Chapter 14 The Human Eye Lesson 2 - Light Detection
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The document summarizes how light detection and vision work. Rods and cones in the retina detect light and send signals through the optic nerve to the brain. Rods function in dim light and detect black and white, while cones function in bright light and detect color. The highest concentration of cones is in the fovea centralis, allowing for sharpest vision. There is a blind spot where the optic nerve enters the eye containing no photoreceptors. The brain interprets the signals from the eyes to produce the correct orientation and size of images.
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Assessment https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/551543686d1d8e0d3cac9352/human-eye
previous knowledge checking
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48DqdwzftnQ&feature=emb_title
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Assessment https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/551543686d1d8e0d3cac9352/human-eye
previous knowledge checking
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48DqdwzftnQ&feature=emb_title
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PezhNC965hk&feature=emb_title
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Home assignment https://jamboard.google.com/d/1vrwWdl4DZOCh8KwuIrpgRO1rQKksrx-quIvW5ACC8XE/viewer?f=2
HUMAN EYE AND ITS DEFECTS
The human eye allows us to see the world through refraction of light. It contains structures like the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina and optic nerve. Light enters through the cornea and passes through the pupil, where it is focused by the lens onto the retina. The retina contains light-sensitive cells that generate signals sent to the brain via the optic nerve, allowing us to see. The lens adjusts its curvature for accommodation to focus on near or far objects. Defects in refraction can cause issues like myopia, hyperopia or presbyopia later in life.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in sensation and perception, as presented in a PowerPoint by Jim Foley. It discusses the senses and how sensory information is processed by the brain to form perceptions. Specific topics covered include the distinction between sensation and perception, thresholds, sensory adaptation, perceptual set, effects of context and emotion on perception, vision and color perception, visual processing in the brain, and how perceptual organization allows us to interpret sensory input.
SENSE_ORGANS_COORDINATION_AND_RESPONSE.pptx
This document discusses the human sense organs and the structure and function of the eye. It contains the following key points:
1. The five main human sense organs are the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin, each of which contains receptor cells that respond to stimuli like light, sound, smell, taste, and touch.
2. The eye contains specialized structures like the retina, cornea, iris, lens, and optic nerve that work together to allow vision. Rod and cone cells in the retina detect light and send signals to the brain.
3. The iris controls the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering the eye. The lens and ciliary muscles work together to focus
CGch-3.pptx
The human visual system begins when light enters the eye and forms an image on the retina. The retina contains light-sensitive rods and cones that detect light and color. The optic nerve then sends this visual information to the brain's visual cortex for processing into perceptions of the external world. While the eyes provide sensory input, the brain constructs our experience of vision through complex cognitive and perceptual processes. Our perceptions depend on the interactions between low-level visual detection and higher-level recognition abilities in the brain.
Notes2
Physical processes employed in artificial lighting sources include incandescence, luminescence, fluorescence, and phosphorescence. Incandescence uses heat to produce light from materials like tungsten filaments. Luminescence produces light through chemical or electrical excitation of gases and vapors. Fluorescence absorbs light at one wavelength and re-emits it at another, making UV light visible. Phosphorescence stores light energy and releases it later as glow. Efficient lighting combines luminescence and fluorescence.
The Special Senses.pptx
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the special senses, focusing on vision and hearing. It describes:
1) The accessory structures of the eye that facilitate vision like the eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal glands.
2) The three layers that make up the walls of the eyeball - fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and sensory tunic containing photoreceptors.
3) How sound waves are collected by the outer ear, amplified by the middle ear bones, and transduced into nerve impulses in the inner ear for hearing.
Psych 200 Sensation and Perception
Sensation and perception focuses on how physical stimuli like light and sound are translated into psychological experiences. There are two main aspects - sensation, which is the detection of stimuli by the senses, and perception, which is the interpretation and organization of sensory information. The five main senses are vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Thresholds refer to the minimum amount of stimulation needed for detection. Factors like adaptation, learning, and psychological states can influence perception.
Human Eye
Light enters the eye through the pupil and is refracted by the cornea and lens to be focused on the retina. The retina contains light-sensitive photoreceptor cells that convert the light signal into electrical impulses. These impulses are carried by the optic nerve to the brain, which processes the visual information. The iris controls the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering the eye, while the lens changes shape via ciliary muscles to focus light on the retina for clear vision at different distances.
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Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It has two stages, meiosis I and meiosis II. Meiosis results in genetic variation between offspring through two key processes - independent assortment of chromosomes and crossing over during prophase I. This genetic variation in gametes produced through meiosis, combined with random fertilization, leads to variation among offspring.
Chapter 14: The Nervous System Part 3 - Reflex Actions
The document summarizes key aspects of the central nervous system, including:
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2) Reflex actions are immediate responses to a specific stimulus without conscious control, such as the knee jerk reflex.
3) A reflex arc consists of a receptor, sensory neuron, reflex center in the spinal cord or brain, motor neuron, and effector muscle or gland.
4) A conditioned reflex is a learned response acquired through experience that was originally not an effective stimulus, such as Pavlov's experiment where dogs learned to salivate at the sound of a tone through association with food.
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The document summarizes the process of fertilization and germination in plants. It discusses how pollen grains germinate and the pollen tube grows to deliver sperm cells. Double fertilization occurs, where one sperm cell fertilizes the egg to form the embryo and the other fertilizes the central cell to form endosperm. Post-fertilization, the zygote develops into an embryo while endosperm divides to store food. Seeds then go through germination, where water and enzymes trigger growth of the root and shoot from the stored food reserves. Germination can be epigeal, where the cotyledons emerge above ground, or hypogeal, where they remain below.
Chapter 22 Our Impact on the Ecosystem Lesson 1 - Deforestation_Overfishing
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Chapter 22 Our Impact on the Ecosystem Lesson 3 water pollution conservation
Sewage and inorganic waste pollute water sources in several ways:
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2) Dumping of inorganic wastes like mercury poisoned people through Minamata disease and pollutes waterways.
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Chapter 22 Our Impact on the Ecosystem Lesson 1 - Deforestation_Overfishing
Human activities like agriculture, industry, and fishing can negatively impact ecosystems. Deforestation causes soil erosion, flooding, desertification, and climate change by removing trees that stabilize soil and regulate water cycles. Over-fishing depletes fish populations and destroys habitats by using unsustainable and destructive practices like trawling and dredging that indiscriminately catch other species and damage seabeds. Conservation efforts are needed to protect natural resources and environmental balance.
Chapter 22 Ecology Lesson 3 - Water pollution_Conservation
Sewage and inorganic waste pollute water sources in several ways:
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2) Dumping of inorganic wastes like mercury poisoned people through Minamata disease and pollutes waterways.
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Chapter 21 Ecology Lesson 2 - Pyramid of numbers biomass_carbon cycle
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Chapter 21 Ecology Lesson 1 - Biotic and abiotic factors
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Chapter 20 Molecular Genetics Lesson 3 - Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is a technique used to transfer genes between organisms. It involves identifying the desired gene, using restriction enzymes to cut it from donor DNA, and inserting it into a vector like a plasmid. This vector is then inserted into a host cell like E. coli bacteria. For insulin production, the human insulin gene is inserted into bacterial DNA. The engineered bacteria are grown in large fermenters under controlled conditions to produce large quantities of human insulin. While genetic engineering has benefits like producing affordable insulin, it also raises social and ethical concerns regarding environmental impacts, economic issues, and potential health risks.
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(2) How genes and DNA are related, with each gene made up of a sequence of nucleotides that can vary, leading to different genes, and DNA containing the genetic information for cellular functions.
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Chapter 19 Heredity Lesson 4 - Examples of Gene and Chromosome Mutations and ...
Mutations are permanent changes in DNA that can be caused by environmental factors like radiation or random chance during DNA replication. There are two main types of mutations: gene mutations, which cause conditions like albinism and sickle cell anemia, and chromosome mutations, such as Down syndrome. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation that results in abnormal hemoglobin, causing red blood cells to take on a sickle shape and leading to health issues. While normally harmful, the sickle cell mutation provides resistance to malaria, giving carriers an advantage in malaria-prone regions.
Chapter 19 Heredity Lesson 2 - Present day understanding on heredity based on...
This document summarizes key concepts in genetics and heredity based on Mendel's findings:
1. DNA is organized into chromosomes that are found in the nucleus and carry genetic information. Humans have 46 chromosomes that come in 23 homologous pairs, with one chromosome from each parent.
2. Genes are segments of DNA that control traits and are located on chromosomes. Alleles are different forms of the same gene that can result in different phenotypes.
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Chapter 19 Heredity Lesson 1 - Monohybrid Cross and Test Cross
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Chapter 19 Heredity Lesson 5 - Discontinuous and Continuous Variation
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The document describes the stages of mitosis:
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2) Prophase is when the nuclear envelope breaks down and chromosomes form.
3) Metaphase is when chromosomes line up along the center of the cell.
4) Anaphase is when the chromosomes separate to opposite sides of the cell.
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