Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard enabling short-distance data exchange between fixed and mobile devices, utilizing a master/slave model in piconets to manage connections. The protocol stack consists of five core layers, including radio, baseband, link manager protocol, logical link control, and service discovery. Bluetooth also incorporates cable replacement protocols like RFCOMM and telephony control protocols, facilitating serial communication and call management.

1. Bluetooth Protocol
stack/layers
by Jay Nagar
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2. What is Bluetooth?
• Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short
distances from fixed and mobile devices, and building personal area networks.
How It Works?
• Bluetooth is a low-power wireless connectivity technology used to stream
audio, transfer data and broadcast information between devices. There are two
flavors of Bluetooth technology, Basic Rate/Enhanced Data Rate (BR/EDR) and
Low Energy (LE).

3. Masters, Slaves, and Piconets
• Bluetooth networks (commonly referred to as piconets) use a master/slave
model to control when and where devices can send data.
• In this model, a single master device can be connected to up to seven different
slave devices.
• Any slave device in the piconet can only be connected to a single master.

4. Bluetooth Protocol stack/layers

5. Layer
• Core protocols consisting 5 layer protocol stack viz. radio, baseband,link
manager protocol, logical link control and adaptation protocol, service discovery
protocol.
• Cable replacement protocol,RFCOMM
• Telephony Control Protocols
• Adopted protocols viz. PPP,TCP/UDP/IP,OBEX and WAE/WAP

6. Core protocols
• Radio
• Baseband – SCO & ACL Packet, Audio and data packet diff layer.
• Link Manager protocol - It is responsible to establish link between Bluetooth
devices and to maintain the link between them. This protocol also includes
authentication and encryption specifications. Negotiation of packet sizes
between devices can be taken care by this.
• Logical link control and adaptation protocol: This L2CAP protocol adapts
upper layer frame to baseband layer frame format and vice versa. L2CAP take
care of both connection oriented and connectionless services.
• SDP(Service Discovery Protocol)

7. Cable replacement protocol
• Only one member – RFCOMM
• Serial line communication Protocol based on ETSI 07.10 (European
Telecommunication Standard Institute)
• CRP – Emulates RS 232 Control and data Signal over Bluetooth.
• Serial ports are popular to provide serial communication between devices.
Bluetooth uses RFCOMM as cable replacement protocol. RFCOMM functions as
virtual serial port and does transport of binary digital data bits. It basically
emulates RS232 specifications over Bluetooth physical layer.

8. Telephony Control Protocols
• TCS BIN – Telephony Control Specification binary
• TCS-BIN is the protocol used here which is a bit oriented one.
• It specifies call control signals and mobility management procedures.
• These signals take care of establishing speech and data calls.
• Q.931
• AT – Commands
• Define set of commands by which a mobile phone can be used & control as a modem.

9. Adopted protocols
• These protocols are already defined by other standard bodies which are
incorporate without any change in the Bluetooth protocol stack architecture.
• PPP - PPP is a point to point protocol used to transfer IP datagram's.
• TCP/IP
• OBEX – Object Exchange Protocol
• WAP – Wireless Application Protocol
• V-Card/V- Calender/IRMC (Infrared Mobile Communication)