The document summarizes the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. It describes how an earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia caused a massive tsunami that severely impacted 14 countries around the Indian Ocean. Over 230,000 people were killed and infrastructure and economies were devastated, especially in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and Thailand. A large international humanitarian aid effort was mounted in response.

1. A
REPORT ON
Submitted To:- Submitted By:-
Mrs. KUMUD TAWAR PRAVEEN KUMAR SHARMA
MECHANICAL:-C2 (Vth SEM)
Roll no:- 12EJGME738

2. DEPARTMENT
OF
DISASTER MANAGEMENT

3. I take this opportunity to express my thanks to my guide/
teacher Mrs. KUMUD TAWAR in preparing my report on disaster
management . It was their constant encouragement that led to
the completion of this report .
I thereby also like to give words of thanks to my friends who help
In this report .

5.  Disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a
society.
 Disasters involve widespread human, material, economic or
environmental impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own resources.
 Any disaster can interrupt essential services, such as health care,
electricity, water, sewage/garbage removal, transportation and
communications.
 The interruption can seriously affect the health, social and economic
networks of local communities and countries.
 Disasters have a major and long-lasting impact on people long after the
immediate effect has been mitigated.
 Poorly planned relief activities can have a significant negative impact not
only on the disaster victims but also on donors and relief agencies.
 So it is important that physical therapists join established programmes
rather than attempting individual efforts.

6. Four main types of disaster are:-
1. Natural disasters:-including floods, hurricanes,
earthquakes and volcano eruptions that have
immediate impacts on human health and secondary
impacts causing further death and suffering from (for
example) floods, landslides, fires, tsunamis.
2. Environmental emergencies:- including
technological or industrial accidents, usually involving
the production, use or transportation of hazardous
material, and occur where these materials are
produced, used or transported, and forest fires caused
by humans.

7. 3. Complex emergencies
4. Pandemic emergencies
.

8.  An earthquake (also known as
a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden
release of energy in the earth’s crust that creates seismic
waves.
 The seismicity , seismic activity of an area refers to the
frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over
a period of time.
 Earthquakes are measured using observations
from seismometers.
 The moment magnitude is the most common scale on
which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are
reported for the entire globe.
 The largest earthquakes in historic times have been of
magnitude slightly over 9, although there is no limit to
the possible magnitude.

9.  The term tsunami comes from the Japanese,
composed of the two “ tsu ” means “ harbour " and
“ nami ”, means "wave".
 Tsunami is a series of water waves caused by the
displacement of a large volume of a body of water,
generally an ocean or a large lake.
 Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and
other underwater explosions (including detonations
of under water nuclear devices), landslides, glacier
calving's, meteorite impacts and other disturbances
above or below water all have the potential to
generate a tsunami.


10.  the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was among the
deadliest and most published natural disasters in
human history with at least 290,000 people,
including tourists from all over the world killed or
missing in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean.

11.  The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an under
sea mega thrust earthquake that occurred at
00:58:53 UTC on Sunday, 26 December 2004, with
an epicenter off the west coast of Sumatra,
Indonesia.
 The quake itself is known by the scientific
community as the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake.
 The resulting tsunami was given various names,
including the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, South
Asian tsunami, Indonesian tsunami, the Christmas
tsunami and the Boxing Day tsunami.

12.  NOAA's tsunami travel time (TTT) map for the 2004
Indian Ocean tsunami. The TTT map calculates the
first-arrival travel times of the tsunami, following their
generation at the earthquake epicenter

13. Map contours represent :-
Red indicates 1-4 hour arrival times
Yellow indicates 5-6 hour arrival times
Green indicates 7-14 hour arrival times
Blue indicates 15-21 hour arrival times
 Radar satellites recorded the heights of tsunami waves
in deep water: at two hours after the earthquake, the
maximum height was 60 centimeter (2 ft.). These are
the first such observations ever made

14.  The earthquake was caused when the Indian Plate
was sub ducted by the Burma Plate and triggered a
series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of
most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean.
 The Indian Plate is part of the great Indo-Australian
Plate, which underlies the Indian Ocean and Bay of
Bengal, and is drifting north-east at an average of 6
centimeters per year (2.4 inches per year).
 The India Plate meets the Burma Plate at the Sunder
Trench.

15.  At this point the India Plate sub ducts beneath the
Burma Plate, which carries the Nicobar Islands the
Andaman Islands, and northern Sumatra.
 The India Plate sinks deeper and deeper beneath the
Burma Plate until the increasing temperature and
pressure drive volatiles out of the sub ducting plate.
 These volatiles rise into the overlying plate causing
partial melting and the formation of magma.
 The rising magma intrudes into the crust above and exits
the Earth's crust through volcanoes in the form of a
volcanic arc.

16.  The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake came just three days
after a magnitude 8.1 earthquake in an uninhabited
region west of New Zealand's sub Antarctic Auckland
Islands, and north of Australia's Macquarie Island.

17.  On the morning of December 26, 2004, at 7:59am local
Sumatra time (0:59am Greenwich mean time) an
earthquake occurred off the coast of Sumatra,
measuring 9.15 on the Richter scale.
 The largest earthquake in four decades, it produced a
powerful tsunami that struck Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India
and Thailand particularly hard, killing about 227,000
people in 14 countries and leaving 2 million displaced
and 1.8 million homeless.

18.  The hypocenter of the main earthquake was
approximately 160 km (100 mi) off the western coast of
northern Sumatra, in the Indian Ocean just north
of Simeulue island at a depth of 30 km (19 mi) below
mean sea level(initially reported as 10 km (6.2 mi)).
 The northern section of the Sunda mega thrust
ruptured over a length of 1,300 km (810 mi).
 The earthquake (followed by the tsunami) was felt
simultaneously in Bangladesh, India
,Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore and
the Maldives.

19.  Splay faults, or secondary "pop up faults", caused long,
narrow parts of the sea floor to pop up in seconds.
 This quickly elevated the height and increased the speed
of waves, causing the complete destruction of the
nearby Indonesian town of Lhoknga.
 With a magnitude of Mw 9.1–9.3, it is the third largest
earthquake ever recorded on a seismograph.
 The earthquake had the longest duration of faulting
ever observed, between 8.3 and 10 minutes.
 It caused the entire planet to vibrate as much as 1
centimeter (0.4 inches) and triggered other earthquakes
as far away as Alaska.

20.  Its epicenter was between Simeulue and mainland
Indonesia. The plight of the affected people and
countries prompted a worldwide humanitarian
response.
 In all, the worldwide community donated more
than $14 billion (2004 US$) in humanitarian aid.
 Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean
earthquake
Indonesia (mainly in Aceh)
Sri Lanka
India (mostly in Tamil Nadu)
Thailand
Maldives
Somalia

21. Myanmar
Malaysia
Seychelles and others.
 Many other countries, especially Australia and those in
Europe, had large numbers of citizens traveling in the
region on holiday. Sweden lost 543 citizens in the
disaster, while Germany had 539 identified victims.

22.  According to the U.S. Geological Survey a total of
227,898 people died (see table below for details).
 Measured in lives lost, this is one of the ten worst
earthquakes in recorded history, as well as the single
worst tsunami in history.
 Indonesia was the worst affected area, with most death
toll estimates at around 170,000.However, another
report by Siti Fadilah Supari, the Indonesian Minister of
Health at the time, estimated the death total to be as
high as 220,000 in Indonesia alone, giving a total of
280,000 casualties.

23.  The tsunami caused serious damage and deaths as far as
the east coast of Africa, eight people in South Africa died
due to abnormally high sea levels and waves.
 Relief agencies reported that one-third of the dead
appeared to be children. This was a result of the high
proportion of children in the populations of many of the
affected regions and because children were the least
able to resist being overcome by the surging waters.
 Oxfam went on to report that as many as four times
more women than men were killed in some regions
because they were waiting on the beach for the
fishermen to return and looking after their children in
the houses.

24.  In addition to the large number of local residents, up to
9,000 foreign tourists (mostly Europeans) enjoying the
peak holiday travel season were among the dead or
missing, especially people from the Nordic countries.
The European nation hardest hit may have been Sweden,
whose death toll was 543.
 Tsunami kills over 230,000 people in fourteen countries.
 Most people were killed in the Indonesia and in India
people were killed in southern portion.
TABLE OF MISSING AND DEATH PEOPLE

25. Country
where
deaths
occurred
Confirmed Estimated Injured Missing Displaced
Indonesia 130,736 167,799 N/A 37,063 500,000+
Sri Lanka 35,322 35,322 21,411 N/A 516,150
India 12,405 18,045 N/A 5,640 647,599
Thailand 5,395 8,212 8,457 2,817 7000
Somalia 78 289 N/A N/A 5,000
Myanmar 61 400-600 45 200 3,200
Maldives 82 108 N/A 26 15,000+
Malaysia 68 75 299 6 5,000+
Tanzania 10 13 N/A N/A N/A
Seychelles 3 3 57 N/A 200
Bangladesh 2 2 N/A N/A N/A
South Africa 2 2 N/A N/A N/A
Yemen 2 2 N/A N/A N/A
Kenya 1 1 2 N/A N/A
TOTAL ~184,167 ~230,273 ~125,000 ~45,752 ~1.69 million

26. 1. Humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean
earthquake:-
 A great deal of humanitarian aid was needed
because of widespread damage of the infrastructure,
shortages of food and water, and economic damage.
 Epidemics were of special concern due to the high
population density and tropical climate of the
affected areas.
 The main concern of humanitarian and government
agencies was to provide sanitation facilities and fresh
drinking water to contain the spread of diseases such
as cholera, diphtheria, dysentery, typhoid and hepat
itis A and B

27.  There was also a great concern that the death toll could
increase as disease and hunger spread. However,
because of the initial quick response, this was
minimized.
 In the days following the tsunami, significant effort was
spent in burying bodies hurriedly for fear of disease.
 However, the public health risks may have been
exaggerated, and therefore this may not have been the
best way to allocate resources.
 The World Food Programme provided food aid to more
than 1.3 million people affected by the tsunami.

28. A. Health risks from dead bodies:-
 Nations all over the world provided over US$14 billion in
aid for damaged regions, with the governments of
following countries-
 Australia pledging US$819.9 million (including a
US$760.6-million aid package for Indonesia)
 Germany offering US$660 million
 Japan offering US$500 million
 Canada offering US$343 million
 Norway and the Netherlands offering both US$183
million
 the United States offering US$35 million initially
(increased to US$350 million), and
 the World Bank offering US$250 million.

29.  Also Italy offered US$95 million, increased later to
US$113 million of which US$42 million was donated by
the population using the SMS system.
 According to USAID, the US has pledged additional
funds in long-term U.S. support to help the tsunami
victims rebuild their lives.
 On 9 February 2005, President Bush asked Congress to
increase the U.S. commitment to a total of US$950
million.
 Officials estimated that billions of dollars would be
needed. Bush also asked his father, former President
George H. W. Bush, and former President Bill Clinton to
lead a U.S. effort to provide private aid to the tsunami
victims.

30.  The level of damage to the economy resulting from the
tsunami depends on the scale examined. While local
economies were devastated, the overall impact to the
national economies was minor.
 The two main occupations affected by the tsunami
were fishing and tourism. The impact on coastal fishing
communities and the people living there, some of the
poorest in the region, has been devastating with high
losses of income earners as well as boats and fishing
gear.
 In Sri Lanka artisanal fishery, where the use of fish
baskets, fishing traps, and spears are commonly used, is

31.  In Sri Lanka artisanal fishery, where the use of fish
baskets, fishing traps, and spears are commonly used, is
an important source of fish for local markets; industrial
fishery is the major economic activity, providing direct
employment to about 250,000 people.
 While the tsunami destroyed many of the boats vital to
Sri Lanka's fishing industry, it also created demand for
fiberglass reinforced plastic catamarans in boatyards of
Tamil Nadu. Since over 51,000 vessels were lost to the
tsunami, the industry boomed.
 However, the huge demand has led to lower quality in
the process, and some important materials were
sacrificed to cut prices for those who were
impoverished by the tsunami.

32.  But some economists believe that damage to the
affected national economies will be minor because
losses in the tourism and fishing industries are a
relatively small percentage of the GDP.
 However, others caution that damage to infrastructure
is an overriding factor. In some areas drinking water
supplies and farm fields may have been contaminated
for years by salt water from the ocean.
 Even though only costal regions were directly affected
by the waters of the tsunami, the indirect effects have
spread to inland provinces as well.
 Since the media coverage of the event was so extensive,
many tourists cancelled vacations and trips to that part
of the world, even though their travel destinations may
not have been affected.

33.  The Indian Ocean earthquake has caused an enormous
environmental impact that will affect the region for many
years to come.
 It has been reported that severe damage has been
inflicted on ecosystems such as mangroves, coral reefs,
forests, coastal wetlands, vegetation,
sand dunes and rock formations, animal and
plant biodiversity and groundwater.
 In addition, the spread of solid and liquid waste and
industrial chemicals, water pollution and the destruction
of sewage collectors and treatment plants threaten the
environment even further, in untold ways. The
environmental impact will take a long time and significant
resources to assess.

34.  According to specialists, the main effect is being caused
by poisoning of the freshwater supplies and the soil
by saltwater infiltration and deposit of a salt layer over
arable land.
 It has been reported that in the Maldives, 16 to 17 coral
reef atolls that were overcome by sea waves are
completely without fresh water and could be rendered
uninhabitable for decades.
 It also causes the death of plants and important soil
micro-organisms. Thousands of rice, mango and banana
plantations in Sri Lanka were destroyed almost entirely
and will take years to recover. On the island's east coast,
the tsunami contaminated wells on which many villagers
relied for drinking water.
.

35.  The Colombo-based International Water Management
Institute monitored the effects of saltwater and
concluded that the wells recovered to pre-tsunami
drinking water quality one and a half years after the
event.
 IWMI developed protocols for cleaning wells
contaminated by saltwater; these were subsequently
officially endorsed by the World Health Organization as
part of its series of Emergency Guidelines.
 UNEP ( United Nations Environment Programme)has
decided to earmark a US$1,000,000 emergency fund
and to establish a Task Force to respond to requests for
technical assistance from countries affected by the
tsunami.

36.  In response to a request from the Maldivian
Government, the Australian Government sent ecological
experts to help restore marine environments and coral
reefs—the lifeblood of Maldivian tourism. Much of the
ecological expertise has been rendered from work with
the Great Barrier Reef, in Australia's northeastern
waters.

38.  Millions of people around the world live in areas at risk
for tsunamis, such as Japan, Hawaii, Alaska, Indonesia,
Sri Lanka, Thailand, and India. And millions more visit
these places every day.
 Although a tsunami cannot be prevented, the effect of a
tsunami can be reduced through community tsunami
preparedness, timely warnings, and effective response.
 The risk of Indian Ocean earthquakes and tsunamis
similar to the 2004 Sumatra disaster is greater than
previously thought, researchers say. British and Canadian
scientists said the risk in the western Indian Ocean of an
earthquake-caused tsunami that could threaten the
coastal areas of Pakistan, Iran, Oman, India and other
countries has been underestimated.

39.  Learning from past disasters and being prepared as to
what actions to take during an event can help minimise
the impact on the loss of people and property.
 A comprehensive approach to reducing disaster risk was
established by the UN General Assembly, through a
process which led to the Hyogo Framework for Action
for 2005-2015.
 The framework was endorsed by 168 countries following
the Indian Ocean Tsunami. Its goal is “the substantial
reduction of disaster losses in lives and in the social,
economic and environmental assets of communities and
countries.” Its ten- year plan sets out what is required
from governments, multilateral organizations , regional
institutions, disaster experts, and many others to reduce
disaster loss.

40.  Due to the complexity of emergency management,
Drabek and Hoetmer (1991) provided four phases for
comprehensive emergency management which “overlap
in practice but have specific individual goals”. The
phases are:
1. Mitigation: Activities performed to avoid or reduce the
disaster occurrence risk.
2. Preparedness: Efforts to lessen the impact of disasters
3. Response: Activities aiming to rescue, avoid property
damage, satisfy the immediate needs for survival
goods of the affected people, among others.
4. Recovery: Efforts oriented to return to the normal
conditions of the community.

41.  From the articles of the news paper, TIMES OF INDIA,
THE HINDU , etc.
 Book of DISASTER MANAGEMENT.
 Guided by my teachers.
 Help from my friends.
 Contain taken from WIKIPEDIA.
THANKS