This is an intermediate conversion course for C++, suitable for second year computing students who may have learned Java or another language in first year.

1. ARRAYS AND
POINTERS
Michael Heron

2. Introduction
• We talked about pointers a few lectures ago.
• In this lecture we are going to talk about pointers and
arrays.
• This is a little bit more complicated than working with simple arrays
in Java.
• It is expected you are comfortable with the mechanics of
pointers at this point.
• & is the ‘address of’
• * is the ‘value of’

3. Arrays in C++
• Arrays in Java have a two-step setup process.
• Declare the array object
• int[] myInts
• Create the array
• myInts = new int[100];
• In C++, we can use pointers to do the same two stage
process.
• Declare the array object
• int *myInts
• Create the Array
• myInts = new Int[100];

4. Arrays in C++
• You can also declare an array in C++ in a single step:
• int myInts[100];
• This doesn’t work in Java.
• Arrays in Java are fully fledged objects.
• They have methods and attributes.
• C++ does not provide these for you.
• You have to manually manage their state, size and such.

5. Arrays and Pointers
• When an array is created as a pointer, the pointer
reference is to the memory location of the first element in
the array.
• When using index accessing, the numeric index acts as an offset.
• myInts[3] means ‘get the element three spaces on from the first’
• Exciting Language Feature!
• C++ doesn’t do any compile time bounds checking on arrays.
• If you set an element that is greater than the size of the array, it will write
to that memory location anyway.
• Easy way for things to go weird.

6. Arrays of Objects
• Three step process in Java.
• Declare the array
• Create the array of object references
• Initialize each object reference.
• C++ permits this as a one stage or two stage process.
• Same as creating an array of any other data type.
• The compiler will create an array of objects created using the zero
parameter constructor.
• Hence the importance of a zero parameter constructor!

7. Arrays of Objects
• You can simulate the Java creation process through the
use of an array of pointers.
• Here’s where it gets tricky.
• First we create an array of pointers to objects.
• We then initialise each pointer in that array by creating an object for
it to point.
• The syntax for creating an array of pointers is double asterisks on
the declaration:
• Car **myCars;

8. Arrays of Pointers
Car **myCars;
myCars = new Car*[100];
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
myCars[i] = new Car(100.0, "Blue");
}

9. Worked Example
• Let’s look at this concept by working through an example.
• We’re going to add a list of all previous owners to our car objects.
• First of all, we need to add an array of strings to our car
declaration.
• We also need to store the size of the array.
• C++ doesn’t do that for us.
• Egads!

10. Worked Example
class Car {
private:
float price;
string colour;
string *owners;
int max_size;
int current_size;
public:
Car();
Car (float, string = "bright green");
void set_price (float p);
float query_price();
void set_colour (string c);
string query_colour();
string to_string();
int query_size();
int query_current_size();
void add_owner (string str);
string query_owner (int ind);
};

11. Constructors
• Our zero parameter constructor should handle the default
case.
• Set the owners array to NULL
• Set the max_size to 0
• Set the current_size to 0.
• Also add in constructor that allow us to set a maximum
size of the array.
• Three parameter constructor.

12. Constructor Code
// Zero parameter
Car::Car() :
price (200.0), colour ("black"), owners (NULL), max_size (0),
current_size (0) {
}
// Two parameter
Car::Car(float p, string c) :
price (p), colour (c), owners (NULL), max_size (0), current_size (0) {
}
// Three parameter
Car::Car (float p, string c, int max) :
price (p), colour (c), owners (new string[max]), max_size (max),
current_size (0) {
}

13. Adding an Owner
• We next need to implement the add_owner method.
• Check to see if our array is full.
• If it isn’t, add the element at the right location.
• Increment the counter by one.
• We need to do our own array bounds validation here.

14. Adding and Querying
void Car::add_owner (string str) {
if (current_size == max_size) {
return;
}
owners[current_size] = str;
current_size += 1;
}
string Car::query_owner (int location) {
if (location >= max_size) {
return "Invalid";
}
if (location < 0 ) {
return "Invalid";
}
return owners[location];
}

15. Destroying The Object
• As discussed in an earlier lecture, Java offers garbage
collection to deal with memory leaks.
• C++ doesn’t.
• Whenever we destroy an object, we must also destroy
any dynamically allocated memory.
• Our owners array.
• We do this in the class’s destructor method.
• Same name as a constructor, prefix of a ~.

16. Destroying The Object
• When using delete on an array, we include an empty pair
of square brackets:
• delete [] owners;
• When deleting a pointer to a single data field, we can omit
the brackets:
• delete owners;
• In this case, we need the square brackets in our
destructor.

17. Destroying The Object
Declaration:
class Car {
private:
// Stuff
public:
Car();
Car (float, string = "bright green");
Car (float, string = "bright green", int = 20);
~Car();
// Stuff
};
Body:
Car::~Car() {
delete [] owners;
}

18. Tomorrow’s Tutorial
• The tutorial tomorrow is a group exercise to write, on
paper, the code needed for a simple CD database.
• Directly applicable to your assessment.
• Understanding the nature of pointers and the lifecycle of
an object are important concepts for this.
• The exercise focuses on understanding.
• You don’t need to be syntax perfect.

19. Summary
• Arrays in C++ differ somewhat from those provided in
Java.
• They can be manipulated through pointers in the same
way that simple variable types can.
• Syntax very similar to Java.
• Implications of certain actions are different.
• Additional complexity and power afforded by pointer
manipulation.