THIS PRESENTATION SHOWS THE EXISTENCE OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE IN EGYPT. MODERN BUILDINGS SHOWS THE CLEAR REFLECTION OF ISLAMIC AND EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE. SOME FAMOUS THINGS OR PLACES WAS MENTION IN THIS PPT SUCH AS THE GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA. I HOPE YOU SHOULD LIKE THE PPT AND KNOWS MORE ABOUT TECHNICAL AS WELL AS WONDERING INFORMATION ABOUT EGYPT. THANK YOU ER.SHAHA ZIM AMU ALIGARH.

1. Names Roll.No.
Shaha-Zim 13-DPIA-278
Faizi Javed 13-DPIA-281
Kaynat Noor 13-DPIA-285
Syed Mohd Faraz 13-DPIA-277
Mohd Yusuf 13-DPIA-279
Presentation on Egyptian
Architecture

2. SUBMITTED TO
MR.ASIF ALI

4.  Geographical
Conditions
Egypt, the land of the Pharaohs, of which the ancient name was
Kemi, or the black land, consists of a narrow strip of fertile, alluvial
soil along both banks of the Nile bordered by the sandy desert. It
was the only country of the ancient world which, by means of the
Red Sea, commanded outlets and inlets for foreign trade by both
the Mediterranean and Arabian Seas. The Nile itself was of untold
value, not only as a trade route and a means of communication,
but also chiefly because its overflowing and fertilising waters made
desert sands into fruitful fields, and it may truly be described as the
rich life-blood which runs in the veins of Egypt. On its banks

5. The natural products, such as timber, brick, clay, and stone,
largely determine the character of the architecture of a country.
Stone, including limestone, sandstone, and alabaster, as well
as the harder syenite or granite, basalt and porphyry Foremost
among the productions of Egyptian quarries was the famous
limestone of the Mokattam Hills in the north The gigantic scale
which distinguishes Egyptian architecture was made possible
not only by the materials, but also by the methods employed in
the quarrying of enormous blocks of stone, and in transporting
and raising them into position. Recent excavations have
geological Conditions

6. The religious rites of the Egyptians were traditional, unchangeable,
and mysterious, and these traits are reproduced in the architecture,
both of tombs and temples. Egyptian mythology was further
complicated by the multiplication of local gods for different centres.
The religious keynote of the Egyptians was one of awe and
submission to the great power represented by the sun, while their
chief worship was for Osiris, the man-god, who died and rose again,
the god of death, and through death of resurrection to life eternal.
Judged by the elaborate preparations for the care of their bodies after
death, one may say that the Egyptians pre-eminently realised the truth
RELIGIOUSCONDITIONS

7. Egyptian literature has been preserved on papyrus plant and
tablets. It was rather social custom and manner to record the
historical events on the temples and socials matters on tombs.
The pharaohs employed the prisoners of war and slaves for
agriculture, building construction. the slaves working in stone
mines and quarries, toiling on boats, and drifting the building
material down the river Nile and placing them in position ,have
been depicted in pictorial representation on massive unbroken
SOCIALCONDITIONS

8. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

9. NILE RIVER
The Nile River has allowed for the summation of natural
resources. This affects Egyptians through the course of
agricultural lands and irrigation systems. Egyptis part of
the Nile
Basin alongside Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Bur
undi, Rwanda and theDemocratic Republic of Congo. Egyptians
have less land to farm however produce more crops per person
than Thailand or thePhilippines. The management of the Nile is
important for economic growth in Egypt. As a result, the impact

12. MATERIALS USEDIN
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
Egypt is a country rich in stone and was sometimes even
referred to as the "state of stone". In particular, Egypt has a
great quantity of limestone formation, which the Egyptians
called "white stone", because during the Cretaceous period
Egypt was covered with seawater. The country is also rich in
sandstone, but it was never really used much until the New
Kingdom. Many of the pyramids were built with a number of
different stone materials. Most of the material used was fairly
rough, low grade limestone used to build the pyramid core,
while fine white limestone was often employed for the outer
casing as well as to cover interior walls, though pink granite

13. A stone worker in the quarrie
Limestone seems to have first been employed in the
area of Saqqara, where it is of poor quality but layered
in regular, strong formations as much as half a meter
thick. This limestone is coarse grained with yellow to
greenish gray shading. The layers are separated from
each other by thin layers of clay and the coloration may
vary according to layer. It could often be quarried very
near the building sites, and quarries have been found
at Saqqara, Giza, Dahshur and other locations.
In order to quarry this stone, the blocks were marked out with just enough space in
between each to allow for a small passageway for the workers to cut the blocks. The
workmen would use a number of different tools to cut the blocks, including copper
pickaxes and chisels, granite hammers, dolerite and other hard stone tools.
LIME STONE

14. VARIOUSTYPESOF BUILDING MATERIALS
Basalt, on the other hand was not as far away. Only
recently have we discovered that most of the basalt
used in pyramid construction came from an Oligocene
flow located at the northern edge of
the Fayoum Depression (Oasis). Here, we find the
worlds oldest paved road, which led to the shores of
what once was a lake. During the Nile inundation each
year, this lake made a connection to the Nile, so at that
time, the basalt was moved across the lake and into the
Nile for transport.
Alabaster is quarried from either open pits or
underground. In open pits, veins of Alabaster are found
12 to 20 feet below the surface under a layer of shale
which can be two or three feet deep. The rocks have an

15. TOOLS USEDIN EGYPTIANARCHITECTURE
Flint knife :
The top picture shows the different
edges of the flint knife.
People might have used it to scrape things by holding
the straight edge and using the sharper, curved edge as the
blade. It might have had a handle (but this is now lost).
Flint axe head:
This axe head is made from flint. It would
have
been attached to a handle to make it easier to use. The
right side of the
axe head is curved and would have been polished to a very
sharp edge
and this is the side that would be used to chop the wood. In
this photo,

16. Arrow head:
The arrow head is the metal part
of an arrow at the very tip. It is very
small (as can be seen in the bottom
right photograph), but it would have
had a long thin, wooden shaft
attached to it. The Egyptians would
use these arrows to shoot their prey
when they went out hunting for
food.
The size of the arrows can tell us a lot
about how the Egyptians hunted. The
arrows would have been very light to
carry, so they could easily carry a lot
at once. The Egyptians hunted in
groups and they would each shoot
the animal with an arrow to kill it. As
the arrows are so small, they needed
to use quite a lot.

17. Glossary:
Ceremonial -
Flint - a type of rock
often shaped into tools
by prehistoric people
Ivory - bone-like
material made from
elephant tusks, now
illegal
Shaft - a long thin
handle

19. HISTORY OF EGYPT
THE CAIRO
PYRAMIDS;
The Pyramids are situated at Giza just outside Cairo and
is one of the engineering marvels of all time and the only
remaining wonder of the ancient world. Situated on the
west bank of the Nile, which is associated with death, the
pyramids are generally believed to be tombs for the
Pharaohs or a resurrection machine for his rebirth.it built
during the third dynasty of the Old Kingdom to protect the
body of the king Djoser who died around 2650 BC. The
Pyramid was the development of the Mastaba which was a
house built over the body. The most prolific builder was
Sneferu who ruled from around 2612–2589 BC and built
three pyramids. The greatest and most famous however,
are the Pyramids of Giza, built near the capital city of

20. Great Pyramid of Giza
The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or
the Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in
the Giza Necropolis bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of
the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely
intact.
Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a
reference to fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu,[1][2]Egyptologists believe
that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 to 20-year period concluding
around 2560 BC. Initially at 146.5 metres (481 feet), the Great Pyramid was
the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years.

21. SAQQARA
THE STEP PYRAMID;
The Step Pyramid at
Saqqara is situated 20 km from Giza near
Cairo.Originally with 9 metres (30 feet) high walls, the
complex covers an area of approximately 560 x 275
metres. Surrounding the wall is a trench which
measures 750 m long and 40 m wide which was dug in
the underlying rock, around the sides the trench was
decorated with niches.

22. LUXOR
THE TEMPLE OF KARNAK
It was built by the
Ethiopian kings around 656 BC.The Temple of
Karnak is not a single temple but a temple complex
which developed over a period of 1500 years. It is
one of the largest religious complexes in the world
and consists of gates, pillars, halls, obelisks,
statues and a sacred lake. Each of the Pharaohs
would make further additions and then remove
those erected by their predecessors; thereby
replacing them with their own. At its height, over
80,000 people worked in the Temple . The Temple
played a significant part in the Egypt of the

23. ESNA TEMPLE
The Temple of Khnum (Khoum) is located in
the centre of the town of Esna which lies on
the west bank of the River Nile, approximately
35 miles from Luxor. Esna was known as
Lunyn or Ta-Senet, by the Egyptians and
Latopolis by the Greeks.
Originally dating back to the 18th Dynasty
when it was constructed by Tuthmosis III;
around the 1500’s early 1400 BC it fell into
disrepair and the existing temple was
reconstructed during the Ptolemaic and
Roman periods (332 BC to 641 AD) and was
one of the last temples built in Egypt.

24. VARIOUS TEMPLES IN
EGYPT
TEMPLE ABU SIMBEL
TEMPLE OF
PHILAE

25. KON OMBO TEMPLE

26. EGYPT: ART & ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURE
The great architectural achievements of the past are
built of stone. Stone quarries supplied the large blocks
of granite, limestone, and sandstone that were used
for building temples and tombs. Architects planned
carefully as building was done without mortar, so the
stones had to fit precisely together. Only pillars were
used to sustain short stone supports. At the temple of
Karnak, a ramp of adobe brick can be seen leading to
the top of the temple wall. Such ramps were used to
allow workmen to carry stones to the top of structure
and allow artists to decorate the tops of walls and
pillars. Pillars were built in the same way. As height

27. As soon as a pharaoh was
named,
construction on his tomb was
begun.
Tomb building continued
throughout his
life and stopped only on the day
on which he died.
As a result, some tombs are
very
large and finely decorated, while
other tombs, like that of King
Tutankhamun, are small
because he ruled as a pharaoh
for such a short time.
The architecture was based
upon perpendicular structures

28. THE PYRAMIDS
One of the most notable and lasting
achievements of the Ancient Egyptians are their
pyramids. The size, design, and structure of the
pyramids reveal the skill of these ancient
builders. The pyramids were great monuments
and tombs for the kings. The Egyptians
believed that a king's soul continued to guide
affairs of the kingdom even after his death. To
ensure that they would continue to enjoy the
blessings of the gods, they preserved the
pharaoh's body through the mummification
process. They built the pyramids to protect the
pharaoh's body, the pyramid was a symbol of
hope, because it would ensure the pharaoh's
union with the gods.

29. PYRAMIDS OF GIZA
SPHINX OF GIZA

30. EGYPTIANS ART
The art of the Egyptians reflects every
aspect of their lives. Depicted in tomb and
temple drawings are scenes of everyday
living, models of people and animals,
glass figures and containers, and jewelry
made from gold and semi-precious
stones. The wall and pillar drawings are
perhaps the best known. In these
drawings, it can be seen that people are
going about the everyday business of
baking, fishing, boating, marketing, and
meeting together in family groups. Such
drawings were also used to help the
deceased to live forever by giving them all
of the instructions they would need as

31. PERSPECTIVE EGYPTIANS ART
A variety of perspectives is often combined
in Egyptian art; however, the side view is the
most often seen. The artists used bright colors
of blue and red, orange and white to develop
pictures that tell of the life of the deceased
individual. The artist would first sketch a design
on a piece of pottery, and if the design was
satisfactory, it would be sketched on the wall
with charcoal. Colors could then be used to fill
in the completed picture

33. MODERN AECHITECTURE IN EGYPT
PANORAMIO
SAFAGA HOTELS

34. TAJMOHAN
TOWER

35. THANK YOU..!!!