02 psychovisual perception DIP
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The document discusses psychovisual perception and the human visual system. It describes the rods and cones in the eye and their roles in dim-light and bright-light vision. It also covers concepts like the blind spot, subjective brightness, brightness adaptation, the Weber ratio, Mach bands, simultaneous contrast, and optical illusions. Finally, it explains that understanding how human vision works can help in designing image processing, compression, and analysis algorithms that account for perceptual characteristics.
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The human eye is one of the most valuable and sensitive sense organs in the human body. It enables us to see the wonderful world and colours around us.
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This document discusses techniques for image enhancement through spatial filtering. It begins with a refresher on spatial filtering, then discusses sharpening filters including 1st and 2nd derivative filters. The Laplacian filter is presented as a simple sharpening filter based on the 2nd derivative that highlights edges. Applying the Laplacian filter alone does not produce an enhanced image. To generate a sharpened image, the result of the Laplacian filter must be subtracted from the original image.
5 spatial filtering p1
This document discusses digital image processing and spatial filtering. It begins by explaining that spatial filtering operates on neighborhoods of pixels rather than individual pixels. It then provides examples of simple neighborhood operations like minimum, maximum, and median filters. It also shows how spatial filtering can be expressed as an equation. The document goes on to explain smoothing spatial filters, which average pixel values in a neighborhood. It provides an example of a 3x3 averaging filter and shows how it is applied to each pixel. Finally, it discusses weighted smoothing filters that give more importance to pixels closer to the center.
Mathematical operations in image processing
Image arithmetic is the implementation of standard
arithmetic operations, such as
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Arithmetic Coding
The document provides an overview of digital media basics including digitization, compression, representation, and standards. It discusses signal digitization through pulse code modulation and sampling. It also covers quantization, digitization examples, and lossless versus lossy compression. Specific compression techniques covered include transform coding, variable rate coding, predictive coding, and entropy coding like Huffman coding. The document also discusses psychoacoustic modeling and perceptual coding. It provides examples of speech, audio, image and video compression standards and techniques.
Module 5 Sniffers
This document provides an overview of network sniffing including definitions, vulnerable protocols, types of sniffing attacks, tools used for sniffing, and countermeasures. It discusses passive and active sniffing, ARP spoofing, MAC flooding, DNS poisoning techniques, and popular sniffing tools like Wireshark, Arpspoof, and Dsniff. It also outlines methods for detecting sniffing activity on a network such as monitoring for changed MAC addresses and unusual packets, as well as recommendations for implementing countermeasures like encryption, static ARP tables, port security, and intrusion detection systems.
Image pre processing-restoration
This document discusses image restoration techniques. It describes how image degradation occurs through various processes and the goal of image restoration is to reconstruct the original image from its degraded version. There are two main categories of restoration techniques - deterministic and stochastic. Deterministic techniques use an inverse transformation when the degradation function is known, while stochastic techniques estimate the best restoration according to some criterion. Common degradation functions include relative motion, lens focus issues, and atmospheric turbulence. Inverse filtration and Wiener filtration are two restoration methods described, with Wiener filtration taking noise into account to minimize mean square error.
Chapter 3 image enhancement (spatial domain)
This document discusses various intensity transformation and spatial filtering techniques for digital image enhancement. It covers single pixel operations like negative image and contrast stretching. It also discusses neighborhood operations such as averaging and median filters. Finally, it discusses geometric spatial transformations like scaling, rotation and translation. The document provides details on basic intensity transformation functions including log, power law, and piecewise linear transformations. It also covers histogram processing techniques like histogram equalization, matching and local histogram processing. Spatial filtering and its mechanics are explained.
06 spatial filtering DIP
Spatial filtering involves applying filters or kernels to images to enhance or modify pixel values based on neighboring pixel values. Linear spatial filtering involves taking a weighted sum of pixel values within the filter window. Common filters include averaging filters for noise reduction, median filters to reduce impulse noise while preserving edges, and sharpening filters like Laplacian filters and unsharp masking to enhance details.
Enhancement in frequency domain
This document discusses various frequency domain image filtering techniques. It outlines the basic steps for filtering in the frequency domain which includes centering the Fourier transform, computing the discrete Fourier transform, multiplying by a filter function, computing the inverse transform and canceling centering operations. Specific filters are then described including low pass, high pass, ideal filters and Butterworth filters. Examples of applying these filters to images are provided to demonstrate the effects. Homomorphic filtering is also introduced as a technique for illumination correction.
05 histogram processing DIP
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Week 5 neural basis of consciousness eyes, early visual system and conscious...Nao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) What is our peripheral experience?
- A closer look with color, motion, and metacognition
2) What neural mechanisms underlie the transmission of visual input from the eyes to the brain?
3) What is a receptive field of a neuron?
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Ch 4 sensations and perceptions
The document provides an overview of sensation and perception. It defines sensation as the detection of physical stimuli and perception as how the brain interprets sensory information. It discusses the different senses including vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. For vision, it describes the eye anatomy and visual processes like color vision, depth perception, and visual illusions. For hearing, it discusses the ear anatomy and auditory localization. It also addresses topics like sensory thresholds, adaptation, and influences on perception.
駒場学部講義2016 人間情報学VI 「意識の神経科学：「盲視」と「統合失調症」を手がかりに」
This document summarizes two lectures about consciousness and neuroscience:
1) It discusses theories of consciousness such as qualia and awareness, and the distinction between the dorsal and ventral visual pathways and their roles in vision for action vs perception. It also covers blindsight and the idea that a "feeling of something" without qualia may arise from saliency computation.
2) It discusses using bistable percepts like binocular rivalry to study neural correlates of awareness. It introduces the ideas of neurophenomenology and heterophenomenology to study first-person experience through intersubjective methods. It provides an example of neurophenomenology applied to the aura experience before epileptic seizures.
Hallucination
This document presents a case study of a 35-year-old female complaining of seeing shapes, colors, and partially formed images. Her medical history includes migraines, pituitary tumors, and other conditions. On examination, she has mild disc pallor in both eyes. The document lists potential etiologies for her visual hallucinations including migraine, psychosis, and Charles Bonnet Syndrome. It provides details on visual hallucinations and Charles Bonnet Syndrome. The assessment is that she is experiencing visual deprivation hallucinations due to Charles Bonnet Syndrome. The plan is to consult psychiatry and start her on olanzapine.
sensation and perception
The document summarizes key concepts in sensation and perception including the five senses and how they work. It discusses vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Key topics covered include light and color, the eye, sound waves and hearing, taste buds, and pressure receptors in the skin. Visual illusions and constancies are also summarized.
PSY 150 403 CHAPTER 6 SLIDES
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sensation and perception, as presented in a PowerPoint by Jim Foley. It discusses the senses and how sensory information is processed by the brain to form perceptions. Specific topics covered include the distinction between sensation and perception, thresholds, sensory adaptation, perceptual set, effects of context and emotion on perception, vision and color perception, visual processing in the brain, and how perceptual organization allows us to interpret sensory input.
ch 3
This document discusses concepts related to sensation and perception from an introductory psychology perspective. It begins by defining sensation as the activation of sense organs by physical stimuli. It then describes the various sensory receptors and modalities humans possess. Thresholds such as absolute threshold and just noticeable difference are explained. The document also outlines the visual system in detail, including parts of the eye and visual pathways. Finally, it discusses perception as the interpretation and meaning-making of sensations, and various perceptual phenomena such as constancies and depth perception.
Chapter 5 (sensation)
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sensation and perception from David Myers' Psychology textbook. It covers topics like threshold, sensory adaptation, the five senses, and theories of vision, audition, pain, and other senses. For each sense, it describes the stimulus input, sensory processing in the body and brain, and factors that can influence perception, like adaptation, deficits, and culture. It aims to explain how physical stimuli are converted to neural signals and ultimately perceived.
Sensation & Perception
The document discusses the key concepts of sensation and perception in psychology. Sensation is the detection and encoding of physical stimuli by the senses, while perception involves interpreting and making meaning from sensations based on experience. It describes the different senses like vision, hearing, touch, smell and taste. For vision it explains how light is transduced by the eyes and processed in the brain. For hearing it discusses sound waves and processing in the brain. It also covers concepts like sensory adaptation, perceptual constancy and how assumptions and context can influence perception.
Ch. 3 sensation and perception.key
This chapter discusses sensation and perception. It defines sensation as the process by which senses detect stimuli and transmit signals to the brain. Perception is how the brain interprets these signals. The chapter covers the different senses like hearing, smell, taste, touch. It describes thresholds and transduction for each sense. Factors that influence perception like attention, knowledge and illusions are also discussed. The principles of perceptual organization and unusual perceptual experiences are explained.
Color vision
- Color vision involves three types of cone cells that are sensitive to long, medium, and short wavelengths of light, corresponding to red, green, and blue colors.
- The visual system processes color through pathways that analyze differences in stimulation between cone cell types. This allows for the perception of different hues.
- Color blindness is usually caused by anomalies in one or more cone pigments and can range from mild deficiencies to complete absence of a cone type. It is often inherited through X-linked traits.
King1 Ppt Ch05 6
The document summarizes key concepts about sensation, perception, and consciousness. It discusses how sensation is the process of receiving stimulus energies from the environment through sensory receptors, while perception involves interpreting and organizing sensory information. It also examines different states of consciousness like sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and how psychoactive drugs can alter consciousness.
Chpters 5-6
The document summarizes key concepts about sensation, perception, and consciousness. It discusses how sensation is the process of receiving stimulus energies from the environment through sensory receptors, while perception involves interpreting and organizing sensory information. It also examines different states of consciousness like sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and how psychoactive drugs can alter consciousness.
Psych 200 Sensation and Perception
Sensation and perception focuses on how physical stimuli like light and sound are translated into psychological experiences. There are two main aspects - sensation, which is the detection of stimuli by the senses, and perception, which is the interpretation and organization of sensory information. The five main senses are vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Thresholds refer to the minimum amount of stimulation needed for detection. Factors like adaptation, learning, and psychological states can influence perception.
Chapter5
This document provides an overview of sensation and perception. It discusses how sensation is the detection of physical stimuli through the senses, while perception involves interpreting sensations. Sensory processes like threshold, adaptation, and transduction are explained. The key senses of vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell are described in terms of their stimuli, receptors, and neural processing. Higher-level concepts such as perceptual organization, memory, attention, and individual differences are also briefly covered.
Chapter 5
The document provides an overview of key concepts in sensation and perception. It discusses the basic principles of sensation including thresholds, adaptation and psychophysics. It then examines the senses of vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell and movement. For vision it explores light characteristics, the eye anatomy, visual processing and color vision. For hearing it covers sound characteristics, ear anatomy, theories of audition and localization of sounds. It emphasizes that sensation and perception involve both bottom-up and top-down processing to construct representations of the external world.
visual perceptual dysfunctions and assessment
The document discusses visual perception and its assessment. It begins by defining visual perception as the ability to use vision to adapt to the environment by integrating visual information in the central nervous system. It then describes the hierarchical process of visual perception from the eye through the retina, geniculate nucleus, primary visual cortex, and pathways to other areas for complete processing. The document outlines common visual perceptual dysfunctions and assessments used in occupational therapy to identify limitations and develop intervention plans.
Name-dave harshul topic 4 psychiatry.pptx
Affective disorders are characterized by mood swings. Visual illusions refer to perceptions that differ from what is physically present, such as the Ebbinghaus illusion where two circles appear to be different sizes when they are actually the same. Hallucinations seem real but are false perceptions involving the senses where the brain causes people to see, hear, smell, feel or taste things that are not actually present.
Sensation and perception lecture notes ss
The document provides an overview of sensation and perception. It discusses the distinction between sensation, which is the activation of receptors, and perception, which is how sensations are interpreted. It describes various sensory thresholds and adaptation. The main senses are outlined, including vision, hearing, taste, and smell. Vision involves light stimulation of the eye and color perception. Hearing involves the detection of sound waves. Taste and smell involve the detection of chemicals.
Mod 14 Basic Concepts and Vision
After staring at the flag for 30 seconds and then looking at the dot, I see a faint purple color, which is the opponent color of yellow.
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The document discusses TCP sockets and how they enable communication between client and server applications. It provides details on:
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key distribution in network security
Symmetric encryption uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt data, providing confidentiality. Keys must be distributed securely between parties. Common approaches involve using a key distribution center (KDC) that shares secret keys with parties and can provide temporary session keys. Link encryption protects data as it travels over each network link, while end-to-end encryption protects data for its entire journey but leaves some header data unencrypted. Key distribution, storage, renewal and replacement are important aspects of maintaining security when using symmetric encryption.
Lecture10 Signal and Systems
The Laplace transform generalizes the Fourier transform by allowing the parameter s to be any complex number rather than purely imaginary. The Laplace transform of a signal x(t) is defined as the integral of x(t) multiplied by e^-st from negative infinity to positive infinity. The region of convergence specifies the values of s for which the Laplace transform converges. Within the region of convergence, the Laplace transform provides information about both the growth and frequency content of a signal, unlike the Fourier transform.
Lecture8 Signal and Systems
1) The Fourier transform is useful for designing filters by allowing systems to be described in the frequency domain. Important properties include linearity, time shifts, differentiation, and convolution.
2) Convolution becomes simple multiplication in the frequency domain. To solve a differential/convolution equation using Fourier transforms, take the Fourier transform of the inputs, multiply them, and take the inverse Fourier transform of the result.
3) An example shows designing a low-pass filter by taking the inverse Fourier transform of a rectangular function, producing an ideal low-pass response without time-domain oscillations. Approximating this with a causal function provides some low-pass filtering characteristics.
Lecture7 Signal and Systems
This lecture discusses Fourier series and Fourier transforms. Fourier series represent periodic signals as a sum of sinusoids, while Fourier transforms represent both periodic and non-periodic signals as a function of frequency. Examples of calculating the Fourier series and Fourier transform of common signals like sinusoids, step functions, and exponentials are provided. Exercises are suggested to practice calculating Fourier transforms and using them to analyze the frequency content of signals.
Lecture6 Signal and Systems
This document summarizes a lecture on Fourier series and basis functions. It introduces Fourier series representation of periodic time functions using a basis of complex exponentials. A periodic signal can be expressed as a sum of these basis functions multiplied by coefficients. The coefficients can be determined by integrating the signal multiplied by basis functions over one period. Complex exponentials are eigenfunctions of linear time-invariant systems, and the corresponding eigenvalues can be used to determine the output of such systems when the input is an eigenfunction.
Lecture5 Signal and Systems
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Lecture4 Signal and Systems
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Lecture3 Signal and Systems
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This document covers key concepts about signals including:
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Lecture1 Intro To Signa
This document outlines the content of a lecture on signals and systems. The key points are:
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Lecture9 Signal and Systems
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Lecture9
The document discusses sampling of continuous-time signals to create discrete-time signals. It explains that for perfect reconstruction, the sampling frequency must be greater than twice the maximum frequency of the original continuous-time signal, as specified by the Nyquist rate. A common method for sampling is to use an impulse train, and then reconstruct the signal by passing it through a low-pass filter. Often a zero-order hold is used to sample and communicate the signal, which simply holds each value until the next sample, and this provides a sufficiently accurate reconstructed continuous-time signal.
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Classical Encryption Techniques in Network Security
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02 psychovisual perception DIP
- 1. Psychovisual Perception: 1 Psychovisual Perception
- 3. Psychovisual Perception: 3 Rods and Cones Rods 75 to 150 million High light sensitivity Dim-light vision (scotopic) Monochrome vision Low visual resolution (shares nerve ends) Cones 6 to 7 million Low light sensitivity Bright-light / day-time vision (photopic) High visual resolution (has own nerve end) Color vision
- 4. Psychovisual Perception: 4 Distribution of Rods and ConesDistribution of Rods and Cones
- 5. Psychovisual Perception: 5 Blind SpotBlind Spot Close left eye and stare at cross with right eye Move farther and closer from screen until dot
- 6. Psychovisual Perception: 6 Subjective BrightnessSubjective Brightness
- 7. Psychovisual Perception: 7 Brightness AdaptationBrightness Adaptation
- 8. Psychovisual Perception: 8 Weber RatioWeber Ratio
- 9. Psychovisual Perception: 9 What does it mean?What does it mean? Brightness discrimination poor (large Weber ratio) at low levels of illumination Brightness discrimination improves (small Weber ratio) at high levels of illumination Reflects fact that dim-light vision carried out by rods, while bright-light vision carried out by cones.
- 10. Psychovisual Perception: 10 Mach Band EffectMach Band Effect
- 11. Psychovisual Perception: 11 Simultaneous ContrastSimultaneous Contrast
- 12. Psychovisual Perception: 12 Why?Why? Cells near edge of grey square on right say decreasing intensity as you move into square Cells near edge of grey square on left say increasing intensity as you move into square Relative intensity has significant impact on perception
- 13. Psychovisual Perception: 13 Cornsweet EffectCornsweet Effect
- 14. Psychovisual Perception: 14 Cornsweet EffectCornsweet Effect
- 15. Psychovisual Perception: 15 Cornsweet EffectCornsweet Effect
- 16. Psychovisual Perception: 16 Color vs. Luminance SensitivityColor vs. Luminance Sensitivity Human vision system is less sensitive to changes in chrominance (color) than luminance (brightness) ¼color information
- 17. Psychovisual Perception: 17 OPTICAL ILLIUSIONSOPTICAL ILLIUSIONS
- 18. Psychovisual Perception: 18 OPTICAL ILLIUSIONSOPTICAL ILLIUSIONS
- 19. Psychovisual Perception: 19 OPTICAL ILLIUSIONSOPTICAL ILLIUSIONS
- 20. Psychovisual Perception: 20 OPTICAL ILLIUSIONSOPTICAL ILLIUSIONS
- 21. Psychovisual Perception: 21 Why care about all of this?Why care about all of this? Image quality is highly subjective and greatly dependent on the way our vision system works By taking into account the psychovisual characteristics of the human vision systems, we can: Design image processing algorithms that make images looks better perceptually Design image compression algorithms that look almost as good as the original while storing much less information Design information extraction algorithms that provides good representation of the image content