Trees, landscapes, restoration, Korea, South Africa, Ethiopia, Tree Diversity Day 2014, CBD, biodiversity, invasive species, seedlings, policy, indigenous people, livelihoods, Asia, China

1. Landscape restoration
Rhett D Harrison
World Agroforestry Centre

2. The big picture
➢ Globally over 60% of ecosystem services impaired
➢ More than 2 billion ha of degraded land globally
➢ Causes:
✔ Unsustainable agricultural practices
✔ Deforestation and (illegal) land clearing (fire)
✔ Alien-invasive species
✔ Pollution
✔ Mining / infrastructure
➢ Drivers:
✔ Population growth
✔ Economic pressures

3. What are our objectives?
Restoration of Earth's life-support systems
✔Repair of Ecosystem Services
● Biodiversity
● Carbon
● Water supply / quality
● Soil fertility
● Erosion
✔Livelihood improvement
✔Climate change resilience/mitigation
✔Food security
Suan County, North Korea

4. Diversity is important
Chazdon (2014) Second Growth
Tylianakis (2008) Plos Biology

5. Step 1
Address the causes and drivers

6. Step 2
Engage the stakeholders: Suan North Korea

7. Step 3
Develop your business model?
How to go from current to target
with greatest $ efficiency?

8. Ecosystem Restoration
Concessions
➢Forest estate in Indonesia = 133 M ha
✔80 M ha logged over
✔25 M ha without management
✔2.5 M ha reserved for ERC
➢Protected forests in Indonesia ~25 M ha
➢BAU: forest → Oil Palm or Acacia

9. Harapan Rainforest ERC, Sumatra
➢ 100,000 ha of logged over forest
➢ >1000 species of tree
➢ 133 globally threatened bird and mammal species
➢ Densities of many species exceeds those found in PAs

10. Camera-trapping rate (days photo-1)
Species IUCN
status
Harapan
Rainforest
Bukit
Berisian
Kerichi
Siblat
Taman
Negara
Elephant EN 5562 116 49
Pig-tailed Macaque VU 7 13 351
Bearded Pig VU 23
Sambar VU 118 182 44
Malayan Tapir EN 53 80 61 26
Tiger EN 67 345 230
Clouded Leopard VU 2225 878
Marbled Cat VU 1112
Banded Civet VU 117
Dhole EN 927 878
Sun Bear VU 71 47 62

11. Forest at Harapan is highly degraded
Harapan
Pasir Mayang

12. Need for viable business plan
➢ International donor funding is constraining and unreliable
➢ Need to realize short- and long-term income streams
➢ Need to provide livelihood opportunities for forest and forest
margin communities

13. Realistic land-use management plan essential

14. Business plan
Brancalion et al 2012
➢ Timber
➢ NTFPs (Gaharu, rubber)
➢ Carbon (peat swamp forests)
➢ Water supply (HEP)
➢ Eco-toursim

15. Knowledge gaps
➢ Cost-benefit analyses of restoration treatments
➢ Yield models for timber and NTFPs
➢ Trade-offs among ESs
➢ Effects of distribution of ecosystem components on ESs
➢ Policy, governance and socio-economics of forest and
forest margin communities

16. Harapan research
Improved / economic survey methods

17. Adaptive management
- Need to incorporate experimental design into interventions
- Need to understand the cost/benefits
- Need to understand trade-offs between objectives
Pioneer thinning
trials

18. Thank you