The document traces the evolution of airplanes from early gliders and kites to modern passenger jets. Key developments include the Wright Brothers' first flight in 1903, the use of airplanes in World War I which advanced technology, and breakthroughs like the jet engine in World War II which led to the Jet Age. Hybrid aircraft were attempted by combining planes with helicopters, rockets, boats, and cars. Growing markets and infrastructure helped make passenger air travel mainstream. Plane engines evolved from car engines to become lighter, higher power, and more efficient.

1. Evolution Case Study: Planes

2. Early Evolution Car engine Glider Kite Bike 1909 – First cross-channel flight 1914 – WW1 1908 – Wrights set distance records 1903 – First Flight