Ancient Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in present-day Iraq. Some of the earliest civilizations developed there, including the Sumerians who invented one of the first systems of writing called cuneiform. Important cities included Babylon, with structures like the Hanging Gardens and the Temple of Marduk. The Ziggurat was a type of religious structure with stacked platforms. Later empires like the Assyrians and Persians also built in Mesopotamia, constructing palaces with arched vaults and columns.

1. ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
MESOPOTAMIA IS THE FERTILE PLAINS LOCATED BETWEEN WHICH RIVERS? TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES
ALSO KNOWN AS THE “CRADLES OF CIVILIZATION”, MEANING ‘BETWEEN RIVERS’. AN ANCIENT REGION IN WESTERN ASIA
BETWEEN TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES.
MESOPOTAMIA
PRESENT DAY MESOPOTAMIA IRAQ
FIRST CODE OF LAWS IN HUMAN HISTORY WRITTEN BY THE 6TH
BABYLONIAN KING CODE OF HAMMURABI
ONE OF THE EARLIEST SYSTEMS OF WRITINGS INVENTED BY THE SUMERIANS. IT MEANS “WEDGE SHAPED”. CUNEIFORM SCRIPT
PRESENT DAY IRAN PERSIA
DEVELOPED INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS, THE LARGEST BEING THE BUILDING OF THE NEW CAPITAL OF PERSEPOLIS DARIUS I
KNOWN FOR HIS MASSIVE INVASION OF GREECE AND HIS DEFEAT MARKED THE DECLINE OF THE BABYLONIAN EMPIRE XERXES I
MESOPOTAMIAN BRICKS USED FOR FACING IMPORTANT BUILDINGS KILN-DRIED
ALSO CALLED ‘HOLY MOUNTAINS’, IS A TEMPLE TOWER IN SUMERIAN AND ASSYRIAN ARCHITECTURE, BUILT IN
DIMINISHING STAGES OF MUD BRICK WITH BUTTRESSED WALLS
ZIGGURAT
CENTRAL HALL IN MESOPOTAMIAN TEMPLES WHICH SERVES AS A MEETING PLACE FOR THE PRIESTS AND GODS CELLA
AN ARTIFICIAL MOUNTAIN COVERED WITH TREES AND PLANTS, BUILT BY NEBUCHADNEZZAR II FOR HIS WIFE HANGING GARDENS OF
BABYLON
MASSIVE BABYLONIAN ARCHITECTURE DEDICATED TO THE SUPREME GOD; HEAVILY BASTIONED, BUILT IN CLAY WITH
HUGE TOWERS AND CRENELATED TERRACES
TEMPLE OF MARDUK
AN ANCIENT UNFINISHED ZIGGURAT AT SHINAR IN WHICH THE BUILDING OF A TOWER INTENDED TO REACH HEAVEN WAS
BEGUN AND THE CONFUSION OF THE LANGUAGE OF THE PEOPLE TOOK PLACE
TOWER OF BABYLON
BEGUN BY DARIUS I
MOSTLY EXECUTED BY XERXES I
FINISHED BY ARTAXERXES
PALACE OF PERSEPOLIS
PALACE PROPER IN ASSYRIAN PALACES SERGALIO
SERVICE CHAMBERS IN AN ASSYRIAN PALACE KHAN
SYSTEM OF CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPALLY USED BY THE ASSYRIANS ARCH AND VAULT
THE ZIGGURAT AT BORSIPPA WAS BUILT BY: NEBUCHADNEZZAR
THE PROPYLAEA, FORMING THE MONUMENTAL ENTRANCE TO THE PALACE PLATFORM, PERSEPOLIS, WAS BUILT BY: XERXES
THE HALL OF THE HUNDRED COLUMNS WAS BUILT BY: XERXES
IN THE ABSENCE OF WINDOWS, VENTILATION IN ASSYRIAN PALACES WERE ALLOWED IN THE INTERIORS THROUGH: TERRACOTTA PIPE
THE ORIENTATION OF THE ZIGGURAT HAD ITS ___ORIENTED TOWARDS THE CARDINAL POINTS FOUR CORNERS
THE USE OF MONSTERS IN DOORWAYS IS PREVALENT IN: PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE
THE CHIEF ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENT OF THE ASSYRIANS IS: CHISELED ALABASTER SLAB
CHARACTERIZED BY MONUMENTAL TEMPLES OF SUN-DRIED BRICK FACED WITH BURNT OR GLAZED BRICK, OFTEN BUILT
UPON THE RUINS OF THEIR PREDECESSORS; ESTABLISHED AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM
SUMMERIAN ARCHITECTURE
AN ARTIFICIAL MOUND FORMED BY THE ACCUMULATED REMAINS OF ANCIENT SETTLEMENTS TELL
ALSO KNOWN AS PASARGADAE, BUILT ON A FLAT AREA BY THE FIRST GREAT PERSIAN KING AS HIS GARDEN PALACE AND
TOMB
PALACE OF CYRUS THE GREAT

2. A MESOPOTAMIAN DEITY, CHIEF GOD OF THE CITY OF BABYLON. REPRESENTED BY A BAS RELIEF OF A DRAGON ON THE
ISHTAN GATE
MARDUK
GOD OF STORMS AND WEATHER. REPRESENTED BY A BAS RELIEF OF AN AUROCH (BULL) ON THE ISHTAR GATE ADAD
GODDEST OF LOVE AND WAR; PATRON GODDESS OF THE CITY OF URUK. REPRESENTED BY A BAS RELIEF OF A LION ON THE
ISHTAR GATE
ISHTAR
ASSYRIAN GUARDIAN IN THE FORM OF A MAN-HEADED WINGED BULL LAMASSU
PERSIAN ARCHTITECTURE CHARACTERISTIC AND FEATURES COLUMNAR AND TREABATED
ANCIENT EGYPT
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE DEVELOPED SINCE 3000 BC AND CHARACTERIZED BY ___ CONSTRUCTION. POST AND LINTEL
THE TWO PRINCIPAL BUILDING MATERIALS USED IN ANCIENT EGYPT UNBAKED MUD BRICK AND
STONE
THE FIRST 3 “KINGDOM-PERIOD” IN EGYPT; FOLLOWED BY “MIDDLE” AND “NEW” OLD KINGDOM
EGYPTIAN GOD-KING; MEANS “GREAT HOUSE” PHARAOH
BELIEF IN MANY DEITIES OR GODS POLYTHEISM
GOD OF NILE RIVER HAPI
THE MOST IMPORTANT GODDESS; REPRESENTED THE LOYAL WIFE AND MOTHER ISIS
THE PROCESS OF PREPARING THE BODY FOR THE AFTERLIFE MUMMIFICATION
TOMBS OR GRAVES FOR PHARAOHS; CONTAINED EVERYTHING NEEDED FOR THE AFTERLIFE PYRAMID
THE KING WHO UNITED UPPER AND LOWER EGYPT IN 3100 B.C. NAMER
EGYPTIAN KING WITH LARGEST PYRAMID AT GIZA KHUFU
VIZIER OF DJOSER, DESIGNER OF THE STEP PYRAMID IMHOTEP
WORLD’S FIRST KNOWN ARCHITECT IMHOTEP
IT IS DEEMED TO BE THE OLDES STONE STRUCTURE OF ITS SIZE IN THE WORLD STEP PYRAMID OF DJOSER
EGYPTIAN KING WHO BUILT THE FIRST TRUE PYRAMID SNEFERU
EGYPTIAN SUN GOD, PATRON GOD OF THEBES AMON-RA
EGYPTIAN ASPECT OF THE SUN GOD REPRESENTED BY SOLAR DISC; PEACE LOVING GOD ATHEN
EGYPTIAN CAT HEADED GODDESS OF JOY AND MOTHERLY PROTECTION BASTET
EGYPTIAN GODDESS OF MUSIC, DANCE, LOVE HATHOR
EGYPTIAN FALCON HEADED DEITY WHO PROTECTED THE KING HORUS
EGYPTIAN GOD OF THE NILE, RULER OF THE UNDERWORLD, MOST FAVORITE DEITY OSIRIS
EGYPTIAN GOD OF WAR SETH
EGYPTHIAN PATRON OF CRAFTSMEN AND ARTISANS PTAH
AN ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MUDBRICK TOMB WITH A RECTANGULAR BASE AND SLOPING SIDES AND FLAT ROOF MASTABA
HE ERECTED THE EARLIEST KNOWN OBELISK SENUSERET

3. HE BUILT HUNDREDS OF STATUES OF HIMSELF INCLUDING THE COLOSSI OF MEMNON AMENHOTEP III
THE MOST IMPORTANT PART OF THE TEMPLE WAS THE ____ WHICH TYPICALLY CONTAINED A CULT IMAGE, A
STATUE OF ITS GOD
SANCTUARY
THE MAIN STONES USED IN TEMPLE CONSTRUCTION WERE____ WHICH ARE COMMON IN EGYPT LIMESTONE AND SANDSTONE
WHAT TYPE OF COLUMNS WERE USED IN THE GREAT HYPOSTYLE HALL PAPYRUS COLUMNS
THE GREAT HYPOSTYLE HALL IS LOCATED WITHIN THE ___ TEMPLE COMPLEX, IN THE PRECINCT OF AMON-RE KARNAK
HATSHEPSUT’S TEMPLE, DESIGNED AND BUILT BY HER STEWARD ____ SENENMUT
THE FUNERARY TEMPLE OF ____ AT MADINAT HABU CONTAINS THE BEST-PRESERVED OF THEBAN MORTUARY
CHAPELS AND SHRINES, AS WELL AS THE MAIN TEMPLE COMPONENTS
RAMSES III
IT IS THE LARGEST OF THE PYRAMIDS LOCATED AT THE DAHSHUR NECROPOLIS IN CAIRO, EGYPT RED PYRAMID
THE RED PYRAMID IS ALSO CALLED____ NORTH PYRAMID
THE GREAT HYPOSTYLE HALL WAS BEGUN BY SETI I, AND COMPLETED BY ____ RAMESSES II
ANCIENT GREEK
TWO CULTURES OF THE AEGEAN CIVILIZATION MINOAN AND MYCENEAN
BRONZE AGE CIVILIZATION OF CRETE UNDER THE LEGENDARY KING MINOS OF KNOSSOS MINOAN
FIRST GREEK CIVILIZATION MYCENEAN
THE TREASURY OF ATREUS IN MYCENAE IS ALSO CALLED AS THE TOMB OF AGAMEMNON
______ DESCRIBES THE PERIOD OF CLASSICAL GREECE BETWEEN THE FIRST DEMOCRACY IN ATHENS AND THE
DEATH OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT. THIS IS THE PERIOD THAT MANY KNOW AS THE GOLDEN AGE OF ANCIENT
GREECE.
HELLENIC AGE
IT IS SLIGHT CONVEX CURVE IN THE SHAFT OF A COLUMN, INTRODUCED TO CORRECT THE VISUAL ILLUSION OF
CONCAVITY PRODUCED BY A STRAIGHT SHAFT.
ENTASIS
GREEK ARCHITECTURE WAS ESSENTIALLY____ COLUMNAR AND TRABEATED
FORMING THE IMPOSING ENTRANCE TO THE AROPOLIS AND ERECTED BY THE ARCHITECT MNESICLES IS
THE____
PROPYLAEA
IN ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME, A STOREROOM OF ANY KIND, BUT ESPECIALLY FOR STRONG WINE. APOTHECA
TEMPLE WITH A PORTICO OF COLUMNS ARRANGED IN FRONT PROSTYLE
THE THREE CHAMBERS OF A GREEK TEMPLE PRONAOS
NAOS
EPINAOS
PROSTYLE IS THE CLEAR SPACE BETWEEN COLUMNS, YES, OR NO? NO, IT’S INTERCOLUMNATION
DIASTYLE INTERCOLUMNATION HAS HOW MANY DIAMETERS? 3

4. THIS TYPE OF GREEK ORDER IS MASCULINE AND DIGNIFIED, HAS NO BASE, HAS A HEIGHT 4-6 1/2x THE BASE,
HAS 20 FLUTES AND ARISES
DORIC ORDER
THIS TYPE OF GREEK ORDER IS FEMININE, LIGHT, DELICATE, ELEGANT. IT HAS 24 FLUTES SEPARATED BY FILLETS,
HAS AN ATTIC BASE AND HEIGHT IS 9X OF BASE
IONIC ORDER
A BUILDING IN ANCIENT GREECE WHICH HOUSED THE COUNCIL OF CITIZENS OF A DEMOCRATIC CITY STATE BOULEUTERION
THE IONIC ORDER WAS DEVELOPED IN THE MID-6TH
CENTURY BCE BY ____ ON THE ISLANDS NEAR PRESENT-DAY
TURKEY
IONIAN GREEKS
ACCORDING TO THE ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIAN VITRUVIUS, THE COLUMN WAS CREATED BY THE SCULPTOR
____
CALLIMACHUS
IT IS AN ANCIENT CITADEL LOCATED ON A ROCKY OUTCROP ABOVE THE CITY OF ATHENS AND CONTAINS THE
REMAINS OF SEVERAL ANCIENT BUILDINGS OF GREAT ARCHITECTURAL ANF HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
ACROPOLIS OF ATHENS
IT IS THE NAME GIVEN TO THE MAIN ENTRANCE TO THE CITADEL OF MYCENAE AFTER OF THE SCULPTURE THAT
SITS ABOVE IT
LION GATE
IT IS A FORMER COLOSSAL TEMPLE AT THE CENTER OF THE GREEK CAPITAL ATHENS. IT WAS DEDICATED TO
“OLYMPIAN” ZEUS, A NAME ORIGINATING FROM HIS POSITION AS HEAD OF THE OLYMPIAN GODS.
OLYMPIEION
A PUBLIC TOWN HALL FOR THE CITIZENS OF ANCIENT GREECE, CONTAINING STATE BANQUET HALLS AND
HOSPITALITY SUITES
PRYTANEION
THE OLDEST, SIMPLEST AND MOST MASSIVE OF THE GREEK ORDERS DORIC
THE MARKET OR MEETING PLACE IN A GREEK CITY AGORA
A CARVED STATUE OF A DRAPED FEMALE FIGURE WHICH FUNCTIONS AS A COLUMN CARYATID
A CARVED STATUESQUE COLUMN OF A DRAPED FEMALE FIGURE CARRYING A BASKE, OR WITH A BASKET ON
HER HEAD
CANEPHORA
A MASSIVE CARVED STATUESQUE STOOPING MALE FIGURE, OFTEN SERVING AS A COLUMNAR SUPPORT FOR A
PEDIMENT
ATLAS
A SQUARE TARPERED COLUMN CAPPED WITH A CARVED HEAD, BUT OR TORSO OF A FIGURE, USUALLY HERMES HERM
AN ANCIENT GREEK ELONGATED SPORTS VENUE WITH ROUNDED ENDS, SURROUNDED ON ALL SIDES BY
BANKED SPETATOR STANDS; VENUE FOR FOOT RACING
STADION
A PLACE USED FOR THE INSTRUCTION AND PRACTICE OF WRESTLING AND ATHLETICS PALAESTRA
A GREEK MONUMENTAL GATEWAY TO A SCARED ENCLOSURE, FORTIFICATION, TOWN OR SQUARE PROPYLAEA
IT IS THE CIVIC CENTER; MARKET PLACE, THE GREEK POLITICAL BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC LIFE AGORA
IT IS THE PICTURE GALLERY IN ATHENS PINACOTHECA
IT IS THE SACRED ENCLOSURE OR THEY CALLED IT ALSO THE CITADEL OR ACROPOLIS OR THE UPPER CITY TEMENOS
CEILING WERE OMITTED AND TRABEATED WITH TIMBER PANELLED COFFERS CALLED ___ LACURNARIA
GODDESS OF HEARTH AND HOME HESTIA
GODDESS OF LEARNING AND WISDOM ATHENA

5. ANCIENT ROMAN
WHICH MODERN CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL DID THE ROMAN ARCHITECTURAL REVOLUTION BRING FORTH? CONCRETE
IT IS SAID THAT THIS MIGHT BE THE SECRET MATERIAL BEHILD ROME’S LASTING MONUMENTS. IT PREVENTED
THE SPREAD OF MICROSCOPIC CRACKS IN PARTS OF THE MORTAR. THE CRYSTALS FORMED BECAUSE OF A
REACTION THAT TOOK PLACE OVER TIME BETWEEN THE LIME AND VOLCANIC MATTER IN THE MORTAR.
STRATLINGITE CRYSTALS
THE CROWNING GLORY OF THE ROMAN ARCHITECTURE IS THE ____ PATHEON, ROME
THE FAVORITE OF ROMANS AMONG THE FIVE ORDERS IS THE CORINTHIAN
THE COLOSSEUM IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHICH ROMAN ARCHITECTURE AMPHITHEATRE
WHEN DID THE ROMANS FIRST USE CONCRETE? 273 BC
WHAT IS THE LONGEST ARCH BRIDGE THAT THE ROMANS BUILT? PUENTE ROMANO
A SIMPLER VERSION OF THE DORIC ORDER THAT HAS A PLAIN SHAFT AND A SIMPLIFIED BASE, CAPITAL, AND
ENTABLATURE.
TUSCAN
THAT WHICH CORRESPONDS TO THE GREEK AGORA IS THE ROMAN FORUM
THE LUXURIOUS COUNTRY HOUSE OF THE ROMANS WHICH IS SURROUNDED BY TERRACES & GARDEN IS THE VILLA
TO CELEBRATE VICTORIUS NAVAL CAMPAIGNS OF THE GENERALS THE USUAL MONUMENT BUILT IS THE ROSTRAL COLUMN
THE TRIUMPHAL ARCH THAT WAS BUILT TO COMMEMORATE THE CAPTURE OF JERUSALEM WAS____ ARCH OF TITUS
THE ROMAN PALACE BUILDING BEGAN BY AUGUSTUS AND ADDED TO BY LATER EMPERORS WAS THE PALACES OF THE EMPERORS,
ROME
A BUILDING IN CLASSIC ARCHITECTURE FOR PLANTS, FLOWERS, AND RUNNING WATER, ORNAMENTED WITH
STATUES AND FORMING A COOL AND AGREEABLE RETREAT IS CALLED
NYMPHAEUM
THE PANTHEON, ROME IS KNOWN TODAY AS THE STA. MARIA, ROTUNDA
THE OLDEST AND MOST IMPORTANT EXAMPLE OF A ROMAN FORUM IS THE FORUM ROMANUM
A ROMAN FOUNTAIN DESIGNED WITH A LARGE BASIN WATER IS CALLED LOCUS
A ROMAN FOUNTAIN DESIGNED WITH SPROUTING JETS IS CALLED SALIENTES
THE PRIVATE HOUSE OF THE ROMAN IS THE DOMUS
THE MULTI-STOREY TENEMENT HOUSING FOR THE WORKERS IS THE INSULA
THE ARCHED WATERWAYS ERECTED TO SUPPLY MOST PARTS OF ROME WITH WATER IS THE AQUEDUCT
THE SMALL PRIVATE BATH, VERY USUAL IN ROMAN PALACES AND HOUSES WERE CALLED BALNEUM
IT IS A ROMAN TRIUMPHAL COLUMN IN ROME, ITALY, THAT COMMEMORATES ONE OF THE ROMAN’S
EMPEROR VICTORY IN THE DACIAN WARS
TRAJAN’S COLUMN
THE TRAJAN’S COLUMN IS MADE OF MARBLE
A ROOM OR ALCOVE BETWEEN THE ATRIUM AND THE PERISTYLE OF A ROMAN HOUSE FOR STORING THE
FAMILY RECORDS ON TABLETS
TABLINUM
IT IS A SMALL ROOM IN THE ROMAN HOUSE INTENDED AS A BEDROOM, GENERALLY FLANKED BY OTHER
SIMILAR ONES AND LOCATED AROUND THE ATRIUM
CUBICULA

6. THE BEDROOM IN THE MEGARON IS CALLED THALAMUS
THE DINING ROOM IN THE DOMUS WITH DIFFERENT ASPECTS FOR SUMMER AND WINTER IS CALLED TRICLINIA
THE RECEPTION ROOM OF THE DOMUS IS CALLED OECUS
THE RECESS FOR CONVERSATION SURROUNDED BY THE PERISTYLE IN THE DOMUS IS CALLED ALAE
TEMPLE ORIENTATION OF ETRUSCAN SOUTH-FACING
THE WALL FACING DEVELOPED BY ROMANS WHICH IS MADE OF RECTANGULAR BLOCKS OF STONE, WITH OR
WITHOUT MORTAR JOINTS BUT FREQUENTLY SECURED WITH DOWELS OR CRAMPS
OPUS QUADRATUM
TEMPLE THAT AUGUSTUS CAESAR BUILT FOR MARS AFTER THE BATTLE OF PHILIPPI TEMPLE OF MARS ULTOR
THE LARGEST TEMPLE IN ANCIENT ROME TEMPLE OF VENUS AND
ROMA
IT IS AN ANCIENT ROMAN TEMPLE IN NIMES, SOUTHERN FRANCE; IT IS ONE OF THE BEST PRESERVED ROMAN
TEMPLES TO SURVIVE IN THE TERRITORY OF THE FORMER ROMAN EMPIRE
MAISON CARREE
THE BUILDING WAS COMMISSIONED IN THE 110S A.D. BY A CONSUL, GAIUS JULIUS AQUILA, AS A FUNERARY
MONUMENT FOR HIS FATHER, FORMER PROCONSUL OF ASIA TIBERIUS JULIUS CELSUS POLEMAEANUS
LIBRARY OF CELSUS
THE LARGEST ANCIENT AMPHITHEATER EVER BUILT, AND IS STILL THE LARGEST STANDING AMPHITHEATER IN
THE WORLD TODAY, DESPITE ITS AGE
COLOSSEUM
BUILT AROUND 70 CE, SHORTLY AFTER THE COLOSSEUM OF ROME, IT IS ONE OF THE BEST-PRESERVED ROMAN
AMPHITHEATER IN THE WORLD
ARENA OF NIMES
IT WAS A RESIDENTIAL VILLA BUILT FOR THE RETIREMENT OF THE ROMAN EMPEROR DIOCLETIAN DIOCLETIAN’S PALACE
THE ARCH COMMEMORATES ONE OF EMPEROR’S VICTORY IN THE CIVIL WAR, WHICH LEFT HIM THE SOLE
RULER OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
ARCH OF CONSTANTINE
AT THE NORTHEASTERN END OF THE ROMAN FORUM IS A WHITE MARBLE TRIUMPHAL ARCH DEDICATED IN 203
A.D. TO COMMEMORATE THE PARTHIAN VICTORIES OF ONE OF THE EMPERORS AND HIS TWO SONS
ARCH OF SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS
IT IS A 6,000-SEAT, 2ND
-CENTURY ROMAN THEATRE. A FAMOUS LANDMARK IN THE JORDANIAN CAPITAL, IT
DATES BACK TO THE ROMAN PERIOD WHEN THE CITY WAS KNOWN AS PHILADELPHIA.
AMMAN’S ROMAN THEATRE
IT IS LARGE ROMAN CITY GATE IN TRIER, GERMANY. IT IS TODAY THE LARGEST ROMAN CITY GATE NORTH OF
THE ALPS
PORTA NIGRA
IT IS THE OLDEST EXTANT LIGHTHOUSE KNOWN. IT HAS AN ANCIENT ROMAN ORIGIN ON A PENINSULA ABOUT
2.4 KM (1.5MI) FROM THE CENTRE OF A CARUNA, GALICIA, IN NORTH-WESTERN SPAIN. UNTIL THE 20TH
CENTURY, IT WAS KNOWN AS THE FARUM BRIGANTIUM
TOWER OF HERCULES
IT IS DEDICATED TO THE FIRST ROMAN EMPEROR TEMPLE OF AUGUSTUS, PULA
IT IS A ROMAN AMPHITHEATRE LOCATED IN PULA, CROATIA. IT IS THE ONLY REMAINING ROMAN
AMPHITHEATRE TO HAVE FOUR SIDE TOWERS ENTIRELY PRESERVED
PULA ARENA
A TYPE OF ROMAN WALL-FACING WHICH IS MADE OF SMALL STONE LAID IN A LOOSE PATTERN ROUGHLY
RESEMBLING POLYGONAL WORK
OPUS INCERTUM