The document traces the evolution of airplanes from early gliders and kites to modern passenger jets. Key developments include the Wright Brothers' first flight in 1903, the use of airplanes in World War I which advanced technology, and breakthroughs like the jet engine in World War II which led to the Jet Age. Hybrid aircraft were attempted by combining planes with helicopters, rockets, boats, and cars. Growing markets and infrastructure helped make passenger air travel mainstream. Plane engines evolved from car engines to become lighter, higher power, and more efficient.

1. Evolution Case Study: Planes

2. Early Evolution Car engine Glider Kite Bike 1909 – First cross-channel flight 1914 – WW1 1908 – Wrights set distance records 1903 – First Flight

3. World War I Guns added to planes Manually operated Bombing Ineffective Led to larger twin-engined planes Stimulus to advance technology Kick-started civil aviation 1919 – 1 st Trans-Atlantic crossing Converted Vickers Vimy bomber

4. 1931 – World Speed Record War propels technology forward Change occurs faster when need is greater Advances in civil aviation evolve from military technology 1939-1945 - WW2 1941 – First Jet Engine V1 Bomb

5. The Jet Age Bigger Faster WW2 1969 – Concorde 1968 – Boeing 747 Super Transporter

6. Hybridisation Plane  Helicopter Pros: Removes need for runway Cons: High fuel consumption Low speed Helicopter evolves too Chinook VTOL

7. Hybridisation Plane & Rocket  Space Shuttle Plane & Bike  Microlite Plane & Boat  Seaplane Plane & Helicopter  VTOL Plane & Car  Skycar

8. Mass Market Larger, faster planes Reduces price of air fares Passenger aircraft become mainstream Need for further advances Reliability Safety Endurance Infrastructure Airports Pilots All-weather capabilities Regulations

9. Plane Engines Evolved from car engines Lighter Higher volume Higher power Air-cooled Carb-heat 2 Magnetos Increasing market More pollution Health issues become important

10. Markets & Uses Military Bomber Fighter Transport Civilian Cargo Passenger