The document discusses the Bluetooth protocol. It provides details on Bluetooth properties like short-range wireless communication in the 2.4GHz band using frequency hopping. It describes Bluetooth profiles, usage cases, architecture including layers like L2CAP and protocols like LMP. Pairing, networks, testing qualifications are also summarized.
HIPERLAN was a wireless network standard developed in Europe as an alternative to IEEE 802.11. It aimed to provide higher data rates and quality of service compared to early 802.11 standards. HIPERLAN Type 1 achieved data rates up to 2Mbps in the 1990s. HIPERLAN Type 2 was developed later to support connection-oriented networking at up to 54Mbps, with quality of service, security, and flexibility to connect to different wired networks. While prototypes existed, commercial products were still in development in the early 2000s as the standard competed with improving 802.11 variants.
HIPERLAN is a European standard for wireless local area networks (WLANs) developed by ETSI to provide high performance networking comparable to wired Ethernet networks. HIPERLAN 1 operates in the 5GHz band and uses a frequency hopping spread spectrum technique along with advanced MAC and PHY layer protocols to provide data rates up to 23Mbps and support both asynchronous and isochronous traffic. HIPERLAN 2 is under development and aims to be compatible with asynchronous transfer mode networking to provide quality of service guarantees over wireless links.
HIPERLAN was a wireless local area network standard developed by ETSI in 1996. It allowed for node mobility and supported ad-hoc and infrastructure networks. The standard focused on supporting quality of service for real-time data transfer. Later versions built upon HIPERLAN 1 and wireless ATM technologies to support broadband wireless networks. However, neither HIPERLAN 1 nor wireless ATM saw commercial success, though the standardization efforts influenced later standards.
The document discusses several aspects of wireless local area networks (WLANs) including:
1. IEEE 802.11b is an enhancement of the original 802.11 standard that achieved data rates up to 11 Mbps using modifications to the physical layer.
2. IEEE 802.11a operates in the 5GHz band and supports data rates up to 54 Mbps using orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM).
3. Many future developments are planned including enhancements to security, quality of service, and higher data rates above 100 Mbps.
This document provides an overview of RRC procedures in LTE as specified in 3GPP 36.331. It describes important changes in the RRC specification for LTE compared to legacy 3G systems, including having only two RRC states (RRC_IDLE and RRC_CONNECTED) compared to five states in 3G, and three defined signaling radio bearers compared to four in 3G. The purpose is to help developers and test engineers understand LTE RRC features and procedures. Key procedures described include paging, RRC connection establishment, reconfiguration, re-establishment, security activation, and handover.
The document discusses handover procedures in 4G networks. It describes handover basics and procedures in IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE-Advanced networks. Advanced handover features in IEEE 802.16m like seamless handover and EBB handover are presented, along with legacy supported handover between IEEE 802.16m and 802.16e networks. Interworking handover procedures between IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE-Advanced networks using layer 2 and layer 3 protocols are also summarized. The document concludes that advanced handover mechanisms in IMT-Advanced systems aim to reduce service interruption time and enhance user experience during handovers.
6LoWPAN allows for low-cost wireless connectivity for applications with limited power and bandwidth needs. It provides IPv6 networking over IEEE 802.15.4 networks, which are characterized by short range, low bit rate, low power, and low memory usage. 6LoWPAN networks consist of devices that send data to full function devices and gateways that forward the packets outside the 6LoWPAN network. Common applications include automation and industrial monitoring.
Wireless HART is a wireless sensor networking technology based on HART that communicates process data over 2.4 GHz radio. It uses a wireless mesh network where each device can serve as a router. This provides redundant pathways. A network manager is responsible for config
The document discusses the physical layer design of WCDMA networks. It provides an overview of WCDMA network architecture and the UMTS network model. It then describes the physical channels, transport formats, channel coding, spreading techniques and code types used in the WCDMA uplink and downlink. Key aspects covered include dedicated and common physical channels, orthogonal variable spreading factor channelization codes, scrambling codes, and transport block sets.
HIPERLAN was a wireless network standard developed in Europe as an alternative to IEEE 802.11. It aimed to provide higher data rates and quality of service compared to early 802.11 standards. HIPERLAN Type 1 achieved data rates up to 2Mbps in the 1990s. HIPERLAN Type 2 was developed later to support connection-oriented networking at up to 54Mbps, with quality of service, security, and flexibility to connect to different wired networks. While prototypes existed, commercial products were still in development in the early 2000s as the standard competed with improving 802.11 variants.
HIPERLAN is a European standard for wireless local area networks (WLANs) developed by ETSI to provide high performance networking comparable to wired Ethernet networks. HIPERLAN 1 operates in the 5GHz band and uses a frequency hopping spread spectrum technique along with advanced MAC and PHY layer protocols to provide data rates up to 23Mbps and support both asynchronous and isochronous traffic. HIPERLAN 2 is under development and aims to be compatible with asynchronous transfer mode networking to provide quality of service guarantees over wireless links.
HIPERLAN was a wireless local area network standard developed by ETSI in 1996. It allowed for node mobility and supported ad-hoc and infrastructure networks. The standard focused on supporting quality of service for real-time data transfer. Later versions built upon HIPERLAN 1 and wireless ATM technologies to support broadband wireless networks. However, neither HIPERLAN 1 nor wireless ATM saw commercial success, though the standardization efforts influenced later standards.
The document discusses several aspects of wireless local area networks (WLANs) including:
1. IEEE 802.11b is an enhancement of the original 802.11 standard that achieved data rates up to 11 Mbps using modifications to the physical layer.
2. IEEE 802.11a operates in the 5GHz band and supports data rates up to 54 Mbps using orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM).
3. Many future developments are planned including enhancements to security, quality of service, and higher data rates above 100 Mbps.
This document provides an overview of RRC procedures in LTE as specified in 3GPP 36.331. It describes important changes in the RRC specification for LTE compared to legacy 3G systems, including having only two RRC states (RRC_IDLE and RRC_CONNECTED) compared to five states in 3G, and three defined signaling radio bearers compared to four in 3G. The purpose is to help developers and test engineers understand LTE RRC features and procedures. Key procedures described include paging, RRC connection establishment, reconfiguration, re-establishment, security activation, and handover.
The document discusses handover procedures in 4G networks. It describes handover basics and procedures in IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE-Advanced networks. Advanced handover features in IEEE 802.16m like seamless handover and EBB handover are presented, along with legacy supported handover between IEEE 802.16m and 802.16e networks. Interworking handover procedures between IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE-Advanced networks using layer 2 and layer 3 protocols are also summarized. The document concludes that advanced handover mechanisms in IMT-Advanced systems aim to reduce service interruption time and enhance user experience during handovers.
6LoWPAN allows for low-cost wireless connectivity for applications with limited power and bandwidth needs. It provides IPv6 networking over IEEE 802.15.4 networks, which are characterized by short range, low bit rate, low power, and low memory usage. 6LoWPAN networks consist of devices that send data to full function devices and gateways that forward the packets outside the 6LoWPAN network. Common applications include automation and industrial monitoring.
Wireless HART is a wireless sensor networking technology based on HART that communicates process data over 2.4 GHz radio. It uses a wireless mesh network where each device can serve as a router. This provides redundant pathways. A network manager is responsible for config
The document discusses the physical layer design of WCDMA networks. It provides an overview of WCDMA network architecture and the UMTS network model. It then describes the physical channels, transport formats, channel coding, spreading techniques and code types used in the WCDMA uplink and downlink. Key aspects covered include dedicated and common physical channels, orthogonal variable spreading factor channelization codes, scrambling codes, and transport block sets.
The document discusses mobility and handover in 4G and 5G networks. It defines handover as the process of transferring an ongoing call or data session from one channel to another in a cellular network. It then describes the different types of handovers, including horizontal, vertical, intra-frequency, inter-frequency, hard, soft, and softer handovers. The document also explains the handover process in LTE, including the initiation, preparation, and execution phases, and discusses S1-based and X2-based handovers.
This document discusses General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), a mobile data service available on GSM networks. It introduces GPRS network architecture including new nodes like Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). The document describes how GPRS supports packet switched data transmission over GSM networks, allowing mobile users to access internet and corporate networks. It covers topics like GPRS protocols, quality of service, mobility management, and routing of data packets between mobile devices and external networks.
WIRELESS NETWORKS EC6802 BABU unit 1 & 2 PPTbabuece
WIRELESS NETWORKS EC6802 BABU unit 1 & 2 PPT
BABU M
ASST PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OD ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CHENNAI
THIRUVALLUR DISTRICT
This document provides an overview of the network architecture and signalling protocols in UMTS networks. It describes the main network elements of UTRAN, UE and CN. It explains the interfaces between these elements and the protocols used for communication, including RRC for UE-RNC signalling, RANAP for RNC-CN signalling, and NAS protocols for non-access signalling between UE and CN. It also summarizes the protocol stacks used over the Iu interfaces between RNC and CN for circuit-switched and packet-switched domains.
The document provides an overview of the history and architecture of GSM cellular networks. It discusses the evolution from analog 1G networks to digital 2G and 2.5G networks. The key components of GSM architecture include the BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR, VLR, and AuC. GSM uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to share the frequency spectrum. It also relies on the SS7 protocol for signaling communication between network components to enable features like roaming.
This document provides an overview of UMTS traffic management and mobility management. It describes the UMTS network architecture including nodes like the RNC, SGSN, GGSN and core network elements. It explains concepts like bearers, radio access bearers (RABs), and radio resource connections (RRC). Mobility management procedures are outlined including location registration, location updating, routing area updates, paging, and roaming between home and visitor networks. Databases like the HLR that store subscriber information and support mobility functions are also detailed.
UNIT II
WIRELESS NETWORKS
Wireless LAN – IEEE 802.11 Standards – Architecture – Services – Mobile Ad hoc Networks- WiFi and WiMAX - Wireless Local Loop
The document discusses the components and characteristics of wireless local area networks (WLANs). It describes the basic components of a WLAN including access points, WLAN adapters, and software. It discusses characteristics such as typical ranges of access points, the number of users supported, and how multiple access points can be connected. It also covers topics such as roaming between access points, infrastructure versus ad-hoc network architectures, and standards like IEEE 802.11.
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless communication standard based on the IEEE 802.16 set of standards that provide broadband wireless access. It uses OFDM modulation and operates in the 2-11 GHz range for fixed services and 2-6 GHz for mobile services. WiMAX has advantages like strong QoS, flexible architecture, and non-line-of-sight connections, but is limited to speeds up to 145 km/h for mobility. It has applications for military use in border surveillance, ship communications, and disaster relief operations.
The document provides an overview of advanced wireless networks and UMTS. It discusses the evolution from 2G to 3G networks, including the limitations of 2G and requirements for 3G. It describes the UMTS architecture, including the UTRAN, core network, and protocols on the Iu interface. It also covers basic UMTS principles such as CDMA techniques, radio resources including frequency, time, and power/code, and radio resource management.
The local area technologies as 1-WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network) with moderate bandwidth. And WiMax
2.The large area technologies as GSM, GPRSor UMTS, LTEwhich have much higher bandwidth.
The document summarizes key aspects of the WCDMA physical layer. It discusses spreading and scrambling which increase signal bandwidth using channelization and scrambling codes. It describes transport channels which define how data is transferred physically, including dedicated and common channels. It also outlines physical channels such as the dedicated physical data and control channels for both uplink and downlink transmissions.
This document discusses 5G RAN and NR technology. It provides an overview of 5G targets including peak data rates, latency requirements, and connection densities. It then discusses the 5G RAN approach and requirements, including deployment flexibility, open interfaces, and support for sharing RAN between operators. The document summarizes the 5G NR specifications, including OFDMA, numerology flexibility to support different services, and improved spectral efficiency over LTE. It also outlines the 5G NR protocol architecture, including user and control plane functions.
The document summarizes a lecture on wireless networks. It outlines the key requirements for wireless LANs including throughput, number of supported nodes, quality of service, energy saving, and roaming support. It also describes various wireless LAN technologies like infrared, UHF narrowband, and spread spectrum. Finally, it provides an overview of the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standard including the physical layers, bands, and data rates supported by different versions of the standard.
This document provides an overview of the LTE physical channel structure and procedures between the eNB and UE. It describes the LTE architecture and introduces the main physical channels including downlink channels like PBCH, PDCCH, PDSCH and uplink channels like PUSCH, PUCCH, PRACH. It explains the channel mapping and provides examples of the initial access procedure and synchronization signal transmission. Key concepts covered are radio interface protocol stacks, channel coding, multiple access, and reference signals.
The document is a seminar report on Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) technology. It discusses the basics of WCDMA, including that it uses code division multiple access to separate users and spread signals over a wide 5MHz bandwidth. It also covers WCDMA specifications, generation, spreading principles, power control, handovers, and advantages such as service flexibility and spectrum efficiency.
The document discusses various mobile network technologies including:
- 3G technologies like WCDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA and their throughput rates.
- 4G LTE technology, its throughput rates which are significantly higher than 3G technologies. Key aspects like OFDMA, MIMO, frame structure are explained.
- LTE network architecture is simplified compared to 3G, using eNodeB and simplified core network. Protocol stacks for control and user plane are provided.
- LTE radio interface details like channel mapping, downlink and uplink transmission schemes, physical channels are explained.
The document discusses files and streams in C language. It explains that a file is a collection of bytes stored on a secondary storage device and has different types like data, text, program etc. It also describes streams as a series of bytes flowing between a program and file. The key functions for working with files and streams in C like fopen(), fclose(), fread(), fwrite() are explained along with their usage.
HiperLAN was developed as a wireless local area network standard by ETSI to provide higher data rates than early 802.11 standards. HiperLAN Type 1 achieved data rates up to 2 Mbps for ad hoc networking. HiperLAN Type 2 was later developed to provide connection-oriented service up to 54 Mbps, with quality of service guarantees, security, and flexibility. It uses OFDM in the 5 GHz spectrum for robust transmission. While early products only achieved 25 Mbps, the standard provides a framework for higher speeds as technologies advance. HiperLAN is intended to complement wired networks by providing wireless connectivity in hotspot areas like offices, homes, and public places.
The document discusses mobility and handover in 4G and 5G networks. It defines handover as the process of transferring an ongoing call or data session from one channel to another in a cellular network. It then describes the different types of handovers, including horizontal, vertical, intra-frequency, inter-frequency, hard, soft, and softer handovers. The document also explains the handover process in LTE, including the initiation, preparation, and execution phases, and discusses S1-based and X2-based handovers.
This document discusses General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), a mobile data service available on GSM networks. It introduces GPRS network architecture including new nodes like Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). The document describes how GPRS supports packet switched data transmission over GSM networks, allowing mobile users to access internet and corporate networks. It covers topics like GPRS protocols, quality of service, mobility management, and routing of data packets between mobile devices and external networks.
WIRELESS NETWORKS EC6802 BABU unit 1 & 2 PPTbabuece
WIRELESS NETWORKS EC6802 BABU unit 1 & 2 PPT
BABU M
ASST PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OD ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CHENNAI
THIRUVALLUR DISTRICT
This document provides an overview of the network architecture and signalling protocols in UMTS networks. It describes the main network elements of UTRAN, UE and CN. It explains the interfaces between these elements and the protocols used for communication, including RRC for UE-RNC signalling, RANAP for RNC-CN signalling, and NAS protocols for non-access signalling between UE and CN. It also summarizes the protocol stacks used over the Iu interfaces between RNC and CN for circuit-switched and packet-switched domains.
The document provides an overview of the history and architecture of GSM cellular networks. It discusses the evolution from analog 1G networks to digital 2G and 2.5G networks. The key components of GSM architecture include the BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR, VLR, and AuC. GSM uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to share the frequency spectrum. It also relies on the SS7 protocol for signaling communication between network components to enable features like roaming.
This document provides an overview of UMTS traffic management and mobility management. It describes the UMTS network architecture including nodes like the RNC, SGSN, GGSN and core network elements. It explains concepts like bearers, radio access bearers (RABs), and radio resource connections (RRC). Mobility management procedures are outlined including location registration, location updating, routing area updates, paging, and roaming between home and visitor networks. Databases like the HLR that store subscriber information and support mobility functions are also detailed.
UNIT II
WIRELESS NETWORKS
Wireless LAN – IEEE 802.11 Standards – Architecture – Services – Mobile Ad hoc Networks- WiFi and WiMAX - Wireless Local Loop
The document discusses the components and characteristics of wireless local area networks (WLANs). It describes the basic components of a WLAN including access points, WLAN adapters, and software. It discusses characteristics such as typical ranges of access points, the number of users supported, and how multiple access points can be connected. It also covers topics such as roaming between access points, infrastructure versus ad-hoc network architectures, and standards like IEEE 802.11.
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless communication standard based on the IEEE 802.16 set of standards that provide broadband wireless access. It uses OFDM modulation and operates in the 2-11 GHz range for fixed services and 2-6 GHz for mobile services. WiMAX has advantages like strong QoS, flexible architecture, and non-line-of-sight connections, but is limited to speeds up to 145 km/h for mobility. It has applications for military use in border surveillance, ship communications, and disaster relief operations.
The document provides an overview of advanced wireless networks and UMTS. It discusses the evolution from 2G to 3G networks, including the limitations of 2G and requirements for 3G. It describes the UMTS architecture, including the UTRAN, core network, and protocols on the Iu interface. It also covers basic UMTS principles such as CDMA techniques, radio resources including frequency, time, and power/code, and radio resource management.
The local area technologies as 1-WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network) with moderate bandwidth. And WiMax
2.The large area technologies as GSM, GPRSor UMTS, LTEwhich have much higher bandwidth.
The document summarizes key aspects of the WCDMA physical layer. It discusses spreading and scrambling which increase signal bandwidth using channelization and scrambling codes. It describes transport channels which define how data is transferred physically, including dedicated and common channels. It also outlines physical channels such as the dedicated physical data and control channels for both uplink and downlink transmissions.
This document discusses 5G RAN and NR technology. It provides an overview of 5G targets including peak data rates, latency requirements, and connection densities. It then discusses the 5G RAN approach and requirements, including deployment flexibility, open interfaces, and support for sharing RAN between operators. The document summarizes the 5G NR specifications, including OFDMA, numerology flexibility to support different services, and improved spectral efficiency over LTE. It also outlines the 5G NR protocol architecture, including user and control plane functions.
The document summarizes a lecture on wireless networks. It outlines the key requirements for wireless LANs including throughput, number of supported nodes, quality of service, energy saving, and roaming support. It also describes various wireless LAN technologies like infrared, UHF narrowband, and spread spectrum. Finally, it provides an overview of the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standard including the physical layers, bands, and data rates supported by different versions of the standard.
This document provides an overview of the LTE physical channel structure and procedures between the eNB and UE. It describes the LTE architecture and introduces the main physical channels including downlink channels like PBCH, PDCCH, PDSCH and uplink channels like PUSCH, PUCCH, PRACH. It explains the channel mapping and provides examples of the initial access procedure and synchronization signal transmission. Key concepts covered are radio interface protocol stacks, channel coding, multiple access, and reference signals.
The document is a seminar report on Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) technology. It discusses the basics of WCDMA, including that it uses code division multiple access to separate users and spread signals over a wide 5MHz bandwidth. It also covers WCDMA specifications, generation, spreading principles, power control, handovers, and advantages such as service flexibility and spectrum efficiency.
The document discusses various mobile network technologies including:
- 3G technologies like WCDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA and their throughput rates.
- 4G LTE technology, its throughput rates which are significantly higher than 3G technologies. Key aspects like OFDMA, MIMO, frame structure are explained.
- LTE network architecture is simplified compared to 3G, using eNodeB and simplified core network. Protocol stacks for control and user plane are provided.
- LTE radio interface details like channel mapping, downlink and uplink transmission schemes, physical channels are explained.
The document discusses files and streams in C language. It explains that a file is a collection of bytes stored on a secondary storage device and has different types like data, text, program etc. It also describes streams as a series of bytes flowing between a program and file. The key functions for working with files and streams in C like fopen(), fclose(), fread(), fwrite() are explained along with their usage.
HiperLAN was developed as a wireless local area network standard by ETSI to provide higher data rates than early 802.11 standards. HiperLAN Type 1 achieved data rates up to 2 Mbps for ad hoc networking. HiperLAN Type 2 was later developed to provide connection-oriented service up to 54 Mbps, with quality of service guarantees, security, and flexibility. It uses OFDM in the 5 GHz spectrum for robust transmission. While early products only achieved 25 Mbps, the standard provides a framework for higher speeds as technologies advance. HiperLAN is intended to complement wired networks by providing wireless connectivity in hotspot areas like offices, homes, and public places.
This document summarizes the Bluetooth protocol stack. It discusses the baseband protocols, link manager protocol, L2CAP, service discovery protocol, and various adopted protocols like RFCOMM, TCS, PPP, TCP/IP, WAP, and OBEX. The baseband and link control layer control the physical RF link and links can be either SCO or ACL. The link manager protocol handles link setup and power modes. L2CAP provides multiplexing and segmentation. Service discovery allows finding and searching for Bluetooth services. RFCOMM provides emulation and transport capabilities for cables replacement. TCS deals with telephony control and configurations. Adopted protocols allow communication with other Bluetooth devices and bringing internet to phones.
This document outlines the network configuration of a router with users on both a LAN and WLAN. It lists the IP addresses and subnets of the LAN interface, WLAN interface, and users on each network. The router acts as the gateway between the LAN, WLAN, and a WAN connection.
Motorola tasked a team of 4 mechanical engineers to lead the derivative design of the housing and keypad for the V551 mobile phone from 2004-2005. The team was responsible for modifying the existing design to include a brushed metal finish on the front and implementing a flip open mechanism while maintaining high volume manufacturing and field reliability improvements.
Hierarchical and Hash-based Naming Scheme for Vehicular Information Centric N...Syed Hassan Ahmed
The document proposes a hierarchical and hash-based naming scheme for content in vehicular information centric networks (VICNs). It discusses challenges with naming in VICNs and existing naming schemes. The proposed scheme uniquely identifies content using a hierarchical structure that aggregates names and aids routing. It also describes an extension using a compact trie structure and adaptive prefix bloom filter to efficiently look up and process name prefixes as vehicles join and leave the network.
This document discusses OFDM detection on UMTS UTRA-FDD uplink and implementation of the OFDM modulator/demodulator using IFFT/FFT algorithms. It first describes the mobile radio channel characteristics and defines the received OFDM signal expression. It then presents the integral expression to demodulate information on a specific channel and how to obtain the useful information knowing the channel's frequency response. Finally, it implements an OFDM modulator/demodulator for UMTS UTRA-FDD uplink using FFT/IFFT algorithms to decrease complexity compared to a system with individual modulators/demodulators for each channel.
This document discusses user mobility and location management. It covers IP and mobility, including mobile IP packet routing and agent discovery. It also discusses location determination, including both handset-based and network-based position determination techniques like cell-ID, OTDOA, and GPS. Finally, it outlines different approaches for accessing and reporting location data, such as immediate services, reporting services, and accessing points of interest.
An Android app called Mapzen POI Collector is being developed to allow users to add, modify, and delete points of interest (POIs) on a map, similar to an existing iOS app. The Android app will allow logging in, authorizing access, locating oneself on a map, adding new POIs, editing POI details such as name, category, type, address, website, phone, opening hours and description. A beta version will be released to the Android Market by the end of August 2010 and interested users can email the developer to become beta testers.
A review of current routing protocols for ad hoc mobile wireless networksPriyanka Gurnani
This document reviews and compares 8 different routing protocols for ad hoc mobile wireless networks. It first divides routing protocols into two categories: table-driven protocols that aim to maintain consistent and up-to-date routing information between all nodes, and source-initiated on-demand protocols that only create routes when needed. It then describes 4 table-driven protocols - DSDV, WRP, CGSR, and GSR - and 4 on-demand protocols - AODV, DSR, LMR, and ABR. Finally, it qualitatively compares the protocols based on characteristics like routing overhead, packet delivery ratio, and scalability.
The document provides an introduction to the GSM system including:
- A brief history of public wireless communication and the development of GSM over time from 1982 to 2008.
- An overview of key concepts in GSM including the network structure, location areas, public land mobile networks, and cells.
- A description of the main components that make up a GSM network including the network switching subsystem, base station subsystem, and mobile station.
- Details on important interfaces in GSM like Um, Abis, A, Ater and Gb.
- Features of GSM such as improved spectrum efficiency, system capacity, voice quality, open interfaces, and security features like authentication and encryption.
Cryptographic Data Splitting and Cloud ComputingGovCloud Network
Cryptographic data splitting uses encryption techniques to split data into separate encrypted shares that can be physically separated. This allows data to be securely stored, transmitted, and accessed in cloud computing environments. Independent testing has found cryptographic data splitting has potential for securely storing and sharing sensitive data while reducing costs. Cloud computing represents a shift to data-centric computing, and cryptographic data splitting supports the security needs of this new computing model.
Will the shift from fleet to mobility management revolutionise the leasing in...Mischa van Werkhoven
The document discusses how the shift from fleet to mobility management could revolutionize the leasing industry. It argues that leasing companies, with their core competencies, are well-positioned to become mobility providers. Mobility trends will change fleet sizes and increase profits for leasing companies. The shift to a real mobility strategy presents challenges like offering individualized services, gaining government support, and integrating systems. Making this transition successfully could represent an evolution or revolution for the leasing industry.
The document provides an overview of key components in a GSM cellular network including the BTS, BSC, MSC, VLR, HLR, MGW, and SDP. It describes the functionalities and purposes of each component such as the BTS controlling the radio link, BSC managing communication with mobile terminals, MSC handling mobility and switching, VLR and HLR keeping track of subscriber locations, MGW converting between network transmission techniques, and SDP providing subscriber information. The document also gives brief histories of the development of cellular networks and standards such as GSM.
The document discusses several topics related to mobile video including standards, advertisement opportunities for telcos, and challenges with mobile search and discovery given small screens and lack of keyboards. It proposes solutions for telcos such as utilizing their assets to provide video-assisted search and advertisement services to generate new revenue streams.
Android Hardware That's A Little Bit... OddCommonsWare
This document discusses various Android hardware devices that differ from mainstream devices. It covers complexity from varying hardware features and fragmentation from device bugs. It examines requirements for the Google Play store. Examples discussed include Google TV, Kindle Fire, Blackberry Playbook, NOOK Tablet, WIMM One and reasons for developing for niche devices. The future may include conventional Android devices, devices controlled by manufacturers without Google Play, and devices designed for custom firmware.
The document discusses the header fields of an IP packet, including:
- Version, Header Length, Type of Service, Total Length, Identification, Flags, Fragmentation Offset, Time to Live, Protocol, Header Checksum, Source Address, and Destination Address.
It provides details on the number of bits used for each field and what information is specified. For example, it states that Version is 4 bits and indicates the IP version used, that Total Length is 16 bits and gives the packet length in bytes, and that Flags is 3 bits and controls fragmentation.
The document also gives examples of IP datagrams and asks to identify the values for each header field, like Version, Header Length, Source Address, etc
The document discusses setting up the Android SDK and creating a basic "Hello World" PhoneGap application. It covers installing the Android SDK, Eclipse IDE, Android Development Tools (ADT) plugin, and PhoneGap. It then demonstrates creating an Android virtual device, new PhoneGap project, and editing the index.html file to display "Hello World" when run on the emulator.
TETRA is a trunked radio standard used in public safety networks. It allows for fast call setup, voice and data services, and operates in both infrastructure and ad-hoc modes. UMTS is the 3G cellular standard developed by ETSI for wide-area mobile communication. It uses W-CDMA technology and supports high data rates through variable spreading factors and orthogonal codes. UMTS has an architecture with domains for the user equipment, access network, core network and home network connected by defined interfaces.
This document discusses the basic procedures for establishing a Bluetooth connection between devices. It describes the inquiry and paging processes, elements of connection establishment like link establishment and service discovery. It also discusses Bluetooth protocols like RFCOMM, L2CAP, and pairing, as well as power saving modes like sniff, hold, and park. The goal is to provide an overview of how two or more Bluetooth devices initiate and complete a connection to enable secure data transfer.
The document discusses the protocol layers in Bluetooth technology. It describes that Bluetooth uses a hierarchical model with different protocol layers, each performing specific communication tasks. Some key layers mentioned are the baseband layer, link layer, host controller interface, logical link control applications protocol, RF communications protocol, and service discovery protocol. The document provides details on the functions of different Bluetooth protocol layers like the baseband layer managing the radio interface and link management protocol handling link setup between devices.
Bluetooth 3.0+HS provides faster speeds of up to 480 megabits per second, operates in the 6-9 GHz range to avoid interference, and maintains backwards compatibility. It features a new architecture with an AMP layer to interface with alternate MAC/PHY controllers for additional radios, and separates the host and controller layers. Data can be transported either framed via L2CAP channels or directly over baseband links.
This document summarizes recent research on video streaming over Bluetooth networks. It discusses three key areas: intermediate protocols, quality of service (QoS) control, and media compression. For intermediate protocols, it evaluates streaming via HCI, L2CAP, and IP layers and their tradeoffs. For QoS control, it describes how error control mechanisms like link layer FEC, retransmission, and error concealment can improve video quality over Bluetooth. It also discusses congestion control. For media compression, it notes the importance of compression to achieve efficiency over limited Bluetooth bandwidths.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard that allows short-range exchange of data between fixed and mobile devices over short distances using radio transmissions. It was originally developed in 1994 as a cable replacement technology. The Bluetooth specifications have evolved through several versions with improvements in speed and functionality. Bluetooth devices operate within piconets, and multiple piconets can be interconnected to form scatternets. The Bluetooth protocol stack includes various layers like the radio, baseband, link manager, and L2CAP layers to manage connections and transfer of data packets. Bluetooth provides advantages like wireless connectivity and ease of use but also has limitations such as short range and potential security issues.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology that allows electronic devices to communicate within short distances without wires or cables. It was invented in 1994 by Ericsson and uses radio waves to transfer data between devices like phones, laptops, and other portable devices. Common applications of Bluetooth include file transfers, connecting peripherals, wireless headphones, and connecting to cars or home stereos for hands-free calling.
Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) allow for short-range wireless connectivity of devices within an individual's workspace. A WPAN uses technologies like Bluetooth and Zigbee to connect devices within 10 meters, as a replacement for cables. The key components of a WPAN are the master device that controls communication and slave devices that communicate with permission from the master. WPANs can be arranged in piconets with a single master and multiple slaves or scatternets with devices participating in multiple overlapping piconets. Common WPAN standards include Bluetooth, Zigbee, IEEE 802.15.1, 802.15.3 and 802.15.4.
This document summarizes Bluetooth technology and its architecture. It discusses how Bluetooth enables wireless communication between electronic devices through short-range ad hoc networks called piconets. A piconet can have up to 8 devices connected to a single master device within a 10 meter range. Multiple piconets can be combined to form a scatternet, allowing devices to communicate across piconets. The document then describes the seven layers of the Bluetooth architecture and protocol stack, including the radio layer, baseband layer, link manager protocol, host controller interface, logical link control and adaptation protocol, RFCOMM, and service discovery protocol.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances. It allows for data transmission between devices like computers, phones, and other peripherals. Bluetooth operates using radio waves in the unlicensed 2.4GHz spectrum in a process called frequency-hopping spread spectrum. It establishes short-range radio links called piconets that allow for both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections.
Bluetooth is an open wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances. It was developed in 1994 initially to replace cables connecting devices like mobile phones and laptops. Bluetooth specifications define a protocol stack and use a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum in the 2.4GHz band. It allows for ad-hoc network topologies like piconets and scatternets. Profiles define how Bluetooth can be used in different applications. Bluetooth is now used in many consumer electronics products and future uses may include applications like home automation and location-based services.
Bluetooth Details
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Ultra-wideband (UWB) is a short-range, high-bandwidth wireless technology that can provide data transmission rates up to 480 Mbps. It operates by transmitting short pulses across a wide spectrum of frequency bands between 3.1-10.6 GHz. UWB offers advantages over other wireless technologies like Bluetooth and WiFi by providing faster data transfer speeds, better multipath performance, and precise localization capabilities. Potential applications of UWB include wireless USB, high quality video transmission, and radar/imaging systems.
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The document summarizes the proposed Bluestar architecture, which allows Bluetooth devices to access the Internet through existing wireless local area networks (WLANs). The architecture uses selected Bluetooth devices called Bluetooth Wireless Gateways (BWGs) that have both Bluetooth and WLAN interfaces. These BWGs act as ingress and egress points between Bluetooth piconets and the WLAN. The architecture forms a mesh-like scatternet connecting multiple Bluetooth piconets. It employs adaptive frequency hopping and Bluetooth carrier sensing to mitigate interference between Bluetooth and WLAN devices operating in the shared 2.4GHz spectrum.
Bluetooth and Profiles
The document discusses Bluetooth technology and Bluetooth profiles. It provides an overview of Bluetooth including its history and development of different Bluetooth versions. It describes Bluetooth architecture and core system components. It also explains various Bluetooth profiles such as Generic Access Profile, Object Exchange Profile, Serial Port Profile, and File Transfer Profile which define how Bluetooth devices communicate and establish connections.
The document discusses communications and network security basics including telecommunications, protocols, network architectures, and the OSI model. It provides an overview of each layer of the OSI model and how data is encapsulated as it moves through the layers. Key concepts covered include TCP/IP, IPv4 and IPv6 addressing, tunneling methods, wired transmission types, cable types, and plenum cable requirements.
HDLC and PPP are data link layer protocols used to transmit data between network nodes. HDLC organizes data into frames for transmission and ensures successful arrival. PPP establishes direct connections between two nodes, such as routers, and provides authentication and encryption. Both protocols provide reliable data transmission and flow control and were designed to work with various network layer protocols like IP and IPX.
This document provides an overview of wireless personal area networks (WPANs), including Bluetooth, ZigBee, and Ultra-Wideband. It describes the key features and applications of each technology, how their protocols are structured, and how they compare to each other. Bluetooth supports data rates up to 2 Mbps over short ranges and is used in devices like phones, laptops, and printers. ZigBee focuses on low power consumption and supports thousands of nodes in a mesh network for uses like smart homes and buildings. Ultra-Wideband provides high data rates over short ranges and is used in applications like TVs, DVD players, and mobile devices.
Short-range wireless technologies like Bluetooth focus on low-cost and low-energy usage to provide long battery life. Bluetooth standards were developed by the IEEE 802.15 working group. Bluetooth enables two types of wireless services - personal area networks within a person's workspace, and device-to-device communication in Internet of Things applications like health monitors and sensors in vehicles, homes, and industrial equipment. Bluetooth uses radio waves in the 2.4 GHz band to connect devices within about 10 meters of each other to share data and audio wirelessly.
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology that allows data exchange between fixed and mobile devices over short distances. It uses radio waves in the 2.4 GHz band and supports data rates of up to 1 Mbps within a 10 meter range. Bluetooth devices can form piconets with one device acting as the master to multiple slaves, or scatternets by interconnecting multiple piconets. Common applications include wireless headsets, file transfers between devices, and connecting peripherals like keyboards and mice. Advantages are wireless connectivity, low power usage, and avoidance of interference through frequency hopping. Limitations include short range and lower security compared to other wireless standards. Future versions aim to improve speed, range, and support larger networks.
Design and Implementation of Bluetooth MAC core with RFCOMM on FPGAAneesh Raveendran
The System-on-Chip (SoC) design of digital circuits makes the technology to be reusable. The current paper describes an aspect of design and implementation of IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) protocol on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based SoC. The Bluetooth is a wireless technology designed as a short-range connectivity solution for personal, portable and handheld electronic devices.
This design aims on Bluetooth technology with serial
communication (RS-232) profile at the application layer.
The IP core consists of Bluetooth Medium Access Control
(MAC) and Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
(UART). Each module of the design is described and
developed with hardware description language-Very High
Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language
(VHDL). The final version of SoC is implemented and
tested with ALTERA STRATIX II EP2S15672C3 FPGA.
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2. Bluetooth - Main properties
Simple to use
Short-range communications technology
Operates in the unlicensed industrial, scientific and medical
(ISM) band at 2.4 to 2.485 GHz, using a spread spectrum,
frequency hopping, full-duplex signal at a nominal rate of 1600
hops/sec.
Provides developers both link layer and application layer
definitions, which support data and voice applications
Robustness, low power, and low cost.
Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) up to 2.1 Mbps
PCM digital audio/voice interface
Bluetooth Protocol 2
3. Main properties
Power Saving Modes (Sniff, Hold and Park) – synchronized
clocks
Page and inquiry scans
Standard UART interface w/ Rates of up to 4Mbps
Standard Host Controlled Interface (HCI)
Communication error correction schemes
Maintain high levels of security
Ad-hoc networks known as piconets established dynamically
Each device in a piconet can also simultaneously communicate
with up to seven other devices within that single piconet and
each device can also belong to several piconets simultaneously
Bluetooth Protocol 3
4. Usage
Cable Replacement
File transfer
MODEM control
Wireless Sensors
Flood Alarm
Heating Control
Medical Devices
Heart Rate Monitor
Blood Pressure Sensor
Blood Glucose Meter
Thermometer
Bluetooth Protocol 4
10. HCI Transport Layer
Allows control over the BT Device
Full Uart HW flow control
Transports
Commands
Events
ACL
synchronous data
Vendor specific
SCO, eSCO
between the Bluetooth device and its host using HCI data packets (Not
between devices)
Bluetooth Protocol 10
11. Pairing
Provides Trust, Authorization, and Authentication
Each side can declare own security level and request
compliance from the other side
Upon completing the pairing process, the device may
wish to enable the user to "Trust" the device and
services.
the device is added to the user's Trusted Devices list
and the said device will be allowed to reconnect
the device may be visible or non-visible and also
connectable or not-connectable
Bluetooth Protocol 11
12. Application - SPP
SPP defines how to set up virtual serial ports and connect
two Bluetooth enabled devices
Bluetooth Protocol 12
13. Application - OBEX
OBEX uses a client-server model and is independent of the transport
mechanism and transport API
Bluetooth Protocol 13
15. Protocol Layers
L2CAP - Logical Link Control and Adaptation
Protocol
SDP - Service Discovery Protocol
RFCOMM
Bluetooth Protocol 15
16. L2CAP
Provides
higher level protocol multiplexing,
packet segmentation and reassembly, and
the conveying of quality of service (QoS)
information.
Connected to the HCI
Bluetooth Protocol 16
17. RFCOMM
Emulates the serial cable line (9-Pin) settings
and status of an RS-232 serial port and is used
for providing serial data transfer.
Connects to the lower layers of
the Bluetooth protocol stack through the
L2CAP layer
supports up to 60 simultaneous connections
between two BT devices
Bluetooth Protocol 17
18. SDP
Provides a means for applications to
discover which services are available on the
remote side and to determine the
characteristics of those available services.
Bluetooth Protocol 18
20. STACK Layers
Physical link
A baseband connection between Bluetooth enabled devices.
A physical link is always associated with exactly one physical
channel
Stateless/connectionless - has no direct representation
within the structure of a transmitted packet. The access code
packet field, together with the clock and address of the
master Bluetooth device, are used to identify a physical
channel.
may be active (a default ACL logical transport exists) or
parked (synchronized in the piconet but has no default ACL).
Bluetooth Protocol 20
21. Logical Links
Logical Links and Logical Transports
A variety of logical links are available to support different
application data transport
Each logical link is associated with a logical transport -
flow control, acknowledgement/repeat mechanisms,
sequence numbering and scheduling behavior.
Has 3 categories:
Casting
Scheduling and Acknowledgement Scheme
Class of Data
Bluetooth Protocol 21
22. Casting
Unicast
connection-oriented - connection procedure takes place
before the link may be used.
Traffic may be sent in either direction
Broadcast
Connectionless - no procedure to create these links, and
data may be sent over them at any time
exist between one source device and zero or more
receiver devices
Traffic is unidirectional
Bluetooth Protocol 22
23. Logical Links
Scheduling and Acknowledgement Scheme
Synchronous
associating the Bluetoothpiconet clock with the transported data.
transporting data that has no time-based characteristics.
The data is normally expected to be retransmitted until successfully
received
Isochronous
transporting data that has time-based characteristics.
retransmitted until received or expired
Asynchronous
transporting data that has no time-based characteristics.
The data is retransmitted until successfully received
The data rate on the link need not be constant
Bluetooth Protocol 23
24. Logical Links
Class of Data
Control links
transporting LMP messages between two link managers
invisible above the baseband layer, and cannot be directly instantiated,
configured or released by applications,
always takes priority over the L2CAP link traffic.
L2CAP links
Transport L2CAP PDUs, which may carry the L2CAP signaling channel or
framed user data
May be fragmented
Stream links
Transport user data that has no inherent framing that should be preserved
when delivering the data.
Lost data may be replaced by padding at the receiver
Bluetooth Protocol 24
25. Logical Transport
ACL - Asynchronous Connection-Oriented
Reliable or time-bounded, bi- directional, point-to-point.
SCO - Synchronous Connection-Oriented
Bi-directional, symmetric, point-to-point, AV channels. Used for 64Kb/s
constant rate data.
eSCO - Extended Synchronous Connection-Oriented
Bi-directional, symmetric or asymmetric, point-to-point, general regular data,
limited retransmission. Used for constant rate data synchronized to the
master Bluetooth clock.
ASB - Active slave broadcast
Unreliable, uni-directional broadcast to any devices synchronized with the
physical channel. Used for broadcast L2CAP groups.
PSB – Parked slave broadcast
Unreliable, uni-directional broadcast to all piconet devices. Used for LMP and
L2CAP traffic to parked devices, and for access requests from parked devices.
Bluetooth Protocol 25
26. LMP
The Link Manager Protocol contains PDUs (Protocol Data Units)
Implemented as firmware in BT device
Enabling the following messages between two devices:
Connection Control
Connection Establishment
Detach
Power control
Adaptive frequency hopping
Channel quality driven data rate change
Quality of service (QoS)
Paging scheme parameters
Control of multi-slot packets
Enhanced Data Rate
Encapsulated LMP PDUs
Bluetooth Protocol 26
27. LMP
Security Role Switch
Authentication Slot Offset
Pairing Role Switch
Change Link Key Modes of Operation
Change Current Link Key Type Hold Mode
Encryption Park Stats
Request Supported Encryption Sniff Mode
Key Size Logical Transports
Secure Simple Pairing SCO Logical Transport
Informational Requests eSCO Logical Transport
Timing Accuracy Test Mode
Clock Offset Activation and Deactivation of Test
LMP Version Control of Test Mode
Supported Features
Name Request
Bluetooth Protocol 27
29. Network
Bluetooth nodes can work together to
establish a multi-hop network
Each Bluetooth device is allocated a unique
48-bit Bluetooth device address (BD_ADDR)
obtained from the IEEE Registration
Authority
Bluetooth Protocol 29
30. Network
Piconets with a single slave operation (a), a multi-slave operation
(b) and a scatternet operation (c).
Bluetooth Protocol 30
31. scatternet
A group of piconets in which connections
consists between different piconets
Bluetooth Protocol 31
32. Bluetooth SIG - Special Interest
Group
The Bluetooth Qualification Program
The purpose of the Bluetooth Qualification Program is to
promote interoperability,
verify conformance to the Bluetooth specifications,
enforce compliance,
grant IP license,
recognize members who meet a high standard of testing.
Requires certain testing standards for all designs and
products which use the Bluetooth.
Bluetooth Protocol 32
33. Create a Test Plan
STEP 1: Create/Select a Project
STEP 2: Declaration Summary
allows you to choose which layers you will be supporting.
STEP 3: Edit Core PICS
The Core PICS consist of (RF), (BB), (LMP), (L2CAP), (SDP), and (GAP).
mandatory requirements of these layers must be supported.
STEP 4: Edit Profile PICS
Any profiles that your product contains can be edited here.
STEP 5: Consistency Check
a static consistency check needs to be performed to ensure that the
proper features are supported. Many features have prerequistes,
dependencies, or groupings that are required if they are supported.
STEP 6: Generate the Test Plan
Bluetooth Protocol 33
36. Bluetooth Profile Tuning Suite
(PTS)
The OTS is a PC-based test tool created by the Bluetooth
SIG for its members.
The PTS automates protocol and profile testing
producing more accurate, higher quality test results and
improved interoperability for allproducts.
The PTS uses Executable Test Suite (ETS) files to exercise
an IUT. There is one ETS file per profile/protocol and
each file contains a series of test cases
The PTS tool contains an easy-to-use XML based test
report generator
Bluetooth Protocol 36
38. HID Dongle – SW Example
The initialization of the application occurs in two
phases:
first, the hidappInit function is called that when ends
sets an HIDAPP_EVT_START event
This triggers the second phase of the initialization,
which can be found within the main event processing
function hidappProcessEvent function.
The HIDDongle application contains two callback
functions: hidappKeyCback and centralEventCB.
Bluetooth Protocol 38
39. Sources
Bluetooth SIG - www.bluetooth.org
Texas Instruments - www.ti.com
Wireless Connectivity > Bluetooth technology
www.palowireless.com/bluetooth
Bluetooth Protocol 39