The document discusses various translation strategies and approaches, including: - Literal vs. free translation - Prioritizing comprehensibility over translatability - Examples show the translator balancing literal meaning with style and readability - General consensus is that translation involves rendering the literal meaning while refining for style - Some expressions may be difficult or impossible to directly translate if the form is essential to the message - Later theorists emphasized taking context, audience, and purpose into account over strict literalism - Translation methods include word-for-word, sense-for-sense, communicative, and free translation

1. Translation Strategies
FORM – CONTENT
LITERAL – FREE
COMPREHENSIBILITY- TRANSLATABILITY

2. How do you translate this?
The capsule they were travelling in was manned by the three famous
astronauts, Shuckworth, Shanks and Showler, all of them handsome,
clever and brave.
Kapsul yang mereka tumpangi diawaki oleh tiga astronot ternama,
Shuckworth, Shanks, dan Showler. Ketiganya gagah, cerdas, dan berani.
Kapsul yang mengantar mereka itu dijalankan tiga astronaut ternama
yaitu Shuckworth, Shanks, dan Showler. Ketiganya tampan pintar dan
gagah berani.

3. And what about these?
'Knock-Knock,' said the President.
'Who's there?' said the Soviet Premier.
'Warren.'
'Warren who?'
'Warren Peace by Leo Tolstoy,' said the
President.
'Mr President, sir, this is Walter Wall. What a
sumptuous hotel this is! The decorations are
superb!'
'Have you noticed that all the carpets are wall-
to-wall, Mr Walter Wall?' said the President.
'I have indeed, Mr President.'
'All the wallpaper is all wall-to-wall, too, Mr
Walter Wall.'

4. The published version:
'Knock-Knock,' said the President.
'Who's there?' said the Soviet Premier.
'Warren.'
'Warren who?'
'Warren Peace by Leo Tolstoy,' said the
President.
“Tok-tok,” kata Presiden.
“Siapa di situ?” Perdana Menteri Soviet
bertanya.
“Waren.”
“Warren siapa?”
“Warren Peace oleh Leo Tolstoy1,” Presiden
memberitahu.
---
1Ini plesetan buku War and Peace karya
pengarang Rusia terkenal, Leo Tolstoy

5. The published version:
'Mr President, sir, this is Walter Wall. What a
sumptuous hotel this is! The decorations are
superb!'
'Have you noticed that all the carpets are wall-
to-wall, Mr Walter Wall?' said the President.
'I have indeed, Mr President.'
'All the wallpaper is all wall-to-wall, too, Mr
Walter Wall.'
“Mr. Presiden, Sir, di sini Walter Wall. Hotel ini
begitu luar biasa! Dekorasinya sempurna!”
“Apakah kau menyadari bahwa seluruh
lantainya tertutup karpet, Mr. Walter Wall?”
sang Presiden bertanya.
“Ya, Mr. Presiden.”
“Semua dindingnya juga dilapisi kertas
dinding, Mr. Walter Wall.”

6. General Consensus
TRANSLATION
PROCESS
LITERAL RENDERING OF
MEANING
ADHERENCE TO FORM
EMPHASIS ON GENERAL
ACCURACY
NEEDS REFINEMENT

7. Now, how do you express these in
English?
MLIPIR
NGGEBLAK
KEJLUNGUP
WEDUS GEMBEL
BLERENG
PECICILAN
NDILALAH
KECULEK
NGOKOP
Walk slowly on the edge (side) of the road
Falling backward and then hit own head
Falling / tripping forward (and may hit own face)
Hot pyroclastic cloud rolling down a volcano
Difficult to open eyes because something is shining very bright
Being over active carelessly
Finding by accident something good or useful without looking for it
Accidentally poke your eyes
Drinking straight from the bottle without using a glass, the whole bottle tip
get into the mouth

8. JACOBSON, 1959: 238
ALL COGNITIVE EXPERIENCE AND ITS
CLASSIFICATION IS CONVEYABLE IN ANY EXISTING
LANGUAGE.
… WHERE FORM BEGINS TO CONTRIBUTE TO SENSE
IS WHERE WE APPROACH UNTRANSLATABILITY.
Poetry, song, punning, …

9. Nida and Taber, 1982: 4
“anything that can be said in one
language can be said in another,
unless the form is an essential
element of the message”

10. Do you think these are untranslatable?
This mighty man of whom I sing,
The greatest of them all,
Was once a teeny little thing,
Just eighteen inches tall.
‘It is very difficult to phone people in China,
Mr President,' said the Postmaster General.
'The country's so full of Wings and Wongs,
every time you wing you get the wong
number.’
Pria besar yang kunyanyikan ini,
Yang di mana-mana dikagumi,
Dulu hanyalah anak yang sangat mungil,
Besarnya tak lebih dari seupil.
“Sulit sekali menelepon orang di Cina, Mr.
Presiden,” ujar Kepala Kantor Pos. “Negara itu
begitu penuh dengan Wing dan Wong,
sehingga setiap kali kita menelepon, yang
mengangkat kalau tidak Wing ya Wong.”

11. Classical Dichotomy
FORM /
STYLE
LITERAL
SENSE /
CONTENT
FREE

12. Literal translation often FAIL to take into account that:
NOT all texts are the same
NOT all text users are the same
Ignoring text type, audience and function  led to rather
pedantic form of literalism
COMPREHENSIBILITY:
taking into account communicative purpose of the text, the target audience, and the purpose of
translation

13. (Newmark, 1988: 45)
TRANSLATION METHODS:
Word-for-word translation Adaptation
Literal translation Free translation
Faithful translation Idiomatic translation
Semantic translation Communicative translation
FOREIGNIZATION DOMESTICATION

14. METHOD
PROCEDURE
STRATEGY
TECHNIQUE
HOW A TEXT IS
TRANSLATED:
CAN BE TRACED FROM
THE PROCESS OR THE
PRODUCT

15. Extension:
Find from any experts theories on the
translation methods, procedures,
techniques or strategies.
Enrich with the types and examples.

20. Group Presentations
1 Translation Shifts 6 Text Types and Translation
2 The Analysis of Meaning 7 The Register in Translation
3 Dynamic Equivalence 8 Text, Genre, and Discourse Shift in Translation
4 Textual Pragmatics and Equivalence 9 Agents of Power in Translation
5 Translation and Relevance 10 Ideology in Translation