1. The document discusses measurement systems analysis and different techniques for evaluating variable and attribute measurement systems.
2. Key aspects of measurement systems that can introduce variation are described, including bias, stability, repeatability, and reproducibility.
3. Three techniques are presented for analyzing variable gages: the average-range method, ANOVA method, and gauge R&R study which evaluates repeatability, reproducibility and overall measurement system accuracy.
What is MSA .
1. Why we Need MSA
2. How to use data.
3.Measurement Error Sources of Variation
• Precision (Resolution, Repeat ability, Reproducibility)
•Accuracy (Bias, Stability, Linearity)
4.What is Gage R&R?
5.Explain MSA Sheet
Measurement System Analysis (MSA) course is essential for successful Six Sigma DMAIC and DFSS projects. It is also key for implementation of SQC, and efficient process management.
Reliable measurement processes are critical to the success of any effort dependent on measurement data and process analysis, including Six Sigma DMAIC improvement projects, DFSS project, SPC, SQC, Supplier Quality, and business process management and continuous improvement. Without validation that measurements are accurate, repeatable with multiple measurements by the same person, reproducible from person to person (gage Repeatability and Reproducibility or gage R&R), all conclusions are suspect, and process management is therefore fragile and ineffective.
Organizations typically focus on measurement accuracy and calibration, but this course also emphasizes the essential elements of reliable measurement procedures.
What is MSA .
1. Why we Need MSA
2. How to use data.
3.Measurement Error Sources of Variation
• Precision (Resolution, Repeat ability, Reproducibility)
•Accuracy (Bias, Stability, Linearity)
4.What is Gage R&R?
5.Explain MSA Sheet
Measurement System Analysis (MSA) course is essential for successful Six Sigma DMAIC and DFSS projects. It is also key for implementation of SQC, and efficient process management.
Reliable measurement processes are critical to the success of any effort dependent on measurement data and process analysis, including Six Sigma DMAIC improvement projects, DFSS project, SPC, SQC, Supplier Quality, and business process management and continuous improvement. Without validation that measurements are accurate, repeatable with multiple measurements by the same person, reproducible from person to person (gage Repeatability and Reproducibility or gage R&R), all conclusions are suspect, and process management is therefore fragile and ineffective.
Organizations typically focus on measurement accuracy and calibration, but this course also emphasizes the essential elements of reliable measurement procedures.
An illustration on the Measurement System Analysis(MSA) which leads to Excellence in Dimensional integrity. A complete journey through the process and explanations for implementation.
Dear All, I have prepared this presentation to get a better understanding of Statistical Process Control (SPC). This is a very informative presentation and giving information about the History of SPC, the basics of SPC, the PDCA approach, the Benefits of SPC, application of 7-QC tools for problem-solving. You can follow this technique in your day to day business working to solve the problems. Thanking you.
THIS PPT IS ABOUT MEASUREMENT SYSTEM ANALYSIS.. THIS IS VERY USEFUL FOR PERSON WORKING IN INDUSTRY. IT ALSO TALK ABOUT SIX SIGMA APPROACH FOR EFFECTIVE MEASUREMENT.REPEATIBILITY & REPRODUCIBILITY ARE ALSO WELL EXPLAINED IN THIS PPT.
Detailed illustration of MSA procedures both for Variable and attribute, Analysis of results and planning for MSA. Complete guidance for planning and implementation of MSA.
An illustration on the Measurement System Analysis(MSA) which leads to Excellence in Dimensional integrity. A complete journey through the process and explanations for implementation.
Dear All, I have prepared this presentation to get a better understanding of Statistical Process Control (SPC). This is a very informative presentation and giving information about the History of SPC, the basics of SPC, the PDCA approach, the Benefits of SPC, application of 7-QC tools for problem-solving. You can follow this technique in your day to day business working to solve the problems. Thanking you.
THIS PPT IS ABOUT MEASUREMENT SYSTEM ANALYSIS.. THIS IS VERY USEFUL FOR PERSON WORKING IN INDUSTRY. IT ALSO TALK ABOUT SIX SIGMA APPROACH FOR EFFECTIVE MEASUREMENT.REPEATIBILITY & REPRODUCIBILITY ARE ALSO WELL EXPLAINED IN THIS PPT.
Detailed illustration of MSA procedures both for Variable and attribute, Analysis of results and planning for MSA. Complete guidance for planning and implementation of MSA.
Measurement systems analysis and a study of anova methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
Instruments and measurement systems form the base of any process improvement strategies. The much widely used QC tools like
SPC depends on sample data taken from processes to track process variation which in turn depends on measuring system itself.
The purpose of Measurement System Analysis is to qualify a measurement system for use by quantifying its accuracy, precision,
and stability and to minimize their contribution in process variation through inherent tools such as ANOVA. The purpose of this
paper is to outline MSA and study ANOVA method through a real-time shop floor experiment.
Keywords: SPC, Accuracy, Precision, Stability, QC, ANOVA
Measurement Systems Analysis - Variable Gage R&R Study Metrics, Applications ...Gabor Szabo, CQE
This presentation walks you through the components of variation and the various metrics used in Variable Gage R&R Study. It also talks about the different root causes associated with a failing study, and how to perform root cause analysis using statistical tools.
Validation of lab instruments and quantitative test methods Mostafa Mahmoud
This lecture shows the procedures applied when going to validate your laboratory instruments and quantitative test methods also either FDA approved or laboratory developed tests.
Analytical method development and validation are one of the very imp aspects in Drug testing and approval process.Here I tried to explain the same with my experience.
Practical Tools for Measurement Systems AnalysisGabor Szabo, CQE
Practical Tools for Measurement Systems Analysis presented at the American Statistical Association's Orange County and Long Beach Chapter quarterly meeting
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
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Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
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Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
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how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
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USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
2. Introduction: The category of Measurement System
•Most industrial measurement system can be divided two categories, one is variable
measurement system, another is attribute measurement system. An attribute gage
cannot indicate how good or how bad a part is , but only indicates that the part is
accepted or rejected. The most common of these is a Go/No-go gage.
Attribute Gage (Go/No-go Gage)
Variable Gage
3. Introduction: What is a measurement process
Operation OutputInput
Measurement Analysis
Value
DecisionProcess to
be Managed
Measurement Process
Measurement: The assignment of a numerical value to material things to represent the
relations among them with respect to a particular process.
Measurement Process: The process of assigning the numerical value to material things.
General Process
5. Introduction: What are the variations of measurement process
Measurement(Observed) Value = Actual Value + Variance of The Measurement System
2
σobs =
2 2
σ actual + σ variance of the measurement system
6. Introduction: Where does the variation of measurement system
come from?
• The Five Characterizations of Measurement System:
1. Location Variation: Bias; Stability; Linearity
Bias is the difference between the observed average of measurements and a
reference value. Bias is often referred to as accuracy. It is a systematic error
component of the measurement system
7. Introduction: Where does the variation of measurement system
come from?
• The Five Characterizations of Measurement System:
1. Location Variation: Bias; Stability; Linearity
Stability(Alias: Drift): Stability is the total variation in the measurements
obtained with a measurement system on the same master or parts when measuring
a single characteristic over an extended time period. A stable measurement process
is in statistical control with respect to location.
Stability
8. Introduction: Where does the variation of measurement system
come from?
• The Five Characterizations of Measurement System:
1. Location Variation: Bias; Stability; Linearity
Linearity is the difference in the bias values through the expected operating range
of the measurement instrument. It is a systematic error component of the
measurement system.
Linearity
9. Introduction: Where does the variation of measurement system
come from?
• The Five Characterizations of Measurement System:
2. Width Variation: Repeatability; Reproducibility; Gage R&R
Repeatability is the variation in measurements obtained with one measurement
instrument when used several times while measuring the identical characteristic
on the same part by an appraiser. It is a Within-system variation, commonly
referred to as E.V.---Equipment Variation.
Repeatability
10. Introduction: Where does the variation of measurement system
come from?
• The Five Characterizations of Measurement System:
2. Width Variation: Repeatability; Reproducibility; Gage R&R
Reproducibility is the variation in the average of the measurements made by
different appraisers using the same gage when measuring the identical
characteristics of the same part. It is between-system variation, commonly
referred to as A.V.---Appraiser Variation.
Reproducibility
11. Introduction: Where does the variation of measurement system
come from?
• The Five Characterizations of Measurement System:
2. Width Variation: Repeatability; Reproducibility; Gage R&R
Gage R&R means Gage repeatability and reproducibility, which combined
estimate of measurement system repeatability and reproducibility.
This combined measurement error then is compared with the process output
variability to compute the gage percentage R&R (%R&R). The %R&R is the
basis for making a judgment of whether the measurement system is good enough
to measure the process.
12. Analysis Techniques:
•Currently there are three techniques for variable measurement system and four
techniques for attribute measurement system analysis were recommended by
AIAG MSA Reference Manual.
• Average - Range
Method
• ANOVA
•Followings are some practical examples to illustrate how to perform four
methods respectively.
Variable Gage
• Range Method
Attribute Gage
• Short Method
• Long Method
• Hypothesis Test Analyses
• Signal Detection Theory
13. Analysis Techniques: Preparation before MSA
1.The approach to be used should be planned.
2.The number of appraisers, number of sample parts, and number of repeat
readings should be determined in advance.
4. The appraisers should be selected form those who normally operate the
instrument.
6. The sample parts must be selected from the process and represent its entire
operating range.
8. The instrument must have a discrimination that allows at least one-tenth of
the expected process variation of the characteristic to be read directly.
10. The measurement procedure should be defined in advance to ensure the
consistent measuring method.
14. Analysis Techniques: Variable Gage Analysis
• General Gage R&R Study:
The Average and Range Method
The ANOVA Method
The common step for conducting Gage R&R study:
1.Verify calibration of measurement equipment to be studied.
2.Obtain a sample of parts that represent the actual or expected range of process
variation.
3.Add a concealed mark to each identifying the units as numbers 1 through 10.
It is critical that you can identify which unit is which. At the same time it is
detrimental if the participants in the study can tell one unit from the other
(may bias their measurement should they recall how it measured previously).
4.Request 3 appraisers. Refer to these appraisers as a A, B, and C appraisers.
If the measurement will be done repetitively such as in a production environment,
it is preferable to use the actual appraiser that will be performing the measurement.
15. For extreme cases, a minimum of two appraisers can be used, but this is strongly
discouraged as a less accurate estimate of measurement variation will result.
5.Let appraiser A measure 10 parts in a random order while you record the data
noting the concealed marking. Let appraisers B and C measure the same 10 parts
Note: Do not allow the appraisers to witness each other performing the
measurement. The reason is the same as why the unit markings are concealed,
TO PREVENT BIAS.
6.Repeat the measurements for all three appraisers, but this time present the
samples to each in a random order different from the original measurements.
This is to again help reduce bias in the measurements.
Analysis Techniques: Variable Gage Analysis
……
10 Parts 3 Appraisers3 Trials
16. • The Average and Range Method:
Analysis Techniques: Variable Gage Analysis
0.01M
M
A range control chart is created to determine if the measurement process is stable
and consistent. For each appraiser calculate the range of the repeated measurements
for the same part.
Range of RepeatedMeasures
Range R XMax - XMin
40
30
20
10
0
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 1B 2B 3B 4B 5B 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C
17. Analysis Techniques: Variable Gage Analysis
The average range for each operator is then computed.
The average of the measurements taken by an operator is calculated.
A control chart of ranges is created. The centerline represents the average range
for all operators in the study, while the upper and lower control limit constants are
based on the number of times each operator measured each part (trials).
No. ofParts
R
ROperator
XOperator
Trials *Parts
X
18. Analysis Techniques: Variable Gage Analysis
No.of Operators
R
R
UCLR D4 R
LCLR D3 R
The centerline and control limits are graphed onto a control chart and the
calculated ranges are then plotted on the control chart. The range control chart is
examined to determine measurement process stability. If any of the plotted ranges
fall outside the control limits the measurement process is not stable, and further
analysis should not take place. However, it is common to have the particular
operator re-measure the particular process output again and use that data if it is
in-control.
19. Analysis Techniques: Variable Gage Analysis
Repeatability - Equipment Variation (E.V.)
The constant d2
* is based on the number of measurements used to compute the
individual ranges(n) or trials, the number of parts in the study, and the number of
different conditions under study. The constant K1 is based on the number of times
a part was repeatedly measured (trials).
The equipment variation is often compared to the process output tolerance or
process output variation to determine a percent equipment variation (%EV).
1
d*
2
R
RKEV 5.15 *
*100
*100
EV
EV
5.15m
%EV (PROC)
USL LSL
%EV (TOL)
20. Analysis Techniques: Variable Gage Analysis
Reproducibility - Appraiser Variation(A.V.)
Xdiff is the difference between the largest average reading by an operator and the
smallest average reading byan operator. The constant K2 is based on the number
of different conditions analyzed. The appraiser variation is often compared to the
process output tolerance or process output variation to determine a percent
appraiser variation (%AV).
nt
AV XDiff
EV 2 2
* K2 -
*100
*100
AV
AV
5.15m
%AV(PROC)
%AV(TOL)
USL -LSL
21. Analysis Techniques: Variable Gage Analysis
The basic interest of studying the measurement process is to determine if the
measurement system is capable of measuring a process output characteristic with
its own unique variability. This is know as the Percent R&R (P/P ratio, %R&R),
and calculated as follows:
Repeatability and Reproducibility( Gage R&R)
R & R EV 2
AV2
The gage error (R&R) is compared to the process output tolerance to estimate the
precision to tolerance ratio (P/T ratio). This is important to determine if the
measurement system can discriminate between good and bad output.
*100
R &R
USL -LSL
P /T
22. Analysis Techniques: Variable Gage Analysis
*100
R &R
5.15m
%R & R
Process or Total Variation:
If the process output variation (m) is not known, the total variation can be
estimated using the data in the study. First the part variation is determined:
PV Rp K3
Rp is the range of the part averages, while K3 is a constant based on the number
of parts in the study.
The total variation (TV) is just the square root of the sum of the squares of R&R
and the part variation
m TV R & R2
PV 2
23. Analysis Techniques: Variable Gage Analysis
• The ANOVA Method:
o op
2 2
; the interaction effect is estimated by ; while repeatability is estimated by r
2
A weakness with the Average-Range method of using the range to determine gage
R&R is that it does not consider the variation introduced into a measurement
through the interaction between different conditions (appraiser) and the gage.
Consequently, to account for this variation an analysis of variance method (ANOVA)
is utilized. In addition, when the sample size increases, use of the range to estimate
the variation in not very precise. Furthermore, with software packages readily
available, the ANOVA method is a viable choice.
The total variation in an individual measurement equals:
2
2
2
2
2
t p o po r
The part to part variation is estimated by p
2; the operator variation is estimated by
24. Analysis Techniques: Variable Gage Analysis
Source SS dF MS F*
Part (P) SS(P) tn(Yi ..Y...)2 p-1
MS(P)
SS(P)
F*
MS(P)
p 1 MS(PO)
Operator(O)
SS(O)np(Y.j.Y...)2 t-1
MS(O)
SS(O)
F*
MS(O)
t 1 MS(PO)
Interaction (PO)
SS(PO) n(Yij.Yi ..Y.j.Y...)2 (p-1)(t-1)
MS(PO)
SS(PO)
F*
MS(PO)
(p 1)(t 1) MSE
Repeatability SSE (Yijk Yij.)2 pt(n-1)
MSE
SSE
pt(n1)
Total
SST (Yijk Y...)2 npt-1
tn
MS(P) nS2
S2
op r
Part:Sp2
pn
ropMS(O) nS2
S2
Operator: So 2
n
2
2 rMS(OP) S
Interaction: Sop Repeatability: Sr 2
MSE
25. Analysis Techniques: Variable Gage Analysis
p o op r
The gage R&R statistics are then calculated as follows:
o
S2
S2
op rTotal:St 2
S2
S2
S2
S2
Measurement Error:Sms2
S2
tn
MS(P) nS2
S2
op r
pn
MS(O) nS2
S2
op r
Part: PV 5.15 Operator: OV 5.15
r
n
MS(OP) S2
Interaction: IV 5.15 Reproducibility: AV OV 2
IV 2
Repeatability: EV 5.15 MSE EV 2
AV2
Measurement Error: R & R
Total: TV RR 2
PV2
26. Analysis Techniques: Variable Gage Analysis
• Acceptability Criteria:
The gage repeatability and reproducibility: %R&R (P/P ratio: % total of total
variance; P/T ration:% total of tolerance):
Less than 10%
10% to 20%
20% to 30%
Greater than 30%
Outstanding
Capable
Marginally Capable
NOT CAPABLE
For the P/P ratio and the P/T ratio, either or both approaches can be taken
depending on the intended use of the measurement system and the desires of the
customer. Generally, If the measurement system is only going to be use to inspect
if the product meets the specs, then we should use the %R&R base on the tolerance
(P/T ratio). If the measurement system is going to be use for process optimization
/characterization analysis, then we should use the %R&R base on total variation
(P/P ratio).
27. Analysis Techniques: Variable Gage Analysis
• Acceptability Criteria:
For a Gage deemed to be INCAPABLE for it’s application. The team must review
the design of the gage to improve it’s intended application and it’s ability to
measure critical measurements correctly. Also, if a re-calibration is required, please
follow caliberation steps.
If repeatability is large compared to reproducibility, the reasons might be:
1) the instrument needs maintenance, the gage should be redesigned
2) the location for gaging needs to be improved
3) there is excessive within-part variation.
If reproducibility is large compared to repeatability, then the possible causes
could be:
1) inadequate training on the gage,
2) calibrations are not effective,
3) a fixture may be needed to help use the gage more consistently.
28. Analysis Techniques: Variable Gage Analysis
• The Measurement Bias:
Using a certified sample, and a control chart of repeated measurements, the bias of
a measurement process can be determined. Bias is the difference between the known
value and the average of repeated measurement of the known sample. Bias is
sometimes called accuracy.
BIAS Known X
Process Variation = 6 Sigma Range
Percent Bias = BIAS
Process Variation
29. Analysis Techniques: Variable Gage Analysis
• Linearity:
Linearity of a measurement process is the difference in the bias or precision values
through the expected operating range of the gauge. To evaluate linearity, a graph
comparing the bias or precision to the expected operating range is created.
A problem with linearity exists if the graph exhibits different bias or precision for
different expected operating ranges.
By using the following procedure, linearity can be determined.
1) Select five parts whose measurements cover the operating range of the gage.
2) Verify the true measurements of each part.
3) Have each part be randomly measured 12 times on the gage by one operator.
4) Calculate the part average and the bias for each part.
5) Plot the bias and the reference values.
6) Calculate the linear regression line that best fits these points.
30. Analysis Techniques: Variable Gage Analysis
n
X
b Y a X
X Y
a n
y a x b
y b ias X P a r t x
2 ( X )2
x r e f e r e n c e v a l u e
X Y
7) Calculate the goodness of fit statistic:
n
Y
n
X
n
XY
22
XY
2
R 2
( X)2 (Y )2
31. Analysis Techniques: Variable Gage Analysis
8) Determine linearity and percent linearity:
Linearity = Slope x Process variation(m)
%Linearity = 100[linearity/Process Variation]
The acceptability criteria of Bias, Linearity depend on Quality Control Plan,
characteristic being measured and gage speciality, suggested criteria of ESG is
as following:
Under 5% - acceptable
5% to 15% - may be acceptable based upon importance of application, cost of
measurement device, cost of repairs, etc.,
Over 15% - Considered not acceptable - every effort should be made to improve
the system
The stability is determined through the use of a control chart. It is important to
note that, when using control charts, one must not only watch for points that fall
outside of the control limits, but also care other special cause signals such as trends
and centerline hugging.Guideline for the detection of such signals can be found in
many publications on SPC.
32. Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
Appraiser A Appraiser B
1 2 1 2
1 G G G G
2 NG NG NG NG
3 G G G G
4 G G G G
5 G G G G
6 G G G G
7 G G G G
8 G G G G
9 NG NG NG NG
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
NG NG NG NG
G G G G
G G G G
G G G G
G G G G
G G NG G
G G G G
NG NG G G
G G G G
G G G G
G G G G
Disagree
• Short Method:
A Short Method example for battery length go/no-go gage study: The Short
method need to be conduct by selecting 20 parts which have been measured by
a variable gage in advance, some of the parts are slightly below and above both
specification limits. Two appraisers then measure all parts twice randomly.
Measurement Result table 1
33. Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
Acceptability criteria: If all measurement results (four per part) agree, the gage
is acceptable. If the measurement results do not agree, the gage can not be accepted,
it must be improved and re-evaluated.
Conclusion: Because table 1 listed measurement results are not whole agreement,
at part 15# and 17#, appraiser’s decisions are not agree. so the battery length gage
can not be used and must be improved and re-evaluated.
34. Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
• Hypothesis Test Analysis:
Short method should know the variable reference value of samples in advance.
However, in some situations it is hard to realize to get all samples variable
reference value. So in this case, Hypothesis test analysis shall be applied for gage
study.
IIII
Target
II III
USLLSL
35. Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
•Hypothesis test analysis depends on cross tabulation method which needs to take
a random sample of 50 parts from the present process and use 3 appraisers who
make 3 measurements on each part and decide if the part is acceptable or not.
Appraisers measure the parts and if the part is within limits they give “1” and if not
they give “0” and write those results in a table. In order to eliminate any bias
produced, the labeled samples are mixed before giving to appraisers for identification
in each trails. Following table 2 listed filler gage measuring results for the battery
……
welding gap:
50 Samples 3 Appraisers
3 Trials
38. 41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -
42 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 x
43 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 +
44 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 +
45 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 +
46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -
47 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -
48 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 +
49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -
50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 +
Table 2 Filler gage measuring result
Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
In order to determine the level of agreement among the appraisers, we applied
Cohen’s Kappa which is used to assess inter-rater reliability when observing or
otherwise coding qualitative/categorical variables. It can measure the agreement
between the evaluations of two raters when both are rating the same object.
39. Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
B Total
.00 1.00
A .00 Count
Expected Count
53
21.6
6
37.4
59
59.0
Count
1.00 Expected Count
2
33.4
89
57.6
91
91.0
Total Count
Expected Count
55
55.0
95
95.0
150
150.0
Step 1. Organize the score into a contingency table. Since the variable being rated
has two categories, the contingency table will be a 2*2 table: Table 3
A*B Cross-Tabulation Table 3
40. Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
Step 2. Compute the row totals (sum across the values on the same row) and
column totals of the observed frequencies.
Step 3 Compute the overall total (show in the table 3). As a computational check,
be sure that the row totals and the column totals sum to the same value for the
overall total, and the overall total matches the number of cases in the original data set.
Step 4 Compute the total number of agreements by summing the values in the
diagonal cells of the table.
Σa = 53+ 89 = 142
Step 5 Compute the expected frequency for the number of agreements that would
have been expected by chance for each coding category.
= 21.6
Repeat the formula for other cell, we got other expected count (show in the table 3).
overall total
ef = row total *col total = 59 * 55
150
41. Step 6 Compute the sum of the expected frequencies of agreement by chance.
Σef = 21.6+57.6 = 79.2
Step 7 Compute Kappa
K = = 0.89
Step 8 Evaluate Kappa
- A general rule of thumb is that values of kappa greater than 0.75 indicate
good to excellent agreement; values less than 0.4 indicate poor agreement.
Repeat above step, we can got following kappa measures for the appraisers: Table
4
Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
Σa-Σef
= 142-79.2
N-Σef 150-79.2
Kappa A B C
A - 0.89 0.83
B 0.89 - 0.85
C 0.83 0.85 -
Table 4
42. Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
A B C
Kappa 0.92 0.93 0.85
Using the same steps to calculated the kappa measure to determine the agreement
of each appraiser to the reference decision: Table 5
Table 5
Total summary on Table 6:
%Score vs Attribute
Source Appraiser A Appraiser B Appraiser C
Total Inspected 50 50 50
# Matched 44 46 43
Mixed 6 4 7
9 5 % U C I 95.50% 97.80% 94.20%
Calculated Score 88% 92% 86%
95%LCI 75.70% 81% 73.30%
Total Inspected 50
# in Agreement 42
9 5 % U C I 92.80%
Calculated Score 84%
95%LCI 73.70%
44. Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
The AIAG MSA reference manual edition 3 provides acceptability criteria for
each appraisers results:
Definition:
False Alarm – The number of times of which the operator (s) identify a good
sample as a bad one.
Miss – The number of times of which the operators identify a bad sample as a
good one.
Decision
Measurement System
Effectiveness Miss Rate False Alarm
Rate
Acceptable for appraiser ≥90% ≤2% ≤5%
Marginally acceptable for
the appraiser - may need
improvement
≥80% ≤5% ≤10%
Unacceptable for the
appraiser - needs
improvements
<80% >5% >10%
45. Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
Effectiveness =
Number of correct decisions
Total opportunities for a decision
False Alarm Rate =
Number of FalseAlarm
Total opportunities for a decision
Miss Rate =
Number of FalseAlarm
Total opportunities for a decision
So summarizing all the information of the example with this table: Table 7
Effectiveness Miss Rate False Alarm
Rate
A 88% 4% 8%
B 92% 6% 2%
C 86% 8% 14%
46. Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
Conclusion: The measurement system was acceptable with appraiser B,
marginal with appraiser A, and unacceptable for C. So we shall determine if
there is a misunderstanding with appraiser C that requires further training and
then need to re-do MSA. The final decision criteria should be based on the impact
to the remaining process and final customer. Generally, the measurement system
is acceptable if all 3 factors are acceptable or marginal.
Minitab also can perform attribute gage analysis, but it didn’t declare the
acceptability criteria, so it is not recognized by QS9000 standard.
47. Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
•Signal Detection Theory is to determine an approximation of the width of the
region II area so as to calculate the measurement system GR&R.
Target
Also used filler gage as example to perform Signal Detection approach. The
tolerance is 0.45 ~0.55mm. The process needs to take a random sample of 50
parts from the practical process and use 3 appraisers who make 3 measurements
on each part, and then got following table: Table 8
II II III II
USLLSL
50. Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
•Above table 8 shows the 50 parts measurement result, “0” standard rejected, “1”
standard acceptable, code “-” standard region I, code “x” standard region II,
code “+” standard region III.
•And then base on the part reference value to arrange in order from Max. to Min.,
meanwhile to show the code: Table 9
Region IRegion I
Region II
Refer Code Refer Code Refer Code R e f e r C o d e
0.589656 - 0.542704 + 0.498698 + 0 . 4 4 9 6 9 6 x
0.587893 - 0.531939 + 0.493441 + 0 . 4 4 6 6 9 7 -
0.580273 - 0.529065 + 0.488905 + 0 . 4 3 7 8 1 7 -
0.576532 - 0.521642 + 0.488184 + 0 . 4 3 5 2 8 1 -
0.576459 - 0.520496 + 0.487613 + 0 . 4 3 2 1 7 9 -
0.57036 - 0.519694 + 0.486379 + 0 . 4 2 9 2 2 8 -
0.566575 - 0.517377 + 0.484167 + 0 . 4 2 7 6 8 7 -
0.566152 - 0.515537 + 0.483803 + 0 . 4 1 2 4 5 3 -
0.566152 - 0.514192 + 0.477236 +
Region II
0.561457 - 0.513779 + 0.476901 +
0.559918 x 0.509015 + 0.470832 +
0.545604 x 0.502436 + 0.465454 x
0.544951 x 0.502295 + 0.465454 x
0.543077 x 0.501132 + 0.46241 x
51. Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
•Next step we should find Xa value which located region I , but is the nearest to
region II. Xb value which located region III, but is the nearest to region II.
And then calculate the distance of region II.
dLSL = Xa,LSL - Xb,LSL = 0.446697 – 0.470832 = 0.024135
dUSL = Xa,USL - Xb,USL = 0.566152 – 0.542704 = 0.023448
GR&R = = 0.023791
dUSL +dLSL
2
= 0.023448 +0.024135
2
%GR&R = GR&R = 0.023791 = 0.277 = 27.7%
USL -LSL 0.55 – 0.45
•Conclusion: The %GR&R is larger than 10%, but less than 30%, it may be
acceptable based upon importance of application, cost of measurement device,
cost of repairs, etc.
52. Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
•Long Method is used the concept of the Gage Performance Curve (GPC) to
develop a measurement system study. It focuses on assessing the repeatability
and bias of the measurement system. The purpose of developing a GPC is to
determine the probability of either accepting or rejecting a part of some
reference value.
53. Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
……
•The first step of Long Method is the part selection. It is necessary to know the
part reference value which was measured with variable measurement system. The
approach should select 8 parts as nearly equidistant intervals as practical. The
Maximum and minimum values should represent the process range. The 8 parts
must be measured 20 times with the attribute gage. We use “m” to represent the
measuring times, use “a” to represent the number of accepts.
For the smallest (or largest) part, the value must be a=0; For the largest (or smallest)
part, the value must be a=20; For the 6 other parts, the value 1≤a≤19.
20 Trials
8 Samples
1Appraiser
54. Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
Reference
Value (Actual
Measurement)
(XT)
Numbe
r
Accepts
of
(a)
0.26 0
0.25 1
0.24 2
0.23 5
0.22 9
0.21 15
0.2 20
0.17 20
Example: We use a filler gage to measure the fitting gap between battery and hand
phone which specification is 0~0.2mm. The number of accepts for each part
are: Table 10
Table 10
55. Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
Reference
Value(Actual
Measurement
)
(XT)
Number of
Accepts (a)
Pa
0.26 0 0.025
0.25 1 0.075
0.24 2 0.125
0.23 5 0.275
0.22 9 0.475
0.21 15 0.725
0.2 20 0.975
0.17 20 1
•The second step is the acceptance probabilities calculation for each part using the
binomial adjustments:
Table 11
P'a =
if
a + 0.5
m
a
m < 0.5, a≠0
if
a - 0.5 a
m > 0.5, a≠20
m
0.5 if
a
m
=0.5
56. Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
1.05
1
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
•The third step: Plot Gage Performance Curve with part reference value XT as
X axis, and the probability of acceptance P'a as Y axis
Gage Performance Curve
USL
Pa=0.5%
Repeatability
Pa=99.5%
57. Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
•The fourth step: Base on Gage Performance Curve to find XT value at Pa = 0.5%
and Pa = 99.5% (using normal probability paper can get more accurate estimates).
We also can use Statistical Forecast calculation to get the XT value.
XT = 0.264 at Pa = 0.5% XT = 0.184 at Pa = 99.5%
Bias = XT (at Pa = 0.5%)-USL = 0.264 – 0.2 =0.064
The repeatability is determined by finding the differences of the XT value
corresponding to Pa = 99.5% and Pa = 0.05% and dividing by an adjustment factor
of 1.08. Repeatability =
XT(at Pa = 0.5%) - XT(at Pa = 99.5%)
1.08
=
0.264 – 0.184
= 0.074
1.08
58. Analysis Techniques: Attribute Gage Study
•Conclusion: Because the filler gage repeatability is 7.4% , Bias is 6.4%. Both of
them are less than 10%, so the gage can be accepted to use.
59. Four Methods Comparison
•The four methods for attribute measurement study have respective feature. The
Short method look like simple, but it need to select enough parts which are slightly
below and above both specification limits, and must measure variable reference
value in advance. Hypothesis Test didn’t need to measure the variable reference
value, so it is feasible for manufacturing, but it need large sample size. Signal
Detection method can determine an approximation of the width of the region II
area so as to calculate the measurement system GR&R. Long method is used the
concept of the Gage Performance Curve (GPC) to assess the repeatability and bias
of the measurement system. When the importance of the measurement system
need to be highly assured, the Signal Detection method and Long method would
be necessary. Although the statistical calculation process for above methods is
complex, now we are designing a software to be able to perform the four methods
process and calculation.