwoods and hardwoods, lumber grading and sizing, drying and surfacing methods, and common uses of wood in construction such as framing, sheathing, and trim. Engineered wood products like glulam, I-joists, and wood trusses are also summarized.
08 types of tree
This document discusses different types of trees. It describes two main groups: coniferous and deciduous trees. Coniferous trees are softwoods that have needle-like leaves and remain green year-round, while deciduous trees are hardwoods that lose their broad leaves in autumn. Several deciduous trees are then outlined, including oak, ash, birch, and beech, along with their features and common uses for their wood. Coniferous trees such as Scots pine, Douglas fir, and Sitka spruce are also described. The document concludes with a brief overview of timber regions around the world.
Wood working basics and shrinkage types
The document describes tree anatomy and the process of turning trees into lumber. It discusses the different layers that make up a tree, from the outer bark to the inner heartwood. It explains how trees grow in annual growth rings and how lumber is cut from logs. The document also covers lumber grading, defects, seasoning, shrinkage, and common wood products like glulam beams.
28 adhesives
This document discusses different types of adhesives used in woodworking. It describes various adhesives like PVA glue, epoxy resin, contact glue, superglue and hot melt glue. It explains their properties such as shelf life, pot life, closed assembly time, how they work through specific and mechanical adhesion. It provides guidance on using different adhesives for specific applications like veneering, bonding wood or metals.
Mechanical properties of wood
This document defines and describes the various mechanical properties of wood, including stiffness, tensile strength, compressive strength, shearing strength, bending strength, toughness, hardness, cleavability, and resilience. It provides details on how each property is measured and how it impacts the performance and uses of wood. The properties consider how wood resists both internal and external forces acting parallel or perpendicular to the wood grain.
Presentación curso Dasometría
Este documento presenta información sobre dasometría e inventario forestal. Introduce los conceptos y objetivos de la dasometría, que incluye la medición de árboles individuales y masas forestales. También explica los principales métodos de inventario forestal como el muestreo y la planificación del inventario. Finalmente, cubre temas relacionados con la ordenación de montes como los objetivos y métodos de ordenación de masas arboladas.
26 veneering & inlay
This chapter discusses veneering and inlay techniques in woodworking. It covers topics such as using veneers to efficiently use expensive woods or cover large surfaces. Proper preparation of the groundwork and careful cutting, matching, and application of veneers is emphasized. Different patterns like borders, marquetry, parquetry and the use of inlay are also described. The chapter concludes with a short quiz to test the reader's understanding.
Chapter 10 the role of extended rotations
This document discusses the role of extended forest rotations. It argues that shortening rotations has reduced forest productivity and restricted management options. Extended rotations, along with thinning, can improve wood quality, wildlife habitat, and other values. While extended rotations may increase long-term timber supply, a balanced mix of stand ages is needed to meet various objectives. Shifting some areas to longer rotations could help address current problems and conflicts in forest management.
14 wood preservation
Wood preservation involves protecting wood from insects, fungi, weathering and wear and tear. It prolongs the life of wood and prevents natural decay. The main types of wood preservatives are tar oil, water-borne and solvent-based preservatives. Tar oils are dark liquids made from coal tar that are toxic to fungi and insects. Water-borne preservatives use toxic salts and water that leave the salts in the wood after treatment. Solvent-based preservatives use toxic chemicals dissolved in solvents left in the wood after treatment. Pressure treatment is the most effective application method, forcing the preservative deep into the wood using pressure and vacuum.
11 conversion of timber
This document discusses different methods for converting logs into timber. It describes felling timber and transporting logs. It then explains four methods for converting logs: horizontal bandsaw, through and through sawing, quarter sawing, and tangential sawing. For each method, it provides the advantages and disadvantages. An exam question is included that asks the reader to name the conversion methods shown in diagrams, state the advantages and disadvantages of each, and determine which board shown is most likely to cup and why.
Physical Properties of Wood
This document discusses the physical properties of wood, focusing on how these properties are determined by wood's structural organization and composition. It covers several key physical properties in detail, including moisture content and its relationship to wood behavior, density and specific gravity, dimensional changes related to moisture movement, and thermal properties like conductivity and expansion. The properties discussed are influenced by factors like grain direction, moisture content, density, and wood microstructure.
NATURAL WOOD.
1. Wood is a natural material composed mainly of cellulose that is used widely in building, tools, vehicles, and decorative objects. It is composed of fibers that transport water and provide mechanical strength.
2. There are various terms used to describe wood depending on its application, such as carpentry, timbering, joinery, and cabinetry. Knots will affect the properties of sawn wood.
3. The density, strength, and other properties of wood vary depending on factors like species, moisture content, and processing. Both hardwoods and softwoods have distinct characteristics and applications.
4. tree conversion
Tree conversion involves cutting down trees in winter and transporting logs to sawmills to be cut into boards. There are three main conversion methods: through and through sawing cuts logs parallel to the grain but can cause cupping; tangential sawing cuts at 90 degree angles to produce flame figured boards but are prone to shrinkage; quarter sawing cuts at 45 degree angles to produce stable boards with attractive grain for flooring but is the most expensive due to extra processing steps.
Updated summer tree id practice cyber
This document provides an overview of tree identification techniques. It discusses using features such as leaves, bark, location, shape, size, and twigs to identify trees. Specific identification terminology for leaves is defined, including types such as simple, compound, margins, and arrangements. Common tree identification features like fruits, shapes, and buds are also outlined. The document concludes with examples walking through identifying tree species using dichotomous keys focused on leaf features.
Defect and decay in woods
This document discusses various types of defects that can occur in wood, including natural defects caused by factors like fire scars, insect damage, or fungal growth. It also describes defects that can arise during the processing of wood, such as machine burns or miscuts. Several types of decay caused by fungi are outlined, including brown decay, white decay, and soft decay. The document provides examples of different fungi that can cause decay and notes environmental factors that influence decay.
Types of wood.pdf
The document discusses various types of construction materials, focusing on natural wood and engineered wood. It describes hardwoods and softwoods, providing examples of common types of wood like oak, maple, pine and cedar. It then discusses how overexploitation of natural wood led to the development of engineered wood products like plywood, blockboard, veneers, laminates, particle board, medium density fiberboard, and high density fiberboard. These composite materials are manufactured by binding wood fibers, particles or veneers together under heat and pressure.
types of commercial Timber
This document provides information about various types of timber and timber products. It begins by listing various types of trees and their characteristics, locations found, and common uses. It then describes different timber products including plywood, laminates, veneers, blockboards, particle boards, and fiber boards. For each product, it discusses the manufacturing process, types, properties, advantages, disadvantages, and market rates. The document provides a detailed overview of different timber sources and products used in interior design and construction.
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
03 sketching
This chapter discusses sketching techniques for technical drawings. It recommends using light lines first to establish proportions before adding heavier lines. It covers sketching in 2D and 3D, including using parallel lines, grids, and light boxes to help show curves and proportions. Shading, texture, color and worksheets are also presented to enhance sketches. The goal is to produce fair sketches, not perfect renderings, to effectively communicate ideas.
06 project report
This document provides guidance on writing a project report for a materials technology course. It outlines the key sections to include: analysis of the design brief, research on materials and existing solutions, development of design ideas and sketches, working drawings, description of the manufacturing process, and evaluation of the final project. Tips are provided such as getting an early start, using sketches and color, and keeping materials neat and organized. The sections are exemplified using a sample project report for a table lamp.
25 turning
The document discusses woodturning techniques and safety, describing the parts of the lathe like the headstock, tailstock, and tool rest. It explains different types of turning like between centers or with a faceplate. Various woodturning tools are also outlined such as gouges, skews, and parting tools that can be used to create shapes.
29 finishes
This document discusses different wood finishes. It begins by outlining the purposes of applying a finish to wood, which include protecting the wood from wear and tear, preventing decay, and enhancing the wood's appearance. It then describes the two main stages of finishing as surface preparation and application of the finish. A number of specific finishes are discussed such as paint, varnish, Danish oil, wax, and lacquer. Application steps are provided for several of these finishes.
02 health safety
This document outlines safety guidelines for working in a wood workshop. It emphasizes keeping the work area tidy, following instructions, asking questions if unsure, and walking carefully. When using tools, one should carry them safely, wear protective equipment like eye protection and dust masks, work slowly when learning, and keep hands away from cutting edges. Many injuries occur to hands, so being careful with tools like chisels is important. The document also covers safely handling materials, reading safety signs, using personal protective equipment, precautions for power tools like removing loose clothing, and safety features of the workshop like emergency stops and machine guards.
15 manufactured boards
This document discusses various manufactured boards that are used as substitutes for solid wood. It describes how plywood is made by gluing thin wood veneers together in alternating 90 degree layers. Other manufactured boards mentioned include blockboard, pineboard/lamwood, oriented strand board (OSB), chipboard, medium density fibreboard (MDF), and hardboard. The document provides details on their manufacturing processes and advantages such as helping conserve forests, being economical alternatives that come in large uniform sizes and are stable.
22 machines
This document discusses various woodworking machines and safety precautions for their use. It provides information on the scroll saw for decorative curved work and cutting veneers. Safety precautions listed for scroll saw use include always wearing eye protection and keeping guards in place. The band saw is mentioned as having an emergency stop switch, adjustable blade, and lockable blade access door. The function of the rip fence on a table saw is described as guiding pieces for cutting to width and making parallel cuts. Safety precautions are given for the mortising machine, pillar drill, disc and belt sander.
18 plastics
The document discusses plastics and their uses. It describes the two main groups of plastics - thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics. Thermoplastics can be softened and reshaped multiple times by heating, while thermosetting plastics can only be shaped once as they permanently set after heating. The document provides examples of different types of plastics and outlines the steps for cutting, drilling, bending, and shaping acrylic using a strip heater and formers.
20 sharpening tools
This document discusses sharpening tools like chisels and planes. It explains that grinding is used to reshape a blade when it is worn down, damaged, or incorrectly sharpened. Sharpening involves using sharpening stones like an oilstone or honing stone to hone the blade back to a fine cutting edge. The correct grinding angle is 25 degrees while the sharpening angle is 30 degrees. Sharpening saws involves filing the teeth level and using a saw set to bend every second tooth to ensure the blade cuts properly.
17 metals
This document discusses different types of metals used in materials technology. It describes ferrous metals like iron and steel that contain iron, and non-ferrous metals like aluminum, copper, zinc, and lead that contain no iron. Alloys are mixtures of two or more metals, such as brass which is a copper-zinc alloy and bronze which is a copper-tin alloy. The document also mentions tools like files that are used to shape and smooth the edges of metals.
04 drawing
This document discusses different types of technical drawings used in materials technology. It covers topics such as using different pencils for lighter and darker lines in drawings, including measurements and scales to allow objects to be reproduced accurately. Orthographic projections show all views of an object, including elevations, plans and end views. Sections are used to show cut views and internal details clearly. Pictorial drawings like isometric drawings represent 3D objects in 2D and include techniques for constructing dimension lines. Worksheets are provided as examples for practice adding dimensions to drawings.
24 carving
This chapter discusses woodcarving techniques. It describes different types of carving like incised carving, chip carving, and relief carving. The tools used for carving are also explained, including gouges, chisels, veiner and vee tools. Proper wood holding and sharpening techniques are covered. Finally, suitable woods for carving are mentioned.
27 laminating scroll saw work & pyrography
This document discusses laminating wood, scroll saw work, and pyrography. Laminating involves gluing together thin wood strips or veneers to form thicker, stronger pieces that do not warp. The strips are softened with hot water and glued between a former and cramps to set the shape. Scroll saw work uses a scroll saw to cut intricate shapes from thin wood for pictures, puzzles, and inlay work. Pyrography is the art of wood burning, where a heated tool is used to burn images or symbols onto wood surfaces.
19 hand tools
The document is a chapter from a textbook about wood materials technology. It provides information about various hand tools used in woodworking, including their names, uses, and parts. It describes tools such as try squares, marking gauges, mortise gauges, saws, chisels, planes, drills, and hammers. It also discusses techniques like planing end grain and drilling holes in wood.
30 fastenings & fixtures
This document discusses different types of fastenings and fixtures used in woodworking, including nails, hinges, screws, bolts, catches, and locks. It provides examples of different fasteners and fixtures and asks the reader to name or describe them. Questions cover topics like naming parts of screws, types of hinges, where certain fasteners would be used, and describing the purpose of fixtures like escutcheon plates and gate latches.
23 joints
This document discusses different types of wood joints used in furniture and woodworking. It describes various butt, edge, halving, housing, bridle, finger, mortise and tenon, dovetail, screw, plug, block, mitre, and dowel joints. Each joint type has different strengths and suitable applications. The document provides examples of describing suitable joints for joining furniture parts like table rails and legs or shelf units. It also includes a quiz to test the reader's knowledge of different joint names and parts.
Crating
Before we build your custom shipping crate we start by determining your exact requirements in regard to size, shape, amount of protection required, weight handling capacity, the fragility of your goods, and whether or not there are any environmental concerns involved. Then we use our many years experience and knowledge to design and build your crates to suit. For more information on our crating services please visit our website. http://www.cratexgroup.com/cratex-services/
Brochure SAMI Ecowood
This document describes a system called SAMI® Ecowood that uses short-wave technology to eliminate wood pests in an ecological and non-invasive way. SAMI® Ecowood heats wood from the inside using short waves to raise the temperature and kill insects and larvae, while preserving the wood. It provides a simple, effective, and cost-efficient alternative to traditional chemical pesticides that can harm people, other species, and develop resistance over time. The document outlines the SAMI® Ecowood product line and specifications for different models suited for different needs.
Holzart, Ausgabe 01/2015
Neueste Parkett- und Holztrends, Wohnideen, Pflegehinweise für Naturholzböden, Holzkunst, Portraits uvm.
Wir wünschen viel Spaß beim Lesen!
Wood
The document discusses wood for energy production in Denmark. It was published in 2002 by the Centre for Biomass Technology to provide information on wood as an energy resource in Denmark, including its production, purchase/sale, environmental impacts, and use in small boilers, district heating plants, CHP plants and other applications. The key points are:
- Denmark aims to double its forested area over the next century and use forest resources for timber, wood industry, and energy production.
- Wood fuels including wood chips, pellets and energy crops are an important part of Denmark's strategy to increase renewable energy and reduce CO2 emissions.
- The publication provides details on the technical, economic and environmental aspects
Viewers also liked (20)
Similar to 07 wood
Deforestation
Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested land. It occurs for various reasons like timber, agriculture, infrastructure development, and fuel needs. Deforestation has negative environmental consequences such as increased carbon emissions, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and disrupted water cycles. Some solutions to deforestation include sustainable logging, reforestation, afforestation, and increasing awareness about environmental protection. Pakistan has one of the highest deforestation rates in the world primarily due to fuel wood consumption and population growth.
Forest resources
Forests are one of the most important natural resources, covering approximately 1/3 of the earth's total land area. Forests provide many essential functions like regulating climate and temperature, producing oxygen, conserving soil, and providing habitat for wildlife. However, forests are threatened by deforestation driven by factors like population growth, agricultural expansion, timber extraction, and dam construction. Deforestation has severe environmental and social consequences such as increased carbon emissions, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and displacement of indigenous communities. Conservation efforts like afforestation aim to restore forests and prevent further destruction of these vital ecosystems.
Friendly forest
Forest cover in Ireland is only 11%, much lower than the EU average of 34%. Nearly half of Irish forests are less than 20 years old. Ireland's forests absorb carbon dioxide equivalent to the annual emissions of 80% of Irish cars. Forest cover has declined over centuries due to factors like agriculture expansion and industrialization. While forest cover is increasing, at 11% it remains the lowest in the EU.
Friendly forest
Forest cover in Ireland is low at 11% compared to the EU average of 34%. Nearly half of Irish forests are less than 20 years old. Ireland's forests store 312 million tonnes of carbon and absorb the equivalent CO2 emissions from 80% of Irish cars annually. Forests provide important habitats and are becoming more popular for recreation. Historically, forest cover declined due to factors like agriculture expansion and shipbuilding. Today, planting programs are increasing forest area and about half of forests are privately owned. Forests provide economic, environmental and social benefits.
Friendly Forest Newsletter produced for Teagasc
This document provides information on forests in Ireland. Some key points:
- Forest cover in Ireland is only 11%, much lower than the EU average of 34%. Nearly half of Irish forests are privately owned and less than 20 years old.
- Ireland's forests store 312 million tonnes of carbon and absorb 3.8 million tonnes of carbon dioxide annually, equivalent to emissions from 80% of Irish cars.
- Forests provide important habitat and are increasing in size, now at their highest level in 350 years, though still low compared to other EU countries.
- Forestry benefits the environment through carbon storage, water protection, and enhancing biodiversity. It also benefits the economy through timber production, recreation, and tourism
Benefits
Social forestry provides numerous environmental, economic, and social benefits. It improves the environment through restoration and reduction of pollution by absorbing carbon and other gases. It provides rural communities with fuel, timber, and other products while supplying industries with wood and other materials. Social forestry also creates employment, utilizes unused land, and reduces pressure on national forests by achieving self-sufficiency in villages.
Coniferous Forest Biome
The coniferous forest biome is located in the Northern Hemisphere, stretching across North America and Eurasia. It has long, cold winters averaging below -15°C and short summers with a growing season of only 3 months. Trees are adapted to the climate with needle-like leaves, tall narrow forms, and thick bark. Logging and deforestation are major threats, destroying habitats and contributing to climate change.
4. forestry distrubtion and deforestation
The document discusses different forest types around the world and issues relating to deforestation. It describes four main forest belts characterized by different climates: the northern coniferous belt, northern temperate belt, tropical rainforests, and southern temperate belt. It then explains that deforestation involves clearing large forest areas without replanting, which is reducing forests globally. The main causes of deforestation are farming, ranching, logging, and fuel demand, while the effects include species loss, pollution, climate change, and flooding. Prevention efforts include sustainable forest management and using alternatives to tropical hardwoods.
Industrial project in timber(FRI)
The Timber Project is a non-profit organisation devoted to building structures that improve the quality of life for refugees stranded in Greece and along the Balkan route
Causes and effects of deforestation and solutions of deforestation
This document discusses deforestation, including its definition, causes, effects, and potential solutions. Deforestation refers to the removal of forests, often to clear land for agriculture, urbanization, mining, or commercial logging. The top causes are agricultural expansion, logging, urbanization, and mining. Effects of deforestation include increased carbon emissions, soil erosion, biodiversity loss, climate change, and flooding. Proposed solutions involve banning logging, replanting trees, and implementing regulations to curb deforestation rates.
REGIONAL FOCAL STUDIES -5.5 SUSTAINABLE USE OF FORESTRY
This document discusses sustainable forestry and forest management. It provides details on forest distribution worldwide, including tropical and temperate zones. It discusses forest products, the importance of forests, and factors that affect the development of the timber industry. It also describes problems with resource exploitation such as deforestation, and solutions like reforestation. Examples are given of areas with developed timber industries, including Canada which has extensive forests of spruce, hemlock and fir that support its pulp and paper industries.
Forests and forest resources
Forests cover 30% of the Earth's surface and provide important ecological and economic resources. They are classified as renewable or non-renewable. Tropical rainforests are located in central and South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia and contain the greatest biodiversity. Temperate and boreal forests are found in Europe, Asia, and North America. India has 20% forest cover, hosting tropical moist deciduous and tropical dry deciduous forests. Forests are threatened by deforestation but are managed through afforestation, joint forest management, and social forestry programs to balance use with conservation.
Deforestation
Deforestation is mainly caused by human activities like cutting down trees for wood, agricultural land, and pastoral land. The main drivers of deforestation are population growth, demand for wood and paper products, and clearing new land for agriculture. Direct consequences of deforestation include loss of habitat for species, reduced carbon absorption, increased greenhouse effect, and changes to local climate and weather patterns through loss of moisture retention and wind protection by forests. Proposed solutions include reforestation, education, sustainable forestry practices, and programs established under the Kyoto Convention to offset carbon emissions.
SHAYAAN KHAN PPT ON FORESTS OF INDIA.pdf
The document discusses forests in the Philippines. It describes the different types of forests in the country, including primary forests, secondary forests, grasslands, and cultivated fields. It notes that forests originally covered nearly half of the Philippines' land area. The document outlines wildlife, endangered species, and causes of deforestation such as logging, farming, and fires. It discusses the importance of forests, providing resources for industry as well as environmental benefits. The document concludes with discussing laws related to illegal logging and conservation efforts like protected areas and reforestation.
FRST - 121-1.pdf
The document provides an overview of social and farm forestry. It discusses the productive and protective roles of forests. The productive role includes providing food, fuel, shelter, clothing, timber, non-timber forest products. The protective role includes climate amelioration, soil and water conservation, and wildlife habitat. It also discusses the status of Indian forests, different agroforestry systems, community forestry, wasteland development, and silvicultural practices for various tree species.
Environmental Science
Forests play an important economic and ecological role. They provide fuel, fodder, timber and non-timber products that people rely on. Forests also help regulate water cycles, improve soil quality, and provide habitat for biodiversity. Deforestation due to commercial use, population growth, shifting cultivation, and other factors damages these ecological functions by increasing flooding, drought, soil erosion, disrupting water cycles, reducing biodiversity, and enhancing climate change. Sustainable forest management and reduced impact logging techniques aim to balance human and environmental needs.
AP Environmental Science Ch. 10, part 1 Miller LITE
This document provides an overview of forests and threats to their biodiversity. It discusses the main types of forests, their locations, ecosystem services, and threats like logging practices, fires, invasive species, climate change, and deforestation. Specifically, it notes that old growth forests provide the most biodiversity but make up a small portion of total forests. Clear cutting has advantages for harvesting but degrades soil and wildlife habitat. Prescribed fires can benefit forests whereas crown fires cause severe damage. Invasive species and disease pose major threats that are difficult to control.
Deforestation
Deforestation involves clearing forests and converting the land to non-forest uses like agriculture. The main causes of deforestation are clearing land for housing and agriculture as well as logging trees for wood. This results in problems like soil erosion, climate change, and economic impacts. Solutions include implementing anti-deforestation policies, reforestation efforts, increasing recycling, using renewable energy instead of wood, and individual efforts to reduce consumption that drives deforestation.
Forest, Carbon, Climate Myths
This presentation debunks many of the common misconceptions about forests, carbon, and climate change. [A few of the slides did not convert very well. Contact me at dh@oregonwild.org if you want me to send you a link to the latest powerpoint.]
Deforestation dimitar d, simona, veselin
The document discusses deforestation, specifically in the Amazon rainforest. It notes that the largest drivers of Amazon deforestation are cattle ranching, accounting for about one-third, and other economic activities like infrastructure development, logging, and commercial agriculture, accounting for about two-thirds. Deforestation in the Amazon provides land for cattle pastures and crops but damages the environment by reducing biodiversity and contributing to climate change.
Similar to 07 wood (20)
Causes and effects of deforestation and solutions of deforestation
Causes and effects of deforestation and solutions of deforestation
REGIONAL FOCAL STUDIES -5.5 SUSTAINABLE USE OF FORESTRY
REGIONAL FOCAL STUDIES -5.5 SUSTAINABLE USE OF FORESTRY
AP Environmental Science Ch. 10, part 1 Miller LITE
AP Environmental Science Ch. 10, part 1 Miller LITE
Recently uploaded
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Physical pharmaceutics notes for B.pharm students
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
How to deliver Powerpoint Presentations.pptx
"How to make and deliver dynamic presentations by making it more interactive to captivate your audience attention"
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/qhtvq32h4ybf9t49ku85x0n3xl4jhr15How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Qualitative research interview training by Professor Katrina Pritchard and Dr Helen Williams
Recently uploaded (20)
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
07 wood
- 2. Chapter 7 Wood: What is it?
- 3. Trees release lots of oxygen into the atmosphere and they take in (absorb) Carbon dioxide. In effect they clean the air for us. Tropical rainforests are known as carbon sinks They release: – oxygen They absorb: – carbon dioxide
- 4. Some benefits of trees − − − − − − A renewable source of fuel Woodland walks A habitat for wildlife Fruit, nuts, oils and other products Raw material for paper and cardboard Wood/timber from which many things are made
- 5. Are there different types of forest? − Natural forest, such as tropical rainforest or natural woodland − Planted forests − Coniferous forests
- 6. What are new ways of using wood and waste timber effectively? − Wood pellets − Bark mulch − Fencing − Oriented strand board (OSB)
- 7. List jobs in forest and timber based industries − Forest management (afforestation) − Log harvesting − Tree care − Nurseries − Christmas tree farms − − − − Carpentry Transportation Fuel production Arts and crafts
- 8. The story of a Tree: Planting •Firstly, land is drained to allow the rain to drain away freely. Trees are then planted here and fences are put up to keep out animals that could cause damage.
- 9. Thinning: Trees are thinned when about fifteen years old to allow more space and light for the growing trees. The thinnings are recycled.
- 10. Harvesting: Harvesting happens when the tree is about fifteen to thirty years old. This is where all the tree’s in an area are cut down, this is known as clear felling:
- 11. Transport and Processing: •Tree is transported to a sawmill to be processed. •Logs are then cut into planks where they are then left to dry for use in furniture making, construction or making manufactured boards.
- 12. Deforestation Deforestation is the destruction of large forests areas without replanting trees cut down Timber is a renewable resource only when it is managed properly and trees replanted when cut down In tropical regions forests are been cut down and not replanted. It is estimated areas the size of Ireland are being lost each year.
- 13. Reasons for Deforestation (x4) Large areas cleared for farming and ranching (slash and burn technique) High demand for tropical hardwood Natives of some regions use timber as an economical source of fuel for heating and cooking. Commercial interests of large multi-national and local logging companies Cattle raising and commercial farming.
- 14. Effects of Deforestation Slash and burning methods kill all animals, birds and insects causing many to become extinct Burning of trees contributes to air pollution Number of trees available to consume CO2 and produce O2 is reduced, causing the greenhouse effect Effects the weather and global climate Increases soil erosion in deforested areas Native tribes are removed from their homes Flooding – as trees consume large amounts of water their removal can cause the water table to rise
- 15. How to Prevent Deforestation Only use tropical woods that are grown in managed forests (for each tree cut down one is replanted) Where possible use manufactured boards rather than solid tropical hardwoods Try to recycle wood and wood products – paper Use veneer instead of real wood.
- 16. Forestry in Ireland Centuries ago much of ireland was covered in forestry but much of it was cut down to make things such as houses, barrels and boats. The largest areas of natural forest cover are in Wicklow and Kerry with others all around the country. Now many plantations exist around the country, these mostly being softwood, such as sitka sruce and lodgepole pine.
- 17. Irish forestry Ireland is one of the least forested countries in the EU however Irish forest no’s are rising all the time due to government incentive to plant. Early in the 21rst century ireland had a 1% forest cover, this is now at 10%. Coillte are the company that manage the countries forestry. The Government have also invested huge sums into the development of forestry.
- 18. The Greenhouse effect. Air pollutants like carbon dioxide build up. They form a blanket effect around the earth. Heat from the sea prevented from leaving. Temperature slowly rises.