bachelor of architecture ,ancient history ,references from history of architecture",banister fletcher and pictures from various websites

1. HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
STUDY OF BUILT UP
STRUCTURES DURING
THE ANCIENT
CIVILISATIONS
Indus Valley
Egypt
Mesopotamia

2. EGYPTIAN CIVILISATION
Temple of isis, Philae,330 BC

3. GEOGRAPHIC
1. RIVER NILE,
NARROW STRIP OF FERTILE ALLUVIAL SOIL
AND SANDY DESERT BORDER.
2. BLACK LAND OR LAND OF PHARAOH (KEMI)

4. GEOLOGY
1. TIMBER- ACASIA FOR BOATS; DATE PALM
FOR ROOFING,
SYCAMORE FOR MUMMYCASE
2. BRICKS - SUNDRIED AND KILN BURNT
3. STONES – LIMESTONE , SANDSTONE,
ALABASTER, BASALT ,PORPHYRY, GRANITE
CLIMATE
1. SPRING AND SUMMER ARE 2 SEASONS
2. RARE OCCURANCE OF RAIN, STORM,
FOG- HELPED IN PRESERVING THE BLDGS.
3. FIERCE SUN
4. FLAT ROOF CLEARSTOREY LIGHTING
AND SLIT OPENINGS.

5. LIGION
LIGION INFLUENCED ARCHITECTURE TO THE MAXIMUM
BELIEF OF AFTER LIFE- PYRAMIDS, MASTABAS,TEMPLES
DWELLING HOUSE REGARDED AS TEMPORARY ABODE AND
TOMBS AS PERMANENT ABODE
TEMPLES WERE MEANT FOR KINGS AND PRIESTS
MYSTERIOUS SPIRITUAL PRACTICES DID NOT ALLOW REST OF THE PEOPLE
NTO TEMPLES. TEMPLES HAD HIGH WALL ENCLOSURES
NITIALLY MONOTHEISTIC AND LATER POLYTHESITIC (TRIAD GODS)
KINGS WERE RANKED AS GODS

6. - CHIEF GOD- OSIRIS (GOD OF DEATH);
ISIS(HIS WIFE)
- AMON(SUN GOD); MUT (HIS WIFE);
KHONS(THEIR SON)
- PTAH ; SEKHET ; IEM-HETEP

7. 6. NECROPOLIS (AT MEMPHIS)WAS AWAY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AREA

8. 7. PYRAMIDS,MASTABAS , TEMPLES ERECTED.

9. MASTABAS

10. SOCIAL (AS RECOREDED IN OLD TESTAMENT & RECORDS FROM PAPYRI AND TABLETS)
1. A CUSTOM TO RECORD DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL MATTERS ON TOMBS,
PAPYRU AND ON TABLET
2. SOCIAL SYSTEM – MONARCHY
PHARAOHS (KINGS) duties :
practiced religion, patronised art, protected their country; waged war,
fostered trading enterprise; encouraged industries and handivcrafts.
3. SLAVE LABOURERS( UNPAID LABOUR) EMPLOYED FOR CONSTRUCTION

12. 4. SKILLS WHICH WERE HIGHLY
ESTEEMED:
WEAVING
GLASS BLOWING
POTTERY TURNING
METAL WORKING
MAKING MUSICAL
INSTRUMENTS
JEWELLERY AND
FURNITURE MAKING
ASTRONOMY,MATHEMATICS,
PHILOSOPHY

14. 5. HIEROGLYPHICS

16. ECTURAL CHARACTER
LINGS CONSTRUCTED OUT OF
BAKED BRICKS,
LED CLAY AND REEDS
S :
ER- EXTERNAL SLOPE OF WALL FACE .RESISTED EARTHQUAKE
NSELY THK-20-30'
ICITY,SOLIDITY, GRANDUER
WINDOWLESS WALL SURFACES

17. 4. LIGHTING AND VENTILATION
THROUGH CLEARSTOREY AND
SLIT OPENINGS

19. 5. BRICK VAULTS
CONSTRUCTED

20. 6. COLUMNS-
-6 TIMES DIA IN HT.
-RESEMBLE PAPYRUS OR
LOTUS STOCK TIED AT
INTERVALS BT BANDS
-CIRCULAR SHAFT
- THICK MOULDED BASE
- CAPITAL – BELL SHAPED
WITH LOTUS OR PAPYRUS
SCULPTED

24. 7. COLUMNAR AND TRABEATED
CONSTRUCTION
8. CLOSE INTERCOLUMNATION
9. TEMPLE ENTRANCE HAD
– PYLONS
- AVENUE OF SPINXES (MYTHICAL
MONSTERS)

25. 10. OBELISK-
MONUMENTAL PILLAR STOOD IN
PAIR FLANKING ENTRANCES
- THEY ARE HUGE MONOLITH
SQUARE ON PLAN AND
TAPERING TO A PYRAMIDICAL
SUMMIT WITH A METAL
CAPPING.
- HEIGHT- 9TO 10 TIMES DIA. OF
BASE

26. The pylon – entrance gateway

27. 11. ORNAMENTATION - GORGE CORNICE -
BEAD AND ROLL MOULDING OF STONE ON
TOP OF WALLS AND ANGLES
HIEROGLYPHICS WERE BOTH
INSTRUCTIVE AND ORNAMENTAL
CONVENTIONALISED NATURAL OBJECTS-
LOTUS,PALM,PAPYRUS
ALSO SPIRALS , FEATHER DETAILING

30. DWELLINGS
CRUDE BRICKS
1,2 OR 3 STOREYS IN HEIGHT
FLAT OR DOMED ROOF- OF CLAY OR SUNDRIED BRICKS
OUTSIDE STEPS WIND UP TO ANOTHER FLOOR
TELL-EL-AMARNA HOUSE -1400BC
WITH PORCH INNER COURT, GRANARY,BEDROOM,BATHROOM,
GUEST CHAMBERS, KITCHEN, WELL, DOG KENNEL
CLEARSTOREY LIGHTING

31. TEMPLES CONSISTS OF :
1. ENTRANCE PYLONS,
2. COURTS AND HYPOSTYLE HALLS OF UNLIMTED SIZE AND
NUMEROUS CLOSELY SPACED COLUMNS.
3. SACRED POND
4. MASSIVE WALL ENCLOSURE(20- 30' THK)
5. AVENUE OF SPINXES,OBELISKS
6. ORNAMENTAL-
- LOTUS BUD ,PAPYRI CAPITAL.
- HIEROGLYPHICS COLOURED IN RED,BLUE AND YELLOW
- SEMIDARKNESS
- LOW RELIEF CARVINGS

34. TEMPLE OF HORUS , EDFU
EGYPT

35. TEMPLE OF HORUS , EDFU
EGYPT

36. TEMPLE OF HORUS , EDFU
EGYPT

37. TEMPLE OF HORUS , EDFU
EGYPT

44. SPINX
EG:THE GREAT SPINX,CAIRO 3700BC
SEMI RECUMBENT LION WITH THE HEAD OF A MAN
65' HT. ; 150 ' LONG ;
sandstone

45. 1. PYRAMIDS1. PYRAMIDS
2. MASTABAS2. MASTABAS
3. ROCH HEWN TOMBS3. ROCH HEWN TOMBS
TOMBS CONSIDERED AS PERMANENT ABODE
FORM OF THE TOMBS RESIST EARTHQUAKE SHOCKS

46. MASTABAS
1. RECTANGULAR FLAT ROOFED STRUCTURES
WITH SIDES SLOPING 75 DEG TO GL
2. IT CONSISTS OF 3 PARTS
- OUTER CHAMBER- OFFERINGS TO KA ; has false doors
- INNER SECRET CHAMBER “SERDAB” - STATUTE OF DECEASED
- CHAMBER CONTAINING SARCOPHAGUS REACHED BY UNDERGROUNG SHAFT
3. DERIVED FROM HEAPS OF STONES PILED OVER A DUGOUT FOR THE DEAD.

48. EG: PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH (3733 -3566 BC)
PYRAMIDS :
TOMBS FOR KINGS TO SECURE THE PRESERVATION OF THE BODY
MOUNDS OF MASONRY

49. SENEFRU'S BENT
PYRAMID

51. EG: GREAT PYRAMID OF CHEOPS (KHUFU) -3733BC
482' HT.; 760' SQUARE PLAN; AREA-13 ACRES
4 SIDES FACE CARDINAL DIRECTIONS
SIDES ARE EQUILATERAL TRIANGLES ; MAKE 52DEG. TO GROUND
IT CONSISTS OF ENTRANCE AT 47' ABOVE GL
PASSAGE TO GRAND GALLERY( 7'x 28')
TOMB CHAMBER ( 34'X17' AND19' HT)AT THE HEART OF THE PYRAMID
UPPER PART OF TOMBS HAS ELABORATE STONE LAYERING TO
WITHSTAND THE MASONRYABOVE
STONE PORTCULLIS 50 TONS ,FIT INTO A RECESS
TRIPLE SEATH OF GRANITE SARCOPHAGUS, SYCAMORE COFFIN,
BITUMINOUS MUMMYCLOTHS LAY THE BODY OF THE DEAD PHARAOH
2 AIRSHAFTS 8”X6” LEAD TO OUT FACE OF PYRAMID.
QEENS CHAMBER ,SUBTERRANIAN CHAMBER CONNECTED THRU' PASSAGES
EXTERIOR- LIMESTONE SLAB CASING

53. King's chamber
Grand gallery
entrance
Subterranian chamber
airshaft airshaft
Queen's chamber
480'0”

55. The great temple,Abu Simble
Rock hewn temple,
Facade- 119' wide and 100' ht
65' ht statues of rameses II
Vestibule has 8 osiris pillars
4 pillared hypostyle hall beyond vestibule
(36'x 25')
Long narrow chamber and
then the sanctuary
Coloured wall relief

56. ETHOD
N OF WOODEN WEDGES WHICH EXPAND AFTER SOAKING
THE GRANITES INTO BLOCKS
TED THRU' BARGES
USED FOR RAISING STONES
PLACED BY HAULING IT UP A CAUSEWAY OF EARTH AND
NG IT INTO POSITION