This document provides an overview of Bluetooth technology, including its history, specifications, networks, layers, applications, and issues. Bluetooth was developed in the late 1990s to facilitate short-range wireless connectivity between devices. It uses radio waves and frequency hopping to transmit data between devices within a personal area network. Common applications of Bluetooth technology include connecting headphones, printers, and automobiles. While scalability and throughput are limitations, Bluetooth provides a simple, inexpensive way to connect electronic devices without wires.

1. Presented
By:
Anamika

2. Contents
 Introduction
 History
 What is Bluetooth?
 Bluetooth Devices
 Bluetooth Specifications
 Bluetooth Networks
 Bluetooth layers
 Goals Of Bluetooth
 Bluetooth Sensor Network
 Applications
 Bluetooth Issues
 Advantages
 Research Work
 Conclusion
 Future scope
 References

3. Introduction
Bluetooth is a radio frequency specification for short range,
point to point and point to multipoint voice and data transfer.
In spite of facilitating the replacement of cables, bluetooth
technology works as an universal medium to bridge the existing
data networks, a peripheral interface for existing devices and
provide a mechanism to form short ad hoc network of connected
devices away form fixed network infrastructures.

4. History
 The Bluetooth name comes from the Danish Viking Harald Blåtand.
 By Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia, Toshiba.
 1998 - Bluetooth technology is officially introduced and the
BLUETOOTH Special Interest Group (SIG) is formed.
 1999 - Bluetooth 1.0 Specification is introduced.
 In June of 2010, the Bluetooth SIG Board of Directors adopted the
Bluetooth Core specification v4.0, which can be found inside the
iPhone 4S .

5. WHAT IS BLUETOOTH?
 It is wireless protocol utilizing short range communication
technology.
 Facilitates data transmission from fixed and/or mobile devices
creating personal area network(PAN).
 PAN is used to link to the NIC card of the system.
 Low cost device with small power consumption and reasonable
throughput.
 Suitable for small battery driven devices.

6. Bluetooth (contd.)
 Eliminate wires and cables between both stationary and mobile
devices.
 In Bluetooth,Connection can be initiated without user interaction.
 Devices can be connected to multiple devices at the same time.
 One complete Bluetooth data packet can be transmitted within each
625 msec hop slot.

7. Bluetooth Devices
 Telephones
 Headsets
 Computers
 Cameras
 Printers
 Cars

8. BLUETOOTH SPECIFICATIONS
Transceivers and Receivers that can send and receive data because
they use radio waves.
MAC Address (Physical Address)
Burnt on the NIC card by the manufacturer.
 PIN Number
To identify the user using the device.
 A Piconet
 A FHSS protocol

9. BLUETOOTH NETWORKS…
PICONET :
 It is a collection of up to 8
devices that frequency hop
together.
 Out of which one is the master
device and other are slaves.
 Slave devices use the masters
clock to synchronize their
clocks.

10. POWER MODES IN PICONET
 4 different power modes exist namely
 Active- unit actively participates in
channel
 Sniff- slave units listen in on channels at
specific time decided by master.
 Hold- every unit can take some time off
for waiting.
 Park- slaves do not participate in piconet
but still maintains timing synchronization
with it.

11. SCATTERNET
Consists of several
piconets connected by
devices participating in
multiple piconets.
These devices can be slave
in all piconets or master in
one and slave in other
piconets.

12. BLUETOOTH LAYERS

13. BLUETOOTH LAYERS
 Bluetooth Radio layer :
• This layer is roughly equivalent to the physical layer of the Internet model.
• It specifics details of the air interface, including frequency, frequency hopping,
modulation scheme, and transmission power.
• The Bluetooth Radio (layer) is the lowest defined layer of the Bluetooth
specification.
• Modulation:
To transform bits to signal , sophisticated version of FSK is used called
GFSK. Bit 1 is represented by frequency deviation above the carrier.

14.  Bluetooth Baseband Layer:
• It is equivalent to MAC sub layer in LANs.
• The access method is TDMA.
• The primary and secondary communicate with each other using time slots. The
time that one frequency is used ,a sender sends frame to secondary or secondary
sends frame to primary.
• It is concerned with connection establishment within a piconet, addressing, packet
format, timing and power control.
• TDMA
It uses a form of TDMA called TDD-TDMA(time division duplex TDMA).It is
a kind of half –duplex communication in which secondary and receiver send
and receive data but not at same time. Communication for each direction uses
different hops.

15. • Frame format: A frame in the baseband can be of three types:
1. One-slot
In a one-slot frame exchange 259microseconds is needed for hopping
and control mechanisms.
2. Three-slot
It occupies three slots. Length of frame is 1616 micro seconds.
3. Five –slot
It uses 259 bits for hopping i.e. length of frame is 2866bits.
Logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP)
It adapts upper layer protocols to the baseband layer and provides both
connectionless and connection-oriented services. Multiplexing can also
be done.

16. FHSS
 Bluetooth devices use a protocol called (FHSS) Frequency-Hopping Spread
Spectrum to avoid interference from other devices or networks .
 Uses packet-switching to send data.
 Bluetooth sends packets of data on a range of frequencies.
 In each session one device is a master and the others are slaves.
 The master device decides at which frequency data will travel.
 Bluetooth hops 1600 Times per second
 This technique allows devices to communicate with each other more
securely.

17. GOALS OF BLUETOOTH
 Goals of Bluetooth are unification and harmony as well,
specifically enabling different devices to communicate
through a commonly accepted Standard.
 Bluetooth operates in the unlicensed ISM band at 2.4 GHZ
frequency band and use frequency hopping spread spectrum
technique.

18. BLUETOOTH SENSOR NETWORK
 Comprises of a no. of
small devices equipped
with sensing unit,
microprocessor, wireless
communication interface
and power source.

19. SMART SENSOR NODE
 Sensor n/w consists of several
smart sensor nodes and a
gateway.
 Each smart sensor node consists
of many sensors, a
microcontroller & a Bluetooth
radio module.
 Microcontroller is responsible
for smart node logic.

20. APPLICATIONS OF BLUETOOTH BASED
SENSOR NETWORKS
HEALTH MONITORING: Various sensors are attached to a
patients body to collect physiological data then stored or
forwarded i.e. in CT Scan, Ultrasound, ECG etc.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING: Fire detection, water
pollution monitoring etc.
MILITARY And SECURITY: Monitoring soldiers in the field,
tracking enemy movements.

21. BLUETOOTH ISSUES
Scalability Issues: Only 8 nodes can be connected at a time so
dense n/w not possible. Slave to Slave direct communication not
possible.
Establishing a scatternet is very difficult due to frequency
interference problem.
Low Throughput: It is1mbps but with overheads it is 722 kbps
only.

22. Advantages
 Very easy to use.
 Connection is fast and simple.
 More devices are Bluetooth capable.
 Auto recognition.
 Wireless (No Cables).
 No Setup Needed.
 Industry Wide Support.
 Inexpensive Technique.

23. Research Work
Currently a protocol is being researched that would
support large ad hoc networks.
Ultra wide band has been chosen by the Bluetooth Special
Interest Group as the future of Bluetooth Technology.
Many companies are designing impressive bluetooth
applications in demand.

24. CONCLUSION
Bluetooth is a new standard developed by a group of electronics
manufacturers, that will allow any sort of electronic equipment to
make it's own connections without wires, cables or any direct
action from user. It is a rapid growing technology that makes man
easy to transfer his electronic equipments from one place to
another. It is a technology that not yet completely developed.
Hope this will be achieved very soon.

25. Future Scope
Bluetooth has a good future ahead because it meets a basic
need of connectivity.
Latest version of bluetooth are improving both its security
and capabilities.
New versions of bluetooth technology will meet the high-
speed and large range.

26. References
http://www.bluetooth.com/Pages/Bluetooth-Home.aspx
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/bluetooth.htm
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