This document summarizes different ways that aircraft are classified and provides examples. Aircraft can be classified by their design as either lighter-than-air (balloons, blimps) or heavier-than-air (airplanes, helicopters). They can also be classified by their propulsion, such as piston engines, turbines, or rockets. Finally, aircraft are classified by their use, with examples being military aircraft like fighters or bombers and civilian aircraft like airliners or private planes. Emerging aircraft designs and alternative fuels are discussed as part of the future of aviation.
A Brief Study on Airship Using Aerospace, Electronic and Communication Applic...IJERA Editor
Recent years have seen an outpour of revived interest in the use of high altitude airships for a number of applications. Present day developments in materials, propulsion, solar panels,Wireless Communication and energy storage systems and the need for a more eco-oriented approach to flight are increasing the curiosity in airships, as the series of new projects deployed in recent years show; moreover, the exploitation of the always mounting simulation capabilities in CAD/CAE, CFD and FEA provided by modern computers allow an accurate design useful to optimize and reduce the development time of these vehicles. The purpose of this contribution is to examine the different aspects of airship development with a review of current modeling techniques for airship dynamics and aerodynamics along with conceptual design and optimization techniques, structural design and manufacturing technologies , wireless and energy system technologies .A brief history of airships is presented followed by an analysis of conventional and unconventional airships including current projects and conceptual designs
A PPT material about the first attempts to fly and the history of aviation made by a student involved in the Comenius multilateral partnership “From Icarus to Interplanetary Travels”
Airplanes are fixed-wing aircraft that are propelled forward by thrust from jet engines or propellers. They come in various sizes and wing configurations and are used for transportation, recreation, military, and research purposes. Commercial aviation involves tens of thousands of passengers flying daily on large airliners. While early concepts of flight date back centuries, the Wright brothers' 1903 flight is recognized as the first sustained, controlled, powered flight. Jet engines were introduced in the mid-20th century, providing more power than propeller engines. Modern airplanes are complex machines built by companies and can take years to design with safety testing.
The air cushion vehicle or “HOVERCRAFT”, as it is popularly known is the newest vehicle in today’s transport scene. As well as being new, this vehicle is different from other more conventional, terrestrial vehicle in that it requires no surface contact for traction and it is able to move freely over a variety of surface while supported continuously on a self-generated cushion of air. Though the concept is new, the rate of development of hovercraft has been outstandingly faster than that of any other mode of transport.
The document discusses the history and development of naval aviation. It begins by noting that Eugene Ely was the first pilot to complete a takeoff and landing from a ship in 1910-1911. Early approaches to integrating aircraft with the fleet included carriers, flying boats, dirigibles, and pontoon aircraft. The first aircraft carrier was the USS Langley, commissioned in 1922. Naval aviation came into its own in World War 2 and improved after the war with innovations like the angled flight deck, steam catapult, and nuclear carriers. Modern naval aircraft fulfill roles like strikes, fleet protection, and undersea warfare using fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft. The F/A-18 Hornet replaced the
The US military first employed helicopters in World War II for medical evacuation missions. During the Korean War, helicopters such as the HO3S-1 and H-5 proved valuable for casualty evacuation, reconnaissance, resupply, and extraction of downed pilots. The Marine Corps utilized helicopters for the first air assaults in 1951 to transport troops. Helicopter capabilities continued to expand during the war as models like the H-19 demonstrated versatility in light transport, casualty evacuation, and air-sea rescue.
hello friends.....
submarine is a work in underwater and easily detect to enemy or underwater travel in the tourist. and this presentation shows, how to submarine work in under water in each parts or marine ship etc.
Hovercrafts are vehicles that can travel over land, water, and other surfaces using a cushion of air for movement and stability. They were invented in the 1950s-1960s by British inventor Christopher Cockerell, who obtained patents for a vehicle that was "neither an airplane, nor a boat, nor a wheeled land craft." Hovercrafts operate by using fans to create a cushion of high-pressure air between the hull and the surface below, allowing them to hover just above the ground or water. They are operated by pilots and can travel at speeds over 20 knots while hovering between 200mm-600mm above the surface.
A Brief Study on Airship Using Aerospace, Electronic and Communication Applic...IJERA Editor
Recent years have seen an outpour of revived interest in the use of high altitude airships for a number of applications. Present day developments in materials, propulsion, solar panels,Wireless Communication and energy storage systems and the need for a more eco-oriented approach to flight are increasing the curiosity in airships, as the series of new projects deployed in recent years show; moreover, the exploitation of the always mounting simulation capabilities in CAD/CAE, CFD and FEA provided by modern computers allow an accurate design useful to optimize and reduce the development time of these vehicles. The purpose of this contribution is to examine the different aspects of airship development with a review of current modeling techniques for airship dynamics and aerodynamics along with conceptual design and optimization techniques, structural design and manufacturing technologies , wireless and energy system technologies .A brief history of airships is presented followed by an analysis of conventional and unconventional airships including current projects and conceptual designs
A PPT material about the first attempts to fly and the history of aviation made by a student involved in the Comenius multilateral partnership “From Icarus to Interplanetary Travels”
Airplanes are fixed-wing aircraft that are propelled forward by thrust from jet engines or propellers. They come in various sizes and wing configurations and are used for transportation, recreation, military, and research purposes. Commercial aviation involves tens of thousands of passengers flying daily on large airliners. While early concepts of flight date back centuries, the Wright brothers' 1903 flight is recognized as the first sustained, controlled, powered flight. Jet engines were introduced in the mid-20th century, providing more power than propeller engines. Modern airplanes are complex machines built by companies and can take years to design with safety testing.
The air cushion vehicle or “HOVERCRAFT”, as it is popularly known is the newest vehicle in today’s transport scene. As well as being new, this vehicle is different from other more conventional, terrestrial vehicle in that it requires no surface contact for traction and it is able to move freely over a variety of surface while supported continuously on a self-generated cushion of air. Though the concept is new, the rate of development of hovercraft has been outstandingly faster than that of any other mode of transport.
The document discusses the history and development of naval aviation. It begins by noting that Eugene Ely was the first pilot to complete a takeoff and landing from a ship in 1910-1911. Early approaches to integrating aircraft with the fleet included carriers, flying boats, dirigibles, and pontoon aircraft. The first aircraft carrier was the USS Langley, commissioned in 1922. Naval aviation came into its own in World War 2 and improved after the war with innovations like the angled flight deck, steam catapult, and nuclear carriers. Modern naval aircraft fulfill roles like strikes, fleet protection, and undersea warfare using fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft. The F/A-18 Hornet replaced the
The US military first employed helicopters in World War II for medical evacuation missions. During the Korean War, helicopters such as the HO3S-1 and H-5 proved valuable for casualty evacuation, reconnaissance, resupply, and extraction of downed pilots. The Marine Corps utilized helicopters for the first air assaults in 1951 to transport troops. Helicopter capabilities continued to expand during the war as models like the H-19 demonstrated versatility in light transport, casualty evacuation, and air-sea rescue.
hello friends.....
submarine is a work in underwater and easily detect to enemy or underwater travel in the tourist. and this presentation shows, how to submarine work in under water in each parts or marine ship etc.
Hovercrafts are vehicles that can travel over land, water, and other surfaces using a cushion of air for movement and stability. They were invented in the 1950s-1960s by British inventor Christopher Cockerell, who obtained patents for a vehicle that was "neither an airplane, nor a boat, nor a wheeled land craft." Hovercrafts operate by using fans to create a cushion of high-pressure air between the hull and the surface below, allowing them to hover just above the ground or water. They are operated by pilots and can travel at speeds over 20 knots while hovering between 200mm-600mm above the surface.
Hovercraft have the ability to travel over land and water surfaces due to pressurized air being pumped into a plenum chamber and escaping out through a skirt. They consist of a hull, skirt, lifting fans, thrust fans and engines. Hovercraft operate by using lifting fans to create an air cushion that lifts the hull above the surface, while thrust fans provide propulsion. They have advantages like traveling over many surfaces and bypassing routes restricted to boats, but also have disadvantages like potential skirt damage and noise. Future applications of hovercraft in Egypt could include military transportation over the new Suez Canal or connecting lakes and tourist sites.
Warships are modernized weapons used by navies for tasks like naval exercises, border security, and reconnaissance. There are several main types of warships including destroyers, frigates, corvettes, submarines, aircraft carriers, and cruisers. Each type has distinct characteristics and purposes such as destroyers escorting larger vessels and defending against smaller attackers, while submarines can operate independently underwater.
The document discusses the development and design of the supersonic Concorde aircraft. It describes how the British and French governments agreed in 1962 to jointly develop a supersonic transport. Two prototypes were built and the first flight occurred in 1969. Key design aspects included delta wings for stability at supersonic speeds, powerful jet engines, and a droopable nose for visibility during takeoff and landing. Concorde carried 100 passengers at twice the speed of sound but was retired in 2003 due to high costs and falling revenues.
This document provides an overview of hovercrafts. It begins with acknowledgements and an abstract. The main topics covered include the history and development of hovercrafts from early designs in the 1700s to Christopher Cockerell's modern invention in the 1950s. Constructional features such as the lifting fan, thrust propellers, momentum curtain, and skirt are described. The document also discusses the working principle, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and future of hovercraft technology.
This document provides an overview of submarine (or U-boat) geography during World War II. It discusses key aspects such as:
- U.S. and German submarine designs from WWII
- The readiness of the U.S. submarine fleet at the start of the war
- Problems with early U.S. torpedo technology
- Offensive submarine tactics developed by German commander Donitz, including close-range attacks and wolfpack formations
- Defensive measures taken by Allied forces like convoy routes and anti-submarine warfare
- Locations of major German U-boat bunkers constructed during the war
In 3 sentences or less, it summarizes key information about submarine warfare during WWII.
The Douglas C-124 Globemaster II was a heavy-lift cargo aircraft developed from 1947 to 1949 by Douglas Aircraft. It was powered by four large piston engines and could carry up to 68,500 pounds of cargo in its 77-foot cargo bay. The C-124 was first delivered in 1950 and was used extensively during the Korean War and Vietnam War to transport heavy equipment and troops. Over 400 C-124s were produced before retiring from military service in 1974.
The Concorde was a supersonic passenger airliner that flew from 1969 to 2003, making regular flights between London and New York in under half the time of other airliners. Only 20 Concordes were ever built, representing a substantial economic loss. While it provided a vastly faster travel experience, shuttling around 125 passengers at twice the speed of normal planes, the Concorde's high fuel consumption, expense, and ability to carry relatively few passengers made it an economic challenge. Its retirement in 2003 also followed a fatal crash in 2000 and other factors.
The document provides information about the Concorde, the first supersonic passenger airliner. It describes key facts like its cruise speed of Mach 2.04 and joint development by England and France. Unique features that allowed supersonic flight are discussed, such as its needle-like fuselage, swept-back delta wings, and droop nose. Challenges of high speeds like heat and structural issues are also summarized. The document concludes with details of the fatal 2000 Paris crash and the plane's retirement in 2003 due to low passenger numbers and rising costs.
The document provides an overview of submarines, including their history, design, and capabilities. It discusses how early submarines were developed in the 18th-19th centuries and powered by human and steam engines. Modern submarines use nuclear propulsion or diesel-electric engines. The largest submarines are nuclear ballistic missile submarines like the Ohio-class, which carry nuclear weapons. Submarines function by controlling buoyancy through ballast tanks and following principles of underwater pressure. They have played an important military role in wars including sinking ships in WWI with the development of torpedoes.
The Griffin precision-guided missile has been in service with the US Navy and Air Force since 2008. It is produced by Raytheon and comes in four variants. Over 2,000 Griffins have been delivered, including an $85.5 million contract in 2014 for Block II/III missiles. The Griffin is a small, lightweight missile that can be integrated on land, sea, and air platforms. It uses laser or GPS guidance and has a solid-propellant rocket motor for maneuverability.
Hovercraft are capable of traveling over land, water, and ice using a cushion of air ejected from their undersides and contained within a skirt. They are used for transportation purposes both for passengers and cargo. The first hovercraft design was created in 1915 but it was not until the mid-20th century that their development accelerated. Pioneers from many countries contributed designs and testing of hovercraft leading to their use today for both civilian and military applications.
The Concorde was a supersonic jet developed jointly by Britain and France that entered commercial service in 1976. It could fly transatlantic routes in under half the time as subsonic jets. However, with only 20 built and high costs, it was an economic loss for its manufacturers. An 2000 crash in France increased safety costs and reduced passenger numbers. After the 9/11 attacks further reduced demand, both operating airlines retired the Concorde in 2003 due to high operating costs and a lack of maintenance support from Airbus. The Concorde's retirement marked the end of supersonic passenger flight.
The document describes different types of aeroplanes including commercial transport planes, general aviation planes, military planes, sea planes, and special purpose planes. It provides details about each type, such as commercial transport planes carrying up to 1000 passengers and having four to eight jet engines, general aviation planes being smaller with fewer seats and engines and used recreationally, and military planes being the most sophisticated and fastest planes used to attack land and water targets. It also discusses sea planes that can land on water or land, including float planes, flying boats, and amphibians, as well as special purpose planes designed for specific tasks like fighting forest fires. The document concludes by covering global positioning systems including GPS, India's regional navigation system called NAV
1) Hovercrafts are hybrid vessels that can travel over land, water, and other surfaces using a cushion of pressurized air for flotation.
2) The modern hovercraft design originated from British inventor Sir Christopher Cockerell in the 1950s.
3) Hovercrafts use large fans to inflate an air-filled skirt below the vessel, creating an air cushion that allows the craft to float above the surface it travels over.
The document discusses the Concorde supersonic airliner, which was a joint project between Britain and France from the 1960s. It describes key features of the Concorde including its delta wings, Mach 2 cruising speed, and digital systems. It also discusses problems like high costs, noise, and a 2000 crash that killed 113 people. Air France and British Airways retired the Concorde in 2003 due to low passenger numbers after the crash and rising maintenance costs, ending supersonic passenger air travel.
10 Most Famous Aircraft in the World - By Nelson LewisNelson Lewis
Since the Wright Brothers first flew in 1903, countless planes have graced the skies of the earth. Yet what are the best ones? I recently came across an article that features 10 of the most famous aircraft, listed here:
This document discusses interactions between fishing vessels and submarines, including historical incidents of net snagging, collisions, and sinkings. It provides details on relevant vessel types and areas of submarine activity. Several case studies are described in which fishing vessels disappeared or were damaged in areas where submarines were present, though governments often initially denied involvement before later admissions. International resolutions have called for submarines to avoid interactions with fishing vessels and gear when possible, but implementation remains a challenge.
The document discusses elevators and their control systems. Elevators use either hydraulic or cable systems to move between floors of buildings. Hydraulic elevators use a hydraulic ram and piston to lift an elevator car, while cable systems use steel ropes connected to a sheave and counterweight. Elevator control systems are real-time, distributed, and embedded to safely move passengers based on button inputs and current floor. Safety systems like brakes and shock absorbers prevent elevator accidents in case of cable or power failures.
An escalator consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the steps to remain horizontal. Escalators are used to efficiently move large numbers of people between floors in places where elevators would be impractical, such as in department stores and airports. The main components of an escalator include the landing platforms that house the drive gears and motors, a truss that bridges the platforms, and tracks that guide the endless chain of steps in their continuous loop. Escalators are designed to have a step width of 600mm, 800mm, or 1000mm and a standard transportation speed between 0.5 to 0.65m/s.
The document discusses lifts and escalators, including their history, components, types, and maintenance requirements. It notes that lifts have been used since the 3rd century BC and the first passenger elevator was built in 1743. Modern lifts are controlled automatically using computers and microchips. Escalators were introduced in 1900 and are used to transport large numbers of people vertically between floors. Proper maintenance of lifts and compliance with acts like the Bombay Lift Acts are important for safety.
This document provides information about special types of elevators. It begins with a basic introduction to elevators and their functions. It then discusses the history of elevator development. Key developments included early screw drive systems, safety brakes to prevent falls, and the introduction of electric power. The document outlines various elevator designs and components. These include the cab, doors, hoist mechanisms, and control systems. It also discusses different types of elevators for passengers, goods, automobiles, and more. Standards and regulations for elevator design are also reviewed.
Hovercraft have the ability to travel over land and water surfaces due to pressurized air being pumped into a plenum chamber and escaping out through a skirt. They consist of a hull, skirt, lifting fans, thrust fans and engines. Hovercraft operate by using lifting fans to create an air cushion that lifts the hull above the surface, while thrust fans provide propulsion. They have advantages like traveling over many surfaces and bypassing routes restricted to boats, but also have disadvantages like potential skirt damage and noise. Future applications of hovercraft in Egypt could include military transportation over the new Suez Canal or connecting lakes and tourist sites.
Warships are modernized weapons used by navies for tasks like naval exercises, border security, and reconnaissance. There are several main types of warships including destroyers, frigates, corvettes, submarines, aircraft carriers, and cruisers. Each type has distinct characteristics and purposes such as destroyers escorting larger vessels and defending against smaller attackers, while submarines can operate independently underwater.
The document discusses the development and design of the supersonic Concorde aircraft. It describes how the British and French governments agreed in 1962 to jointly develop a supersonic transport. Two prototypes were built and the first flight occurred in 1969. Key design aspects included delta wings for stability at supersonic speeds, powerful jet engines, and a droopable nose for visibility during takeoff and landing. Concorde carried 100 passengers at twice the speed of sound but was retired in 2003 due to high costs and falling revenues.
This document provides an overview of hovercrafts. It begins with acknowledgements and an abstract. The main topics covered include the history and development of hovercrafts from early designs in the 1700s to Christopher Cockerell's modern invention in the 1950s. Constructional features such as the lifting fan, thrust propellers, momentum curtain, and skirt are described. The document also discusses the working principle, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and future of hovercraft technology.
This document provides an overview of submarine (or U-boat) geography during World War II. It discusses key aspects such as:
- U.S. and German submarine designs from WWII
- The readiness of the U.S. submarine fleet at the start of the war
- Problems with early U.S. torpedo technology
- Offensive submarine tactics developed by German commander Donitz, including close-range attacks and wolfpack formations
- Defensive measures taken by Allied forces like convoy routes and anti-submarine warfare
- Locations of major German U-boat bunkers constructed during the war
In 3 sentences or less, it summarizes key information about submarine warfare during WWII.
The Douglas C-124 Globemaster II was a heavy-lift cargo aircraft developed from 1947 to 1949 by Douglas Aircraft. It was powered by four large piston engines and could carry up to 68,500 pounds of cargo in its 77-foot cargo bay. The C-124 was first delivered in 1950 and was used extensively during the Korean War and Vietnam War to transport heavy equipment and troops. Over 400 C-124s were produced before retiring from military service in 1974.
The Concorde was a supersonic passenger airliner that flew from 1969 to 2003, making regular flights between London and New York in under half the time of other airliners. Only 20 Concordes were ever built, representing a substantial economic loss. While it provided a vastly faster travel experience, shuttling around 125 passengers at twice the speed of normal planes, the Concorde's high fuel consumption, expense, and ability to carry relatively few passengers made it an economic challenge. Its retirement in 2003 also followed a fatal crash in 2000 and other factors.
The document provides information about the Concorde, the first supersonic passenger airliner. It describes key facts like its cruise speed of Mach 2.04 and joint development by England and France. Unique features that allowed supersonic flight are discussed, such as its needle-like fuselage, swept-back delta wings, and droop nose. Challenges of high speeds like heat and structural issues are also summarized. The document concludes with details of the fatal 2000 Paris crash and the plane's retirement in 2003 due to low passenger numbers and rising costs.
The document provides an overview of submarines, including their history, design, and capabilities. It discusses how early submarines were developed in the 18th-19th centuries and powered by human and steam engines. Modern submarines use nuclear propulsion or diesel-electric engines. The largest submarines are nuclear ballistic missile submarines like the Ohio-class, which carry nuclear weapons. Submarines function by controlling buoyancy through ballast tanks and following principles of underwater pressure. They have played an important military role in wars including sinking ships in WWI with the development of torpedoes.
The Griffin precision-guided missile has been in service with the US Navy and Air Force since 2008. It is produced by Raytheon and comes in four variants. Over 2,000 Griffins have been delivered, including an $85.5 million contract in 2014 for Block II/III missiles. The Griffin is a small, lightweight missile that can be integrated on land, sea, and air platforms. It uses laser or GPS guidance and has a solid-propellant rocket motor for maneuverability.
Hovercraft are capable of traveling over land, water, and ice using a cushion of air ejected from their undersides and contained within a skirt. They are used for transportation purposes both for passengers and cargo. The first hovercraft design was created in 1915 but it was not until the mid-20th century that their development accelerated. Pioneers from many countries contributed designs and testing of hovercraft leading to their use today for both civilian and military applications.
The Concorde was a supersonic jet developed jointly by Britain and France that entered commercial service in 1976. It could fly transatlantic routes in under half the time as subsonic jets. However, with only 20 built and high costs, it was an economic loss for its manufacturers. An 2000 crash in France increased safety costs and reduced passenger numbers. After the 9/11 attacks further reduced demand, both operating airlines retired the Concorde in 2003 due to high operating costs and a lack of maintenance support from Airbus. The Concorde's retirement marked the end of supersonic passenger flight.
The document describes different types of aeroplanes including commercial transport planes, general aviation planes, military planes, sea planes, and special purpose planes. It provides details about each type, such as commercial transport planes carrying up to 1000 passengers and having four to eight jet engines, general aviation planes being smaller with fewer seats and engines and used recreationally, and military planes being the most sophisticated and fastest planes used to attack land and water targets. It also discusses sea planes that can land on water or land, including float planes, flying boats, and amphibians, as well as special purpose planes designed for specific tasks like fighting forest fires. The document concludes by covering global positioning systems including GPS, India's regional navigation system called NAV
1) Hovercrafts are hybrid vessels that can travel over land, water, and other surfaces using a cushion of pressurized air for flotation.
2) The modern hovercraft design originated from British inventor Sir Christopher Cockerell in the 1950s.
3) Hovercrafts use large fans to inflate an air-filled skirt below the vessel, creating an air cushion that allows the craft to float above the surface it travels over.
The document discusses the Concorde supersonic airliner, which was a joint project between Britain and France from the 1960s. It describes key features of the Concorde including its delta wings, Mach 2 cruising speed, and digital systems. It also discusses problems like high costs, noise, and a 2000 crash that killed 113 people. Air France and British Airways retired the Concorde in 2003 due to low passenger numbers after the crash and rising maintenance costs, ending supersonic passenger air travel.
10 Most Famous Aircraft in the World - By Nelson LewisNelson Lewis
Since the Wright Brothers first flew in 1903, countless planes have graced the skies of the earth. Yet what are the best ones? I recently came across an article that features 10 of the most famous aircraft, listed here:
This document discusses interactions between fishing vessels and submarines, including historical incidents of net snagging, collisions, and sinkings. It provides details on relevant vessel types and areas of submarine activity. Several case studies are described in which fishing vessels disappeared or were damaged in areas where submarines were present, though governments often initially denied involvement before later admissions. International resolutions have called for submarines to avoid interactions with fishing vessels and gear when possible, but implementation remains a challenge.
The document discusses elevators and their control systems. Elevators use either hydraulic or cable systems to move between floors of buildings. Hydraulic elevators use a hydraulic ram and piston to lift an elevator car, while cable systems use steel ropes connected to a sheave and counterweight. Elevator control systems are real-time, distributed, and embedded to safely move passengers based on button inputs and current floor. Safety systems like brakes and shock absorbers prevent elevator accidents in case of cable or power failures.
An escalator consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the steps to remain horizontal. Escalators are used to efficiently move large numbers of people between floors in places where elevators would be impractical, such as in department stores and airports. The main components of an escalator include the landing platforms that house the drive gears and motors, a truss that bridges the platforms, and tracks that guide the endless chain of steps in their continuous loop. Escalators are designed to have a step width of 600mm, 800mm, or 1000mm and a standard transportation speed between 0.5 to 0.65m/s.
The document discusses lifts and escalators, including their history, components, types, and maintenance requirements. It notes that lifts have been used since the 3rd century BC and the first passenger elevator was built in 1743. Modern lifts are controlled automatically using computers and microchips. Escalators were introduced in 1900 and are used to transport large numbers of people vertically between floors. Proper maintenance of lifts and compliance with acts like the Bombay Lift Acts are important for safety.
This document provides information about special types of elevators. It begins with a basic introduction to elevators and their functions. It then discusses the history of elevator development. Key developments included early screw drive systems, safety brakes to prevent falls, and the introduction of electric power. The document outlines various elevator designs and components. These include the cab, doors, hoist mechanisms, and control systems. It also discusses different types of elevators for passengers, goods, automobiles, and more. Standards and regulations for elevator design are also reviewed.
Fixed wing Aircraft and area of their application.pptxEliyasZekaryas
The document discusses different types of fixed-wing aircraft and their applications. It begins by defining fixed-wing aircraft and their history, including the Wright Brothers' first flight. It then describes various wing configurations like monoplanes, biplanes, and triplanes. Next, it covers common fixed-wing aircraft characteristics and differentiates applications like commercial airliners, military craft, general aviation, business jets, and more specialized aircraft. In closing, it notes some classifications may overlap depending on an aircraft's capabilities and design features.
Non-math and physics question, but engineering orientated.Identify.pdfxlynettalampleyxc
Non-math and physics question, but engineering orientated.
Identify and discuss what you know are the significant milestones in materials used for
commercial aircraft since the end of the Second World War?
Include the manufacturing, maintenance and reliability aspects if relevant.
Limit your answer to three principal types of material.
Provide essay answers with a maximum of 500 words. Use current APA format for all
references. (minimum of 3 references) Thanks!
Solution
On December 17, 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright capped four years of research and design
efforts with a 120-foot, 12-second flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina - the first powered flight
in a heavier-than-air machine. Prior to that, people had flown only in balloons and gliders. The
first person to fly as a passenger was Leon Delagrange, who rode with French pilot Henri
Farman from a meadow outside of Paris in 1908. Charles Furnas became the first American
airplane passenger when he flew with Orville Wright at Kitty Hawk later that year.
Aircraft Innovations
For the airlines to attract passengers away from the railroads, they needed both larger and faster
airplanes. They also needed safer airplanes. Accidents, such as the one in 1931 that killed Notre
Dame Football Coach Knute Rockne along with six others, kept people from flying
Aircraft manufacturers responded to the challenge. There were so many improvements to aircraft
in the 1930s that many believe it was the most innovative period in aviation history. Air-cooled
engines replaced water-cooled engines, reducing weight and making larger and faster planes
possible. Cockpit instruments also improved, with better altimeters, airspeed indicators, rate-of-
climb indicators, compasses, and the introduction of artificial horizon, which showed pilots the
attitude of the aircraft relative to the ground - important for flying in reduced visibility.
designers already knew that as an aircraft approaches the speed of sound (Mach 1), in the
transonic region, shock waves begin forming, causing a large increase in drag. Wings, already
thin, had to become thinner and finer. Fineness is a measure of how thin the wing is compared to
its front-to-back chord. A small, highly loaded wing has less drag and so some early types used
this type, including the Bell X-1 rocket plane and the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter. But these craft
had high takeoff speeds, the Starfighter causing significant pilot deaths during takeoff, and small
wings fell out of use. An approach pioneered by German designers during the war was to sweep
the wing at an angle, delaying the buildup of shock waves. But this made the wing structure
longer and more flexible, making the aircraft more likely to suffer from bending or aeroelasticity
and even causing a reversal in the action of the flight controls. Stall behaviour of the swept wing
was also poorly understood and could be extremely sharp. Other problems included divergent
oscillations which could build up lethal forces. In re.
HEAVY DUTY AIR TRANSPORT VEHICLE (HDATV)vivatechijri
There are various technologies emerging from Aeronautics and Aerospace fields which results into
different problems being solved yet there are some which will be very beneficiary in near future for military as
well as for civil purpose. We as students are working on a problem which will benefit in our near future. In our
project we are designing an electric propelled HDATV (heavy duty air transport vehicle) which utilizes VTOL
technology. The aircraft which we are designing consists of fuselage with two nacelles at the end of high placed
fixed wing and two horizontal stabilizers and a vertical stabilizer along with it. The fuselage and the nacelles are
lifting bodies that are configured to jointly form an aerodynamic lifting body which cooperates with the horizontal
stabilizer to provide aerodynamic lift to the aircraft in forward flight. The nacelles houses two propellers which
are highly pitched and powered by the BLDC Motors operating in counter-rotating directions. The nacelles will
be designed to perform tilting operation in the direction of flight whenever necessary. The aircraft will be
unmanned and controlled via radio controller. The main aim of our project is to demonstrate the use of electric
VTOL technology and to perform basic tasks like avoiding obstacles, to carry loads and to perform some air
manoeuvres.
Airport Hangars And Aircraft Maintenance OperationsMichael Bseliss
This document is a report submitted by a student named Michael Bseliss for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Aerospace Engineering. It discusses the history of airport hangars and different types of hangars used for aircraft maintenance and storage. It also covers various aircraft maintenance operations that take place in airport hangars and maintenance facilities. The report includes sections on the history of hangars, common hangar types like tee hangars and bessonneau hangars, and aircraft maintenance checks and maintenance, repair and overhaul operations. Diagrams and specifications of notable hangars are provided.
1) The history of aircraft structures began with simple wood structures and has evolved through advances in materials and processes to today's aerodynamic aircraft made of composites. Early pioneers like Cayley, Lilienthal, and the Wright Brothers helped establish principles of flight and aircraft design through experimentation with gliders.
2) Early aircraft were made of wood, steel, and fabric, but aluminum and composites are now more common. Structures have progressed from truss designs to semimonocoque fuselages and stress-skin wings. Aircraft experience five stresses - tension, compression, torsion, shear, and bending - and structures must be designed to withstand these loads.
3) A fixed-wing
The document discusses the history of flight and various flying machines. It describes Leonardo da Vinci's early designs for flying machines like helicopters and hang gliders in the 15th century. Hot air balloons first carried passengers in 1783 in France. Later developments discussed include parachutes, paragliders, powered hang gliders, blimps, gliders, airplanes, jet aircraft, and helicopters. The Wright brothers succeeded in achieving the first powered, controlled airplane flight in 1903 in North Carolina.
Amphibious aircrafts can operate from both land and water. They date back to early seaplanes in the 1910s but saw extensive use in World War 2, conducting anti-submarine warfare. Modern amphibious aircraft are primarily used for firefighting, transport, and coastal patrol due to their ability to access remote areas without runways. They are generally divided into flying boat and floatplane types. While versatile, amphibious capabilities come at the cost of performance compared to land-based aircraft.
The document is a seminar report on hovercrafts that includes:
- An acknowledgement section thanking those who provided guidance and support.
- An abstract that introduces hovercrafts as air cushion vehicles that can travel over land, water and ice using a self-generated air cushion, and notes their use for transporting people and equipment.
- An introduction that defines hovercrafts as vehicles that drive like cars but fly like planes by hovering over surfaces on a cushion of air.
Wright brothers invented the first successful airplane in 1903. Their first flight flew for 12 seconds and flew 120 feet in distance. The four main forces acting on an airplane are thrust, drag, lift, and weight. Thrust and lift must exceed or equal drag and weight respectively for an airplane to achieve stable flight. There are different types of aircrafts including passenger aircrafts, transport aircrafts, individual aircrafts, and aircrafts for defensive purposes.
Leonardo da Vinci was an excellent painter, architect and inventor in the 15th-16th centuries who produced many studies and designs related to human flight, including early concepts of helicopters and hang gliders. While most of his flying machine designs were impractical, the hang glider design has been successfully reconstructed and flown. The first successful flights with humans aboard balloons and gliders helped progress the development of aviation in the 18th century. The Wright brothers' airplane, which incorporated a motor, achieved the first controlled, powered and sustained heavier-than-air human flight in 1903.
A collection of some of the most influential and important aircraft designs in history. These aircraft aren't necessarily the most famous, but each have played vital roles in the evolution of aviation.
The document provides a history of aircraft development from kites to modern jet planes. It discusses key innovations like the first motor-driven airplane in 1903 and the widespread use of airplanes in World War 1. The types of aircraft are described including fixed-wing planes, rotorcraft, and different methods of lift. The conceptual design process and use of CAD software in aircraft design is also summarized.
This PPT is about Airplanes .
This PPT is useful for school students for their projects.
If you want any video to this PPT, create new slide and add a video related to airplanes.
The De Havilland Comet was the first commercial jet airliner and could fly higher than any other passenger plane at the time, reaching altitudes up to 12,000 meters. In 1954, a Comet crashed into the Mediterranean Sea just 26 minutes after takeoff, killing all 35 people on board. An investigation found that the square windows and doors on the Comet led to weak points where metal fatigue developed in the aluminum panels due to pressurization cycles. The rivets holding the panels were punched rather than drilled, creating small cracks. After 3,000 flights, the cracks grew and joined at the weak points, causing the aircraft to disintegrate mid-flight in an explosive decompression. As a result
1. introduction to aerospace engineering - Copy.pptxSabinAdhikari25
This document provides an introduction to aerospace engineering. It discusses the differences between aeronautics and aerospace/aviation, describes early attempts at flight including Leonardo da Vinci's studies and the Wright Brothers' first powered flight in 1903. It then summarizes major developments like hot air balloons, gliders, World Wars I and II, the jet age, and space flight that advanced the field of aerospace engineering throughout history.
The document discusses hovercrafts, including their history, design, operation, and applications. Some key points:
- Hovercrafts were first conceptualized in the 1870s but were pioneered in the 1950s by Christopher Cockerell, who patented the design.
- They work by blowing air under the hull with lift fans to create an air cushion that allows movement over land and water. Flexible skirts around the edges contain the air.
- In addition to passenger ferry services, hovercrafts see military uses like mine countermeasures and transport. Future applications may include hover trains and cars.
The document discusses hovercrafts, including their history, design, operation, and applications. Some key points:
- Hovercrafts were first conceptualized in the 1870s but were pioneered in the 1950s by Christopher Cockerell, who patented the design.
- They work by blowing air under the hull with lift fans to create an air cushion that allows movement over land and water. Flexible skirts around the edges contain the air.
- In addition to passenger ferry services, military uses included operations in Vietnam and as mine countermeasures and antisubmarine craft. Future applications explored trains and cars.
- Advancements have focused on propulsion systems, starting with piston engines and moving to gas
Here is a draft informative essay on the Wright Flyer:
The Wright Flyer: The Invention that Launched Modern Aviation
On December 17, 1903, two brothers from Dayton, Ohio achieved one of the greatest feats in human history - they flew the first successful airplane, the Wright Flyer. Orville and Wilbur Wright spent years experimenting with gliders and developing their theories of flight and aerodynamics before achieving powered, controlled flight near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. In just 12 seconds, the Wright Flyer I flew 120 feet through the air, ushering in the era of aviation.
The Wright brothers were bicycle mechanics who became fascinated with the challenge of human flight in their shop. Through meticulous
This document provides a timeline of important events and developments in aviation history from 1903 to the late 1930s. It describes early aircraft designs like monoplanes, biplanes, and triplanes. Key events included the Wright Brothers' first flight in 1903, the development of seaplanes and amphibious aircraft, and Louis Bleriot becoming the first to fly across the English Channel in 1909. The timeline also discusses the rise of military aviation during World War 1 and the establishment of the first commercial airmail and passenger services in the 1910s and 1920s. Charles Lindbergh's historic first solo transatlantic flight from New York to Paris in 1927 is summarized. The development of modern airliners like the Boeing 247
This document discusses regulation of greenhouse gas emissions from commercial aviation. It begins by providing background on the development of aviation technology over the past 110 years. While innovation has expanded scientific knowledge and travel, it has also contributed to the global warming problem through aircraft emissions. The document aims to analyze solutions to reduce emissions by first addressing the basics of aviation, including airspace classifications, weight and balance effects on fuel efficiency, and taxiing, takeoff and landing procedures. It explains that special consideration must be given to the physics of flight to determine if emissions regulation proposals are feasible for the aviation industry.
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Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaLuanWise
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In this masterclass, presented at the Global HR Summit on 5th June 2024, Luan Wise explored the essential features of social media platforms that support talent acquisition, including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok.
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2. The types of Aircraft
• The aircrafts are classified in three
different ways:
• 1.By their design
• 2.By propulsion
• 3.By their use
3. Aircrafts classified by Design
• A first division by design among aircraft is between lighter-than-air,
aerostat, and heavier-than-air aircraft, aerodyne.
• Examples of lighter-than-air aircraft include non-steerable balloons,
such as hot air balloons and gas balloons, and steerable airships
(sometimes called dirigible balloons) such as blimps (that have non-
rigid construction) and rigid airships that have an internal frame. The
most successful type of rigid airship was the Zeppelin. Several
accidents, such as the Hindenburg fire at Lakehurst, NJ, in 1937 led
to the demise of large rigid airships due to safety fears.
• In heavier-than-air aircraft, there are two ways to produce lift:
aerodynamic lift and engine lift. In the case of aerodynamic lift, the
aircraft is kept in the air by wings or rotors. With engine lift, the
aircraft defeats gravity by use of vertical thrust. Examples of engine
lift aircraft are rockets, and VTOL aircraft (powered lift aircraft) such
as the Hawker Siddeley Harrier.
4. • Among aerodynamically lifted aircraft, most fall in the category of
fixed-wing aircraft where horizontal airfoils produce lift by deflecting
air downward to create an equal and opposite upward force
according to Newton's third law of motion.
• The forerunner of these type of aircraft is the kite. Kites depend
upon the tension between the cord which anchors it to the ground
and the force of the wind currents. Much aerodynamic work was
done with kites until test aircraft, wind tunnels and now computer
modelling programs became available.
• In a "conventional" configuration, the lift surfaces are placed in front
of a control surface or tailplane. The other configuration is the
canard where small horizontal control surfaces are placed forward
of the wings, near the nose of the aircraft. Canards are becoming
more common as supersonic aerodynamics grows more mature and
because the forward surface contributes lift during straight-and-level
flight.
• The number of lift surfaces varied in the pre-1950 period, as
biplanes (two wings) and triplanes (three wings) were numerous in
the early days of aviation. Subsequently most aircraft are
monoplanes. This is principally an improvement in structures and
not aerodynamics.
6. Aircrafts classified by propulsion
• Some types of aircraft, such as the balloon or glider, do not have
any propulsion.
• Until World War II, the internal combustion piston engine was
virtually the only type of propulsion used for powered aircraft. The
piston engine is still used in the majority of aircraft produced, since it
is efficient at the lower altitudes used by small aircraft, but the radial
engine has largely given way to the horizontally-opposed engine.
Water cooled V engines, as used in automobiles, were common in
high speed aircraft, until they were replaced by jet and turbine
power. Piston engines typically operate using avgas or regular
gasoline, though some new ones are being designed to operate on
diesel or jet fuel. Piston engines normally become less efficient
above 7,000-8,000 ft (2100-2400 m) above sea level because there
is less oxygen available for combustion; to solve that problem, some
piston engines have mechanically powered compressors (blowers)
or turbine-powered turbochargers or turbonormalizers that
compress the air before feeding it into the engine; these piston
engines can often operate efficiently at 20,000 ft (6100 m) above
sea level or higher, altitudes that require the use of supplemental
oxygen or cabin pressurization.
7. • During the forties and especially following the 1973 energy crisis,
development work was done on propellers with swept tips or even
scimitar-shaped blades for use in high-speed commercial and
military transports.
• Pressurised aircraft, however, are more likely to use the turbine
engine, since it is naturally efficient at higher altitudes and can
operate above 40,000 ft. Helicopters also typically use turbine
engines. In addition to turbine engines like the turboprop and
turbojet, other types of high-altitude, high-performance engines
have included the ramjet and the pulse jet. Rocket aircraft have
occasionally been experimented with. They are restricted to rather
specialised niches, such as spaceflight, where no oxygen is
available for combustion (rockets carry their own oxygen).
9. Aircrafts classified by their use
• The major distinction in aircraft usage is between military aviation,
which includes all uses of aircraft for military purposes (such as
combat, patrolling, search and rescue, reconnaissance, transport,
and training), and civil aviation, which includes all uses of aircraft for
non-military purposes.
• The aircrafts are used for military and civil purposes.
10. Military Aircrafts
• Combat aircraft like fighters or bombers represent only a minority of
the category. Many civil aircraft have been produced in separate
models for military use, such as the civil Douglas DC-3 airliner,
which became the military C-47/C-53/R4D transport in the U.S.
military and the "Dakota" in the UK and the Commonwealth. Even
the small fabric-covered two-seater Piper J3 Cub had a military
version, the L-4 liaison, observation and trainer aircraft. In the past,
gliders and balloons have also been used as military aircraft; for
example, balloons were used for observation during the American
Civil War and World War I, and cargo gliders were used during
World War II to land troops.
• During World War I many types of aircraft were adapted for
attacking the ground or enemy vehicles/ships/guns/aircraft, and the
first aircraft designed as bombers were born. In order to prevent the
enemy from bombing, fighter aircraft were developed to intercept
and shoot down enemy aircraft. Tankers were developed after
World War II to refuel other aircraft in mid-air, thus increasing their
operational range. By the time of the Vietnam War, helicopters had
come into widespread military use, especially for transporting,
supplying, and supporting ground troops.
12. Civilian Aircrafts
• Civilian aviation includes both scheduled airline flights and general
aviation, a catch-all covering other kinds of private and commercial
use. The vast majority of flights flown around the world each day
belong to the general aviation category, which covers a wide range
of activities such as business trips, civilian flight training,
recreational balloon flying, firefighting, medical transport flights, and
cargo transportation on freight aircraft, to name a few.
• Within general aviation, the major distinction is between private
flights and commercial flights. Private pilots use aircraft primarily for
personal travel, business travel, or recreation. Commercial general
aviation pilots use aircraft for a wide range of tasks, such as flight
training, pipeline surveying, passenger and freight transport,
policing, crop dusting, and medevac flights. Piston-powered
propeller aircraft (single-engine or twin-engine) are especially
common for both private and commercial general aviation, but even
private pilots occasionally own and operate helicopters like the Bell
JetRanger or turboprops like the Beechcraft King Air. Business jets
are typically flown by commercial pilots, although there is a new
generation of small jets arriving soon for private pilots.
15. Concorde
• The Concorde supersonic transport (SST) was the more successful
of only two supersonic passenger airliners to have operated
commercially. First flown in 1969, Concorde service commenced in
1976 and continued for 27 years. It regularly flew from London
Heathrow (British Airways) and Paris Charles de Gaulle to New
York JFK and Washington Dulles. It set many records, including
circumnavigating the world in a time of 31 hours 27 minutes 49
seconds flight, on August 16, 1995.
• The costly development phase represented a substantial economic
loss for the British and French governments, although it made large
operating profits for British Airways for much of its service life.
Commercial flights, by British Airways and Air France, began on 21
January 1976. As a result of its only crash (in 2000), world
economic effects arising from the September 11, 2001 attacks and
other factors, operations ceased on 24 October 2003, with the last
"retirement" flight on 26 November that year. Even in retirement,
Concorde remains an icon of aviation history.
16. Salient Features (Records) of Concorde
• Maximum speed: Mach 2.04 (2,164 km/h)
• Range: 3,900 nm (4,500 mi, 7,250 km)
• Service ceiling: 60,000 ft (18,300 m)
• Rate of climb: 1,525 m (5,000 ft) /min (25,41 m/s)
• Wing loading: lb/ft² (kg/m²)
• Thrust/weight: .373
• Fuel consumption for max. range (max. fuel/max. range): 46.85
lb/mi (13.2 kg/km)
• Maximum nose tip temperature: 260 °F (127 °C)
19. A380
• The Airbus A380 is a double-deck, four-engined airliner
manufactured by EADS (Airbus S.A.S.). It is the largest passenger
airliner in the world. It first flew on 27 April 2005 from Toulouse,
France. After lengthy delays, commercial flights are scheduled to
begin in late 2007. During much of its development phase, the
aircraft was known as the Airbus A380. The nickname Super
jumbo has become associated with the A380.
• The A380's upper deck extends along the entire length of the
fuselage. This allows for a cabin with 50% more floor space than the
next largest airliner, the Boeing 747-400, and provides seating for
555 people in standard three-class configuration or up to 853 people
in full economy class configuration. Two models of the A380 are
available for sale. The A380-800, the passenger model, is the
largest passenger airliner in the world, superseding the Boeing 747.
21. Future of Aviation
• A number of future aircraft development projects are under way,
ranging from relatively simple aerodynamic enhancements (e.g
addition of winglets) to the development of new engine technologies
(e.g. Pratt and Whitney's Geared Turbofan) to all-new designs such
as the Blended Wing-Body. The Peebles Fanwing is an example of
a new approach to lift.
• To date there has been only limited consideration of alternative fuels
for aircraft. Hydrogen is perhaps the most obvious alternative to
existing kerosene/gasoline-type fuels, but the technical and
infrastructural challenges inherent in developing a commercially
usable hydrogen-powered aircraft are huge. The Russian
manufacturer Tupolev built a prototype hydrogen-powered version
of the Tu-154 airliner, named the Tu-155, which made its first flight
in 1989.