Herbart advocated five formal steps in teaching . The five stepped system of lesson planning was started by J. Friedrich Herbert, a German psychologist. His five-stage system of lesson planning involves five discrete steps including preparation, presentation, association, generalization, and application. Herbart advocated five formal steps in teaching. 3.4.2 Approaches to Lesson Planning There are various approaches to lesson planning. They are Herbartian approach, Unit approach, Evaluation approach and Project approach. a) Herbartian approach The steps of the Herbartian approach are given below: i) General information regarding the subject, class, age level of children, estimated time. ii) Instructional Objectives a) General Objectives b) Specific Objectives You are aware that different subjects at different grade levels have some general objectives whereas specific objectives, which are written in behavioural terms as they focus on the expected outcomes of our teaching about the topic covered in a given period of time. These specific objectives, also known as instructional objectives. They must be measurable and observable. You are required to identify your behavioural objectives and state them in a clear and unambiguous language. iii) Instructional aids Select teaching aids which you think would be proper for clarifying the concepts to be taught. List all such teaching aids used. They could be in the form of charts, static or dynamic model, real specimens, etc. , iv) Testing of previous knowledge Development of the lesson is based on the previous knowledge of your students. We have to assume the previous knowledge of students related to the content to be taught and test it through a single direct question. v) Introduction This step mainly is concerned with introducing a topic through introductory questions or by creating the appropriate situation. The focus is on preparing out students to receive new knowledge by linking it with their previous knowledge. vi) Presentation Presentation comprises of the ways in which relevant content is presented. Most of the teachers develop their lesson with the help of developing questions and using students' 1 -sponse for further presentation ~fthe content. This presentation or development stage is interactive in the real classroom situation. It depends on teachers' communication skills and teaching skills like questioning, explaining, giving demonstration and providing reinforcement on desirable student behaviour. vii) Recapitulation Recapitulation of the lesson helps the teacher to find out the extent of learning that has occurred during the period of instruction. It can be done by asking several questions. This stage provides feedback to the teacher about hisher teaching process. viii) Black Board Summary Teacher writes the summary of his teaching points and explanations. It is to be developed 5 8 simultaneously when less011 is being developed. - ix) Home Assignment suitable for content.

1. HERBARTIAN
METHOD
JOHANN FRIEDRICH HERBART was born in 1776
in Oldenburg, North Germany.
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2. • Education is the method by which a society
gets from one generation to the next.
• Interest develops when already strong and
vivid ideas are hospitable towards new ones,
thus past occasions motivate apperception of
current ones.
• He believed that new ideas, when properly
presented to the students become linked to
existing ideas and form a system of associated
ideas.
• He is also known as father of scientific
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4. Preparation/Introduction
The teacher-
 prepare pupils to receive new knowledge.
 arises the previous knowledge of the
pupils.
 introduces the topic briefly.
 stimulates the curiosity of the pupils.
 correlates the introduction with the
lesson
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5. PREPARATION/INTRODUCTION
 Did the student teacher prepare pupils to receive
new knowledge?
 Did the student teacher arose the previous
knowledge of the pupils?
 Did the student teacher introduce the topic briefly?
 Did the student teacher stimulate the curiosity of the
pupils?
 Did the student teacher correlate the introduction
with the lesson?
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6. Statement of Aim
The teacher-
 makes the statement of the aim.
 makes the statement of the aim in brief.
 states the statement of the aim clearly.
 writes the title on the chalk-board.
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7. STATEMENT OF AIM
 Did the student teacher make the statement of the
aim?
 Did the student teacher make the statement of the
aim in brief?
 Did the student teacher state the statement of the
aim clearly?
 Did the student teacher write the title on the black-
board?
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8. Presentation
The teacher-
 uses explanation/illustrations wherever
necessary.
 uses appropriate vocabulary.
 asks questions.
 gets appropriate response from pupils.
 makes use of reinforcement.
 takes pupils’ verbal/nonverbal
participation.
 does the skillful arrangement
/organization of material.
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9.  uses content and logic properly.
 makes interlinking statements.
 associate new facts with old knowledge(compare
and contrast).
 motivates the pupils for comparison and
observation.
 leads the pupils to certain principles /conclusions
/rules/ generalization.
 helps pupils to complete and correct the
generalization.
 provides opportunity for reflection on the new
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10. PRESENTATION
 Did the student teacher use
explanation/illustrations wherever necessary?
 Did the student teacher use appropriate
vocabulary?
 Did the student teacher ask questions?
 Did the teacher get appropriate response from
pupils?
 Did the student teacher make use of
reinforcement?
 Did the student teacher take pupils’
verbal/nonverbal participation? 9/18/2023
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11.  Did the student teacher use content and logic
properly?
 Did the student teacher make interlinking
statements?
 Did the student teacher associate new facts with
old knowledge(compare and contrast)?
 Did the student teacher make motivate the pupils
for comparison and observation?
 Did the student teacher lead the pupils to certain
principles /conclusions /rules/ generalization?
 Did the student teacher help pupils to complete
and correct the generalization?
 Did the student teacher provide opportunity for
reflection on the new facts that have been
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12. Recapitulation
 removes writing from the blackboard
before asking recapitulation question.
 evaluates the pupils’ performance.
 has revision of knowledge learnt in the
lesson.
 makes use of CB for writing summary
and other purposes.
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13. RECAPITULATION
 Did the student teacher remove writing from the
blackboard before asking recapitulation question?
 Did the student teacher evaluate the pupils’
performance?
 Did the student teacher have revision of knowledge
learnt in the lesson?
 Did the student teacher make use of CB for writing
summary and other purposes?
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14. Application
 tests the pupils orally or using test.
 asks the pupils to apply knowledge to
practical work/aids/activity/experiment
etc.
 asks for constructive and creative
exercises.
 gives home assignment.
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15. APPLICATION
 Did the student teacher test the pupils orally or using
test?
 Did the student teacher ask the pupils to apply
knowledge to practical work/aids/activity/experiment
etc?
 Did the student teacher ask for constructive and
creative exercises?
 Did the student teacher give home assignment?
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16. The observation tag for the
Herbartian Method of Teaching
goes in the following way
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17. But something extra is required-
 Co-operative Strategy
 Reflection / Action on Core Components and
Values
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18.  Let us see these one by one
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19. Co-operative Strategy (How
Aspect)
 Discussion among groups
 Discussion among pairs
 Team work
 Pair work
 Debates
 Projects
 Seminars
 Etc.
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20. Core Elements
1. History Of India’s Freedom Movement
2. Constitutional Obligations
3. Content Essential To Nurture National Identity
4. India’s Common Cultural Heritage
5. Egalitarianism, Democracy and Secularism
6. Equality of sexes
7. Removal of Social Barriers
8. Protection of environment
9. Observance of Small Family Norms
10. Inculcation of Scientific Temper 9/18/2023
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21. Core Values
1-Patriotism
2-National Integration
3-Tolerence Towards all Religions
4-Gender Equality
5-Dignity of Labour
6-Scientific Attitude
7-Modesty
8-Sensitivity
9-Punctuality
10-Neatness 9/18/2023
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22. Thank You
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