1. Object databases store data as objects rather than in tables and rows like relational databases. They are recommended for complex data and high performance processing. 2. Object databases are designed to work well with object-oriented programming languages by supporting features like classes, inheritance, and late binding. 3. Early object database systems from the 1970s-1990s included Gemstone, O2, and Objectivity/DB. Commercial products were integrated with languages like Smalltalk, C++, and later Java.

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2.  An object database (also object-oriented database)
is a database model in which information is
represented in the form of objects as used in
object-oriented programming.
 Object databases are generally recommended
when there is a business need for high
performance processing on complex data.
 Some object-oriented databases are designed to
work well with object-oriented programming
languages.

3.  A programming paradigm that uses "objects" —
data structures consisting of data fields and
methods — and their interactions to design
applications and computer programs.
 Many modern programming languages now
support OOP.
 The methodology focuses on data rather than
processes, with programs composed of self-
sufficient modules (objects) each containing all the
information needed to manipulate its own data
structure.

4.  An object-oriented program may thus be viewed as
a collection of cooperating objects, as opposed to
the conventional model, in which a program is seen
as a list of tasks (subroutines) to perform.
 In OOP, each object is capable of receiving
messages, processing data, and sending
messages to other objects and can be viewed as
an independent 'machine' with a distinct role or
responsibility.
 The actions (or "operators") on these objects are
closely associated with the object.

5.  The Simula programming language was the first to
introduce the concepts underlying object-oriented
programming (objects, classes, subclasses, virtual
methods, coroutines, and discrete event
simulation) as a superset of Algol.
 Simula also used automatic garbage collection
which had been invented earlier for the functional
programming language Lisp.
 Simula was used for physical modeling, such as
models to study and improve the movement of
ships and their content through cargo ports.

6.  Smalltalk was the first programming language to be
called "object-oriented".

7.  Python
 Perl
 Java
 C#
 Visual Basic.Net
 C++
 Objective-C

8.  Sometimes shortened to ODBMS for object
database management system) or OODBMS for
Object-Oriented Database Management System.
 A database management system (DBMS) that
supports the modeling and creation of data as
objects.
 It includes some kind of support for classes of
objects and the inheritance of class properties and
methods by subclasses and their objects.

9.  Sometimes shortened to ODBMS for object
database management system) or OODBMS for
Object-Oriented Database Management System.
 The object-relational database management
system (ORDBMS), the idea that object-oriented
database concepts can be superimposed on
relational databases, is more commonly
encountered in available products.
 The Object Data Management Group (ODMG) has
already standardized an object-oriented data
brokering interface between systems in a network.

10. An object-oriented database system must
satisfy two criteria:
1. It should be a DBMS, and it should be an object-
oriented system. The first criterion translates into
five features:
 Persistence
 Secondary storage management
 Concurrency
 Recovery
 Ad hoc query facility

11. 2. It should be consistent with the current crop of
object-oriented programming languages. The
second one translates into eight features:
 Complex Objects
 Object Identity
 Encapsulation
 Types or Classes
 Inheritance
 Overriding combined with late binding
 Extensibility
 Computational completeness

12. - early to mid-1970s into having intrinsic database
management support for graph-structured object
- "object-oriented database system" first appeared
around 1985
- Notable research projects included Encore-
Ob/Server (Brown University), EXODUS (University
of Wisconsin-Madison), IRIS (Hewlett-Packard),
ODE (Bell Labs), ORION (Microelectronics and
Computer Technology Corporation or MCC), Vodak
(GMD-IPSI), and Zeitgeist (Texas Instruments)

13. - early commercial products included Gemstone
(Servio Logic, name changed to GemStone
Systems), Gbase (Graphael), and Vbase
(Ontologic)
- early to mid-1990s saw additional commercial
products enter the market which includes ITASCA
(Itasca Systems), Jasmine (Fujitsu, marketed by
Computer Associates), Matisse (Matisse Software),
Objectivity/DB (Objectivity, Inc.), ObjectStore
(Progress Software, acquired from eXcelon which

14. was originally Object Design), ONTOS (Ontos, Inc.,
name changed from Ontologic), O2 (O2
Technology,
merged with several companies, acquired by
Informix, which was in turn acquired by IBM), POET
(now FastObjects from Versant which acquired Poet
Software), Versant Object Database (Versant
Corporation), VOSS (Logic Arts) and JADE (Jade
Software Corporation)

15. - The early commercial products were integrated with
various languages: GemStone (Smalltalk), Gbase
(LISP), Vbase (COP) and VOSS (Virtual Object
Storage System for Smalltalk).
- C++ dominated the commercial object database
management market
- Vendors added Java in the late 1990s and more
recently, C#

16. - In 2004, object databases have seen a second
growth period when open source object databases
emerged that were widely affordable and easy to
use, because they are entirely written in OOP
languages

17. Object databases based on persistent
programming acquired a niche in application areas
such as:
1. Engineering and spatial database
2. Telecommunications
3. Scientific areas such as high energy physics and
molecular biology
4. Commercial Data Processing
5. Financial Services

18. 6. Embedded Systems
7. Packaged Software
8. Real-time Systems

19. Most object databases also offer some kind of
query language, allowing objects to be found by a
more declarative programming approach. An attempt
at standardization was made by the ODMG with the
Object Query Language, OQL.
1. Access to data can be faster because joins are
often not needed;
2. The schema of a database is defined;
3. Multimedia applications are facilitated;

20. 4. Many object databases support versioning.
5. The efficiency of such a database is also greatly
improved

21. The Object Data Management Group (ODMG) was a
consortium of object database and object-relational
mapping vendors, members of the academic
community, and interested parties. Its goal was to
create a set of specifications that would allow for
portable applications that store objects in database
management systems. It published several versions
of its specification.

22. 1. Use navigational rather than declarative interfaces
2. Pointer-based techniques are optimized for very
specific "search routes" or viewpoints
3. General-purpose queries pointer-based
techniques will tend to be slower
4. Direct object references may be maintained in
addition to normalized, indexed aggregations,
allowing both kinds of access

23. 1. Lack of interoperability with a great number of
tools/features that are taken for granted in the
SQL world
2. Lack a formal mathematical foundation

24. Table 3-1. Comparison of object database management systems