Jet engines produce thrust by channeling the explosion of fuel combustion rearward using a gas turbine. They operate based on Newton's third law, which states that for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force. The key parts of a jet engine are the fan, compressor, combustor, turbine, mixer, and nozzle. Air is sucked into the compressor and increases in pressure and temperature before being mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustor. The expanding hot gases power the turbine, which drives the compressor. The gases then exit through the nozzle at high speed, producing thrust that propels the aircraft forward. Jet engines provide advantages of high speed and power-to-weight ratio but have disadvantages of high fuel consumption
study of jet engines & how they works
1.History of jet engine 2. Introduction 3. Parts of jet engine 4. How a get engine works 5. Types of jet engine (i) Ramjet (ii) Turbojet (iii) Turbofan (iv) Turboprop (v) Turbo shaft 6.Comparison of Turbo Jet 7.Jet engines Vs Rockets 8.Difficulties 9.Suggestion for improvement 10. Merit and Demerits 11. Jet engine uses 12.Conclusion 13.Future vision
The document discusses the principles and operation of ramjet engines. A ramjet relies on forward air compression through the engine intake to generate thrust, requiring high-speed flight. It has no moving parts for compression. Air entering the intake is slowed in a supersonic diffuser, then combustion and expansion in the engine accelerates the exhaust faster than inlet air to produce thrust. The HyFly program demonstrated a dual-combustion ramjet concept for hypersonic cruise flight at Mach 6 with a liquid hydrocarbon fuel. While ramjets have low drag and can operate at high pressures and temperatures, they also have limitations such as altitude restrictions and lower efficiency compared to engines with mechanical compression like turbojets.
This document provides an introduction to turbo jet engines, including their working principle and performance parameters. It explains that turbo jets work by compressing air in a rotating compressor, mixing it with fuel and igniting it to produce hot combustion gases, which expand through a turbine to extract power and drive the compressor. The high-velocity exhaust gases exiting the turbine nozzle produce thrust based on Newton's third law of motion. Key engine performance metrics are described as thrust, efficiency, and specific fuel consumption. Advantages of turbo jets include high power-to-weight ratio and compact size, while disadvantages are higher cost and slower response compared to reciprocating engines.
Jet engines work by taking in air and accelerating it rearward through a nozzle, generating thrust according to Newton's Third Law. The jet engine was developed in the early 20th century by Hans von Ohain and Frank Whittle. Modern jet engines come in several types but generally work by compressing air, mixing it with fuel, combusting the mixture, and expelling the hot gases through a turbine to produce thrust. Jet engines are primarily used to power aircraft but also have applications in boats and other vehicles.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on a six-stroke engine. It describes how a six-stroke engine works, providing six piston movements per cycle through the use of a second piston or by capturing waste heat for an additional power stroke. The document outlines the history of six-stroke engine development and describes several notable six-stroke engine designs, including those that use steam or air from waste heat for a second power stroke and those that use an opposed secondary piston. It also discusses modifications made to convert a four-stroke engine to a six-stroke design.
Jet engines produce thrust by channeling the explosion of fuel combustion rearward using a gas turbine. They operate based on Newton's third law, which states that for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force. The key parts of a jet engine are the fan, compressor, combustor, turbine, mixer, and nozzle. Air is sucked into the compressor and increases in pressure and temperature before being mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustor. The expanding hot gases power the turbine, which drives the compressor. The gases then exit through the nozzle at high speed, producing thrust that propels the aircraft forward. Jet engines provide advantages of high speed and power-to-weight ratio but have disadvantages of high fuel consumption
study of jet engines & how they works
1.History of jet engine 2. Introduction 3. Parts of jet engine 4. How a get engine works 5. Types of jet engine (i) Ramjet (ii) Turbojet (iii) Turbofan (iv) Turboprop (v) Turbo shaft 6.Comparison of Turbo Jet 7.Jet engines Vs Rockets 8.Difficulties 9.Suggestion for improvement 10. Merit and Demerits 11. Jet engine uses 12.Conclusion 13.Future vision
The document discusses the principles and operation of ramjet engines. A ramjet relies on forward air compression through the engine intake to generate thrust, requiring high-speed flight. It has no moving parts for compression. Air entering the intake is slowed in a supersonic diffuser, then combustion and expansion in the engine accelerates the exhaust faster than inlet air to produce thrust. The HyFly program demonstrated a dual-combustion ramjet concept for hypersonic cruise flight at Mach 6 with a liquid hydrocarbon fuel. While ramjets have low drag and can operate at high pressures and temperatures, they also have limitations such as altitude restrictions and lower efficiency compared to engines with mechanical compression like turbojets.
This document provides an introduction to turbo jet engines, including their working principle and performance parameters. It explains that turbo jets work by compressing air in a rotating compressor, mixing it with fuel and igniting it to produce hot combustion gases, which expand through a turbine to extract power and drive the compressor. The high-velocity exhaust gases exiting the turbine nozzle produce thrust based on Newton's third law of motion. Key engine performance metrics are described as thrust, efficiency, and specific fuel consumption. Advantages of turbo jets include high power-to-weight ratio and compact size, while disadvantages are higher cost and slower response compared to reciprocating engines.
Jet engines work by taking in air and accelerating it rearward through a nozzle, generating thrust according to Newton's Third Law. The jet engine was developed in the early 20th century by Hans von Ohain and Frank Whittle. Modern jet engines come in several types but generally work by compressing air, mixing it with fuel, combusting the mixture, and expelling the hot gases through a turbine to produce thrust. Jet engines are primarily used to power aircraft but also have applications in boats and other vehicles.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on a six-stroke engine. It describes how a six-stroke engine works, providing six piston movements per cycle through the use of a second piston or by capturing waste heat for an additional power stroke. The document outlines the history of six-stroke engine development and describes several notable six-stroke engine designs, including those that use steam or air from waste heat for a second power stroke and those that use an opposed secondary piston. It also discusses modifications made to convert a four-stroke engine to a six-stroke design.
Final Year Project report (Jet Engine)Pramod Pawar
The document describes a student project to design and construct a jet engine using an automotive turbocharger. The project involves modeling and analyzing engine components using software, and fabricating the engine. The project is divided into two sections - design of the jet engine, and construction of the jet engine. In the design section, the document outlines the approach, provides block diagrams of the engine systems, and describes the design of key components like the combustion chamber. The construction section will cover building the engine components and assembling the full engine. The goal is to build a working scaled model of a jet engine that can operate independently without external power.
This document provides an overview of jet engine basics. It describes the main types of jet engines as piston engines, gas turbine engines, and turbojet engines. The key parts of a gas turbine jet engine are then explained, including the compressor, combustor, turbine, and types of shafts. The different gas turbine engine types - turbojet, turboprop, turbofan, and turboshaft - are also defined along with their typical applications.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on turbofan engines. It introduces the key components of a turbofan engine, including the fan, low and high pressure compressors, combustor, low and high pressure turbines, and exhaust nozzle. It explains the basic functions of each component, such as the fan producing thrust, compressors preparing air for combustion, combustion adding energy through heat, turbines extracting energy to power the compressors and fan, and the nozzle propelling the exhaust. The document also lists some of the major manufacturers of turbofan engines.
1) The document discusses scramjet engines, which use supersonic combustion of fuel and air to produce thrust without needing liquid oxygen tanks.
2) Scramjets have components like converging inlets, combustors, and diverging nozzles. They work by compressing incoming supersonic air and injecting fuel for combustion.
3) Potential applications include hypersonic passenger planes traveling at 15 times the speed of sound and scramjet-powered missiles. Recent programs demonstrate scramjet flights up to Mach 9.6. Scramjets could enable cheaper access to space.
study of jet engines & how they works
1.History of jet engine 2. Introduction 3. Parts of jet engine 4. How a get engine works 5. Types of jet engine (i) Ramjet (ii) Turbojet (iii) Turbofan (iv) Turboprop (v) Turbo shaft 6.Comparison of Turbo Jet 7.Jet engines Vs Rockets 8.Difficulties 9.Suggestion for improvement 10. Merit and Demerits 11. Jet engine uses 12.Conclusion 13.Future vision
This document summarizes a student group project on ramjet engines presented to their professor. It includes the names of the group members and faculty guide. The document then outlines the topics to be covered, including the history, basic configuration, characteristics, operating features, uses, advantages, and disadvantages of ramjet engines. It discusses how ramjet engines work by compressing incoming air through shockwaves in the supersonic diffuser and converting the kinetic energy to potential energy. It also provides examples of ramjet engine applications in supersonic aircraft and missiles.
Jet engines work by taking in air, compressing it, mixing it with fuel and igniting it to produce hot exhaust gases. These gases are then channeled through a turbine which powers the compressor. The fast moving exhaust gases exit through a nozzle to produce thrust that propels aircraft. Early jet engines were developed in the 1900s but came into widespread use after WWII to power military aircraft due to their superior speed over propeller planes. Modern jet engines include variants like turbofans used on most commercial planes.
The turbofan engine is a propulsive mechanism to combine the high thrust of a turbojet with the high efficiency of a propeller. Basically, a turbojet engine forms the core of the turbofan; the core contains the diffuser, compressor, burner, turbine, and nozzle. However, in the
turbofan engine, the turbine drives not only the compressor, but also a large fan external to the core. The fan itself is contained in a shroud that is wrapped around the core.
The document discusses the design and operation of a turbojet engine. A turbojet engine consists of an air intake, compressor, combustion chamber, turbine, and propelling nozzle. The compressor increases the air pressure and temperature before it enters the combustion chamber where fuel is added and ignited. The hot gases then expand through the turbine, which extracts energy to power the compressor. The remaining high-speed gases are accelerated through the nozzle to produce thrust. Turbojet engines are efficient at high speeds and have been used primarily in aircraft, though occasionally in land vehicles seeking speed records. Improvements involve raising pressure ratios and turbine temperatures but must balance efficiency gains against higher jet velocities.
This seminar gives idea about spacecraft propulsion i.e., actually what are different latest modes of propulsion are used in space agency and also the introduction of combustion of propellants.
1) A turbocharger uses the engine's exhaust gases to drive a turbine connected to an air compressor, increasing air intake and allowing more fuel to be burned for higher engine power.
2) Types of superchargers include centrifugal, roots, and vane compressors, while turbochargers consist of a turbine and compressor on a shared shaft.
3) Advantages of superchargers and turbochargers include increased engine power, especially at high altitudes, while disadvantages include added cost, complexity, and risks of detonation.
The document discusses the history and design of compressed air engines. It provides details on the development of compressed air vehicles from the 19th century to present day, including early prototypes and modern designs. The engine design uses compressed air storage tanks and pistons to capture ambient heat and achieve efficient non-adiabatic expansion. Storage of compressed air poses challenges around cooling and heating during compression/expansion cycles.
This document discusses different types of superchargers used to boost engine power. It describes how superchargers work by compressing air delivered to the engine, allowing for more fuel and a more powerful combustion. The document categorizes superchargers based on their compression methods and discusses common types like roots, twin-screw, and centrifugal superchargers in detail. It also covers why superchargers are used, how they provide advantages over turbochargers, and concludes that superchargers are still a cost-effective way to significantly increase an engine's horsepower.
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled toa downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between. Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high-pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the fuel increases the temperature. The products of the combustion are forced into the turbine section
Visit https://www.topicsforseminar.com to Download
A seminar presentation on performance of turbochargers in engines. A minor/ major project presentation for B.Tech/MTech students. for more seminar presentations log on to www.mechieprojects.com
This document provides information about jet propulsion and different types of jet engines. It discusses the history of jet engines beginning with designs from ancient Egypt. The key components of a basic jet engine are described including the fan, compressor, combustor, turbine, mixer, and nozzle. Jet engines work by sucking in air, compressing it, adding fuel, combusting the mixture, and expelling the hot gases through a nozzle to produce thrust. The main types of jet engines are then outlined - ramjet, turbojet, turbofan, turboprop, and turboshaft - along with brief descriptions of each.
1) A scramjet engine is a type of air-breathing jet engine that uses supersonic combustion of air and fuel. Unlike ramjets, the airflow inside a scramjet remains supersonic during the entire combustion process.
2) Scramjets have no moving parts and rely solely on the high speed of flight to compress incoming air before combustion. They are designed to operate at hypersonic speeds above Mach 5.
3) The key components of a scramjet are a converging inlet, combustor where fuel burns supersonically, and diverging nozzle to accelerate the exhaust. Scramjets offer higher specific impulse than rockets but are difficult and expensive to develop and test due to
This document discusses different methods of thrust augmentation in gas turbine engines, including water injection and afterburning. Water injection works by increasing the weight of air flowing through the engine, boosting thrust by 10-30%. Afterburning periodically increases thrust by burning additional fuel in the engine exhaust, similar to a ramjet, and requires components like fuel pumps, nozzles, and a variable exhaust nozzle. The document provides details on the construction and ignition systems used for afterburners.
A presentation taking the student through how a Jet Engine works, and the different types of Jet Engine available. Initially written to prepare Air Cadets for their Jet Engine exam.
1) The document provides a history of the development of gas turbine engines from early concepts like Hero of Alexandria's aeolipile in the 1st century to modern trends.
2) Key developments included Frank Whittle's patent for a gas turbine engine in 1930 and the first flight of a jet-powered aircraft by Germany in 1939.
3) Modern gas turbine engines are classified based on their compressor type and power usage, including turbojet, turbofan, turboprop, and turboshaft engines used in aviation and other industries.
The document discusses the history and development of the turbo jet engine. It describes how Frank Whittle in the UK and Hans von Ohain in Germany independently developed early jet engine designs in the late 1920s and 1930s. Their work led to the first operational jet engine flights in the late 1930s. During World War 2, Germany was the first to deploy jet aircraft like the Me 262, though development was hampered by Allied bombing. After the war, the US, UK, and USSR developed jet aircraft using captured German technology and engineers, marking the beginning of the jet age.
Final Year Project report (Jet Engine)Pramod Pawar
The document describes a student project to design and construct a jet engine using an automotive turbocharger. The project involves modeling and analyzing engine components using software, and fabricating the engine. The project is divided into two sections - design of the jet engine, and construction of the jet engine. In the design section, the document outlines the approach, provides block diagrams of the engine systems, and describes the design of key components like the combustion chamber. The construction section will cover building the engine components and assembling the full engine. The goal is to build a working scaled model of a jet engine that can operate independently without external power.
This document provides an overview of jet engine basics. It describes the main types of jet engines as piston engines, gas turbine engines, and turbojet engines. The key parts of a gas turbine jet engine are then explained, including the compressor, combustor, turbine, and types of shafts. The different gas turbine engine types - turbojet, turboprop, turbofan, and turboshaft - are also defined along with their typical applications.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on turbofan engines. It introduces the key components of a turbofan engine, including the fan, low and high pressure compressors, combustor, low and high pressure turbines, and exhaust nozzle. It explains the basic functions of each component, such as the fan producing thrust, compressors preparing air for combustion, combustion adding energy through heat, turbines extracting energy to power the compressors and fan, and the nozzle propelling the exhaust. The document also lists some of the major manufacturers of turbofan engines.
1) The document discusses scramjet engines, which use supersonic combustion of fuel and air to produce thrust without needing liquid oxygen tanks.
2) Scramjets have components like converging inlets, combustors, and diverging nozzles. They work by compressing incoming supersonic air and injecting fuel for combustion.
3) Potential applications include hypersonic passenger planes traveling at 15 times the speed of sound and scramjet-powered missiles. Recent programs demonstrate scramjet flights up to Mach 9.6. Scramjets could enable cheaper access to space.
study of jet engines & how they works
1.History of jet engine 2. Introduction 3. Parts of jet engine 4. How a get engine works 5. Types of jet engine (i) Ramjet (ii) Turbojet (iii) Turbofan (iv) Turboprop (v) Turbo shaft 6.Comparison of Turbo Jet 7.Jet engines Vs Rockets 8.Difficulties 9.Suggestion for improvement 10. Merit and Demerits 11. Jet engine uses 12.Conclusion 13.Future vision
This document summarizes a student group project on ramjet engines presented to their professor. It includes the names of the group members and faculty guide. The document then outlines the topics to be covered, including the history, basic configuration, characteristics, operating features, uses, advantages, and disadvantages of ramjet engines. It discusses how ramjet engines work by compressing incoming air through shockwaves in the supersonic diffuser and converting the kinetic energy to potential energy. It also provides examples of ramjet engine applications in supersonic aircraft and missiles.
Jet engines work by taking in air, compressing it, mixing it with fuel and igniting it to produce hot exhaust gases. These gases are then channeled through a turbine which powers the compressor. The fast moving exhaust gases exit through a nozzle to produce thrust that propels aircraft. Early jet engines were developed in the 1900s but came into widespread use after WWII to power military aircraft due to their superior speed over propeller planes. Modern jet engines include variants like turbofans used on most commercial planes.
The turbofan engine is a propulsive mechanism to combine the high thrust of a turbojet with the high efficiency of a propeller. Basically, a turbojet engine forms the core of the turbofan; the core contains the diffuser, compressor, burner, turbine, and nozzle. However, in the
turbofan engine, the turbine drives not only the compressor, but also a large fan external to the core. The fan itself is contained in a shroud that is wrapped around the core.
The document discusses the design and operation of a turbojet engine. A turbojet engine consists of an air intake, compressor, combustion chamber, turbine, and propelling nozzle. The compressor increases the air pressure and temperature before it enters the combustion chamber where fuel is added and ignited. The hot gases then expand through the turbine, which extracts energy to power the compressor. The remaining high-speed gases are accelerated through the nozzle to produce thrust. Turbojet engines are efficient at high speeds and have been used primarily in aircraft, though occasionally in land vehicles seeking speed records. Improvements involve raising pressure ratios and turbine temperatures but must balance efficiency gains against higher jet velocities.
This seminar gives idea about spacecraft propulsion i.e., actually what are different latest modes of propulsion are used in space agency and also the introduction of combustion of propellants.
1) A turbocharger uses the engine's exhaust gases to drive a turbine connected to an air compressor, increasing air intake and allowing more fuel to be burned for higher engine power.
2) Types of superchargers include centrifugal, roots, and vane compressors, while turbochargers consist of a turbine and compressor on a shared shaft.
3) Advantages of superchargers and turbochargers include increased engine power, especially at high altitudes, while disadvantages include added cost, complexity, and risks of detonation.
The document discusses the history and design of compressed air engines. It provides details on the development of compressed air vehicles from the 19th century to present day, including early prototypes and modern designs. The engine design uses compressed air storage tanks and pistons to capture ambient heat and achieve efficient non-adiabatic expansion. Storage of compressed air poses challenges around cooling and heating during compression/expansion cycles.
This document discusses different types of superchargers used to boost engine power. It describes how superchargers work by compressing air delivered to the engine, allowing for more fuel and a more powerful combustion. The document categorizes superchargers based on their compression methods and discusses common types like roots, twin-screw, and centrifugal superchargers in detail. It also covers why superchargers are used, how they provide advantages over turbochargers, and concludes that superchargers are still a cost-effective way to significantly increase an engine's horsepower.
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled toa downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between. Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high-pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the fuel increases the temperature. The products of the combustion are forced into the turbine section
Visit https://www.topicsforseminar.com to Download
A seminar presentation on performance of turbochargers in engines. A minor/ major project presentation for B.Tech/MTech students. for more seminar presentations log on to www.mechieprojects.com
This document provides information about jet propulsion and different types of jet engines. It discusses the history of jet engines beginning with designs from ancient Egypt. The key components of a basic jet engine are described including the fan, compressor, combustor, turbine, mixer, and nozzle. Jet engines work by sucking in air, compressing it, adding fuel, combusting the mixture, and expelling the hot gases through a nozzle to produce thrust. The main types of jet engines are then outlined - ramjet, turbojet, turbofan, turboprop, and turboshaft - along with brief descriptions of each.
1) A scramjet engine is a type of air-breathing jet engine that uses supersonic combustion of air and fuel. Unlike ramjets, the airflow inside a scramjet remains supersonic during the entire combustion process.
2) Scramjets have no moving parts and rely solely on the high speed of flight to compress incoming air before combustion. They are designed to operate at hypersonic speeds above Mach 5.
3) The key components of a scramjet are a converging inlet, combustor where fuel burns supersonically, and diverging nozzle to accelerate the exhaust. Scramjets offer higher specific impulse than rockets but are difficult and expensive to develop and test due to
This document discusses different methods of thrust augmentation in gas turbine engines, including water injection and afterburning. Water injection works by increasing the weight of air flowing through the engine, boosting thrust by 10-30%. Afterburning periodically increases thrust by burning additional fuel in the engine exhaust, similar to a ramjet, and requires components like fuel pumps, nozzles, and a variable exhaust nozzle. The document provides details on the construction and ignition systems used for afterburners.
A presentation taking the student through how a Jet Engine works, and the different types of Jet Engine available. Initially written to prepare Air Cadets for their Jet Engine exam.
1) The document provides a history of the development of gas turbine engines from early concepts like Hero of Alexandria's aeolipile in the 1st century to modern trends.
2) Key developments included Frank Whittle's patent for a gas turbine engine in 1930 and the first flight of a jet-powered aircraft by Germany in 1939.
3) Modern gas turbine engines are classified based on their compressor type and power usage, including turbojet, turbofan, turboprop, and turboshaft engines used in aviation and other industries.
The document discusses the history and development of the turbo jet engine. It describes how Frank Whittle in the UK and Hans von Ohain in Germany independently developed early jet engine designs in the late 1920s and 1930s. Their work led to the first operational jet engine flights in the late 1930s. During World War 2, Germany was the first to deploy jet aircraft like the Me 262, though development was hampered by Allied bombing. After the war, the US, UK, and USSR developed jet aircraft using captured German technology and engineers, marking the beginning of the jet age.
Gaz türbinli motorların tarihçesi ve sınıflandırılmasıMete Cantekin
The document provides a history of the development of various aerospace engine technologies from ancient times to modern day, including key inventors and innovations. It begins with early concepts like Hero's steam engine in 150 AD and progresses to important milestones like Whittle's 1930 patent for the gas turbine jet engine. The document also classifies different types of airbreathing and non-continuous combustion engines and discusses some future propulsion technologies.
The document discusses the history and development of the jet engine. It describes how Frank Whittle and Hans von Ohain independently developed theories for jet propulsion in the 1920s and 1930s. The first operational jet engine was built by Ohain in Germany in 1937 and powered the world's first jet aircraft. During World War 2 both Britain and Germany developed jet aircraft, with Germany achieving the first jet fighter and jet combat. After the war, the US, Britain, and USSR developed advanced jet aircraft, leading to the first jet airliner and jet combat during the Korean War between American and Russian planes. The jet revolutionized air travel and warfare.
The document provides a summary of the historical development of aircraft, including different aircraft types (biplanes, monoplanes, triplanes), early propulsion methods (paddle wheels, steam engines, internal combustion engines), pioneering figures (Wright brothers, Cayley, Lilienthal), and materials used in aircraft construction over time (aluminum alloys, steel, titanium, composites). It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of biplane and monoplane configurations, as well as how materials and structures evolved with technological advances to enable modern aircraft. Key developments include the Wright brothers' successful powered flight in 1903 and their contributions to control surfaces and propellers.
This document discusses different types of air breathing jet engines. It describes the basic principles of how they work by using Newton's third law of motion. The key types discussed are turbojets, which work well at high speeds but have limits for other vehicles, and scramjets, which are designed to combust fuel in supersonic airflow. Both types work by compressing incoming air, mixing it with fuel, combusting the mixture, and accelerating it through a nozzle for thrust. However, scramjets do not decelerate the airflow to subsonic speeds like turbojets. The document outlines the components, operation, advantages, and applications of these different jet propulsion systems.
The document discusses the history and components of jet engines. It describes how jet engines work by taking in air, compressing it, heating it with fuel, then expelling it out of a nozzle for propulsion. It outlines the main types of jet engines: ramjet, turbojet, turbofan, turboprop, and turboshaft. Each type is described in terms of its components and applications. In conclusion, the document discusses how jet engines revolutionized air travel by enabling planes to fly faster and carry more cargo than propeller planes.
This document contains a chapter on the basics of gas turbines. It defines gas turbines and describes their basic operation and history. The key components of a gas turbine include a compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. Air is compressed in the compressor then mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustion chamber. The hot exhaust gases pass through the turbine, which drives the compressor and generates power. The history section traces the development of gas turbines back to inventions in ancient times and discusses important milestones in the 19th-20th centuries.
Early attempts at propulsion for heavier-than-air flight included:
1) Pedal power and windlasses used to drive propellers on some dirigible balloons in the late 1800s.
2) Rubber band-powered model helicopters and airplanes in the 1800s, which were important for developing and demonstrating flight principles.
3) Clocks and compressed air were also used to power early model airplanes in the 1850s-1870s, with mixed success. However, sustained untethered flight was not achieved until the development of practical internal combustion engines in the early 1900s.
The document discusses the history and development of cars from early steam-powered vehicles in the 17th century to modern electric cars. It notes key developments like Karl Benz being granted a patent for his gasoline engine in 1879 and the Ford Model T making cars widely available in the 1920s. The summary concludes with the document mentioning the Nissan Leaf electric car launched in 2012 and possibilities for future automobile technology like using electricity or fuel cells as the main energy source.
Contribution in Development of Design and Performance of Turbine Jet Engineiosrjce
A turbine jet engine has four main parts, They are compressor, combustion chamber, turbine and
exhaust nozzle. Turbine jet engine operates at an open cycle called a jet propulsion cycle. A small-scale turbine
jet engine comprises of the same element as the gas-turbine engine but in a small scale. Turbine jet engines are
constructed mainly for air transportation while the turbine jet engines are developed for a wider purpose,
ranging for research activity to hobbyist enthusiastic. Hence, this paper encompasses the design, fabrication,
and testing a turbine jet engine. The engine is derived from an automobile turbocharger, which provided the
turbine and compressor component. A combustion chamber is design and fabricated. Engine support system
comprised of ignition, lubrication and fuel delivery system are installed at the engine. Thermocouple K-type are
installed at four different stations on the engine flow path to measure the temperature. Fuel regulators are
utilized to measure the fuel flow rate. The design of the combustion chamber is developed to make primary and
secondary air takes paths so as to allow a series of combustion processes that help to increase the speed of a
jet engine.
A small-scale turbine jet engine was designed, fabricated and tested. It was derived from an automobile turbocharger which provided the turbine and compressor components. A combustion chamber was designed and fabricated with a liner to allow controlled mixing of fuel and air. Instrumentation such as thermocouples and fuel flow meters were installed to measure temperature and fuel flow. The combustion chamber design aims to optimize the combustion process by controlling primary and secondary air flows, helping to increase engine speed. Testing of the engine provides data to analyze design contributions to its performance.
A small-scale turbine jet engine was designed, fabricated and tested. It was derived from an automobile turbocharger which provided the turbine and compressor components. A combustion chamber was designed and fabricated with a liner to allow controlled mixing of fuel and air. Instrumentation such as thermocouples and fuel flow meters were installed to measure temperature and fuel flow. The combustion chamber design aims to increase engine speed by allowing primary and secondary air to mix in a series of combustion processes. Testing of the engine provides data to analyze design contributions to engine performance.
This document provides an overview of the course "Fundamentals of Aviation" taught by Dr. Narudh Cheramakara in 2020 at KMITL. The 14-week course covers the history of aviation, fundamentals of flight theory, aircraft systems, aviation operations and safety, air traffic control, aviation weather, and aviation regulations. It includes topics such as the development of balloons, gliders, and powered flight. The Wright Brothers' 1903 flyer was a pivotal achievement as the world's first controllable airplane. The course aims to give students a foundation in aviation fundamentals and may include a field trip to an aviation industry site.
This document defines aircraft and propulsion, and provides examples of different aircraft types. It focuses on helicopters, describing their history and types. Helicopters generate lift through main and tail rotors. The main rotor blades create lift as air flows faster over their curved upper surfaces. The tail rotor controls direction and counteracts the spinning forces from the main rotor.
The gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that uses air as the working fluid. The engine extracts chemical energy from fuel and converts it to mechanical energy using the gaseous energy of the working fluid (air) to drive the engine and propeller, which, in turn, propel the airplane.
1. A wheel is a circular component that rotates on an axle and is one of the main components of the wheel and axle simple machine.
2. Wheels allow for heavy objects to be moved easily and support loads to facilitate movement and transportation.
3. Beyond transportation, wheels are used for other purposes like ship wheels, steering wheels, and flywheels.
This document provides information about a seminar report on gas turbine engines submitted by Sahilesh D. Pol. It includes an approval sheet signed by his guide and department head. The introduction acknowledges those who helped with the report. The abstract states that the report will cover the working process, types and applications of gas turbine engines as well as their advantages over reciprocating engines. The document contains sections on history, types of gas turbine engines including centrifugal, axial and centrifugal-axial flow, engine theory, and advantages/disadvantages.
Solution Manual Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines by Ahmed El-SayedPedroBernalFernandez
https://www.book4me.xyz/solution-manual-aircraft-propulsion-and-gas-turbine-engines-el-sayed/
Solution Manual (+ exam supplement) for Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines - 1st Edition
Author(s) : Ahmed F. El-Sayed
This product include both of Solution Manual and Instructor Manual for 1st edition's textbook. Solution manual and instructor manual have 647 and 237 pages respectively. They include all chapters of textbook (Chapters 1 to 16) .
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) Calculator ManualMassimo Talia
The aim of this manual is to explain the
methodology behind the Levelized Cost of
Hydrogen (LCOH) calculator. Moreover, this
manual also demonstrates how the calculator
can be used for estimating the expenses associated with hydrogen production in Europe
using low-temperature electrolysis considering different sources of electricity
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
1. Jet engines Seminar Report 2017-
18
1. INTRODUCTION
A jet engine is a reaction engine discharging a fast-moving jet that generates thrust by jet
propulsion. This broad definition includes air breathing jet engines (turbojets, turbofans,
ramjets) In general, jet engines are combustion engines. In common parlance, the term jet
engine loosely refers to an internal combustion air breathing jet engine. These typically feature a
rotating air compressor powered by a turbine, with the leftover power providing thrust via a
propelling nozzle , this process is known as the Brayton thermodynamic cycle. Jet aircraft use
such engines for long-distance travel. Early jet aircraft used turbojet engines which were
relatively inefficient for subsonic flight. Modern subsonic jet aircraft usually use more complex
high-bypass turbofan engines. These engines offer high speed and greater fuel efficiency than
piston and propeller aero engines over long distances.
Dept.Of Mechanical Engineering 1 St. Mary’s Polytechnic College Palakkad
2. Jet engines Seminar Report 2017-
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2. THE HISTORY OF JET ENGINE
• Sir Isaac Newton in the 18th century was the first to theorize that a rearward-channeled
explosion could propel a machine forward at a great rate of speed. This theory was based on
his third law of motion. As the hot air blasts backwards through the nozzle the plane moves
forward.
• Henri Giffard built an airship which was powered by the first aircraft engine, a three-
horse power steam engine. It was very heavy, too heavy to fly.
• In 1874, Felix de Temple, built a monoplane that flew just a short hop down a hill with
the help of a coal fired steam engine.
• Otto Daimler, in the late 1800's invented the first gasoline engine.
• In 1894, American Hiram Maxim tried to power his triple biplane with two coal fired
steam engines. It only flew for a few seconds.
• The early steam engines were powered by heated coal and were generally much too
heavy for flight.
• American Samuel Langley made a model airplanes that were powered by steam engines. In
1896, he was successful in flying an unmanned airplane with a steam-powered engine,
called the Aerodrome. It flew about 1 mile before it ran out of steam. He then tried to build
a full sized plane, the Aerodrome A, with a gas powered engine. In 1903, it crashed
immediately after being launched from a house boat.
Dept.Of Mechanical Engineering 2 St. Mary’s Polytechnic College Palakkad
3. Jet engines Seminar Report 2017-
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• In 1903, the Wright Brothers flew, The Flyer, with a 12 horse power gas powered
engine.
• From 1903, the year of the Wright Brothers first flight, to the late 1930s the gas powered
reciprocating internal-combustion engine with a propeller was the sole means used to propel
aircraft.
• It was Frank Whittle, a British pilot, who designed the first turbo jet engine in 1930. The
first Whittle engine successfully flew in April, 1937. This engine featured a multistage
compressor, and a combustion chamber, a single stage turbine and a nozzle.
Dept.Of Mechanical Engineering 3 St. Mary’s Polytechnic College Palakkad
4. Jet engines Seminar Report 2017-
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3. ABOUT INVENTORS
Dr. Hans von Ohain and Sir Frank Whittle are both recognized as being the co-inventors of the
jet engine. Each worked separately and knew nothing of the other's work. Hans von Ohain is
considered the designer of the first operational turbojet engine. Frank Whittle was the first to
register a patent for the turbojet engine in 1930. Hans von Ohain was granted a patent for his
turbojet engine in 1936. However, Hans von Ohain's jet was the first to fly in 1939. Frank
Whittle's jet first flew in in 1941.
Sir Frank Whittle was an English aviation engineer and pilot, the son of a mechanic, Frank
Whittle joined the Royal Air Force or RAF as an apprentice. He joined an RAF fighter
squadron in 1928 and became a test pilot in 1931. The young RAF officer was only 22 when he
first thought to use a gas turbine engine to power an airplane. While often regarded as the father
of modern jet propulsion systems, the young Frank Whittle tried without success to obtain
official support for study and development of his ideas. He had to persist his research on his
own initiative and received his first patent on turbojet propulsion in January 1930.
With private financial support, he began construction of his first engine in 1935. This engine,
which had a single-stage centrifugal compressor coupled to a single-stage turbine, was
successfully bench tested in April 1937; it was only a laboratory test rig, never intended for use
in an aircraft, but it did demonstrate the feasibility of the turbojet concept. The modern turbojet
engine used in many British and American aircraft is based on the prototype that Frank Whittle
invented.
The firm of Power Jets Ltd., with which Whittle was associated, received a contract for a
Whittle engine, known as the W1, on July 7, 1939. This engine was intended to power a small
experimental aircraft. In February 1940, the Gloster Aircraft Company was chosen to develop
the aircraft to be powered by the W1 engine - the Pioneer. The historic first flight of the Pioneer
took place on May 15, 1941, with Flight Lieutenant P. E. G. Sayer as pilot.
Dept.Of Mechanical Engineering 4 St. Mary’s Polytechnic College Palakkad
5. Jet engines Seminar Report 2017-
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born: June 1, 1907, Coventry, Warwickshire, England
died: Aug. 8, 1996, Columbia, Md., U.S.
Doctor Hans Von Ohain was a German airplane designer who invented an operational jet
engine. Hans Von Ohain obtained his doctorate in Physics at the University of Göttingen in
Germany and then became the junior assistant to Hugo Von Pohl, director of the Physical
Institute at the University. German aircraft builder, Ernst Heinkel asked the university for
assistance in new airplane propulsion designs and Pohl recommended his star pupil. Hans Von
Ohain, was investigating a new type of aircraft engine that did not require a propeller. Only
twenty-two years old when he first conceived the idea of a continuous cycle combustion engine
in 1933, Hans Von Ohain patented a jet propulsion engine design similar in concept to that of
Sir Frank Whittle but different in internal arrangement in 1934.
Hans Von Ohain joined Ernst Heinkel in 1936 and continued with the development of his
concepts of jet propulsion. A successful bench test of one of his engines was accomplished in
September 1937. A small aircraft was designed and constructed by Ernst Heinkel to serve as a
test bed for the new type of propulsion system - the Heinkel He178. The Heinkel He178 flew
for the first time on August 27, 1939. The pilot on this historic first flight of a jet-powered
airplane was Flight Captain Erich Warsitz.
Hans Von Ohain developed a second improved jet engine, the He S.8A, which was first flown
on April 2, 1941.
born: Dec. 14, 1911 , Dessau, Germany
died: March 13, 1998, Melbourne, Fla., U.S.
Dept.Of Mechanical Engineering 5 St. Mary’s Polytechnic College Palakkad
6. Jet engines Seminar Report 2017-
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4. TYPES OF JET ENGINE
4.1 Turbojet
The turbojet is the oldest kind of general-purpose air breathing jet engine. Two engineers, Frank
Whittle in the United Kingdom and Hans von Ohain in Germany, developed the concept
independently into practical engines during the late 1930s.
The turbojet engine consists of four sections: compressor, combustion chamber, turbine section,
and exhaust. The compressor section passes inlet air at a high rate of speed to the combustion
chamber. The combustion chamber contains the fuel inlet and igniter for combustion. The
expanding air drives a turbine, which is connected by a shaft to the compressor, sustaining
engine operation. The accelerated exhaust gases from the engine provide thrust. This is a basic
application of compressing air, igniting the fuel-air mixture, producing power to self-sustain the
engine operation, and exhaust for propulsion.
Figure 4.1 turbojet
Dept.Of Mechanical Engineering 6 St. Mary’s Polytechnic College Palakkad
7. Jet engines Seminar Report 2017-
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4.2 Turboprop
A turboprop engine is a turbine engine that drives a propeller through a reduction gear. The
exhaust gases drive a power turbine connected by a shaft that drives the reduction gear
assembly. Reduction gearing is necessary in turboprop engines because optimum propeller
performance is achieved at much slower speeds than the engine’s operating rpm. Turboprop
engines are a compromise between turbojet engines and reciprocating power plants. Turboprop
engines are most efficient at speeds between 250 and 400 mph and altitudes between 18,000 and
30,000 feet. They also perform well at the slow airspeeds required for takeoff and landing, and
are fuel efficient.
Figure 4.2 turboprop
A turboprop engine is a type of turbine engine which drives an aircraft
propeller using a reduction gear.The gas turbine is designed specifically for
this application, with almost all of its output being used to drive the
propeller. The engine's exhaust gases contain little energy compared to a
jet engine and play only a minor role in the propulsion of the aircraft.
Dept.Of Mechanical Engineering 7 St. Mary’s Polytechnic College Palakkad
8. Jet engines Seminar Report 2017-
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The propeller is coupled to the turbine through a reduction gear that
converts the high RPM, low torque output to low RPM, high torque. The
propeller itself is normally a constant speed (variable pitch) type similar to
that used with larger reciprocating aircraft engines.
Dept.Of Mechanical Engineering 8 St. Mary’s Polytechnic College Palakkad
9. 4.3 Turbofan
The turbofan is a type of air breathing jet engine that is widely used for aircraft propulsion. The
turbofan is basically the combination of two engines, the turbo portion which is a conventional
gas turbine engine, and the fan, a propeller-like ducted fan. The engine produces thrust through
a combination of these two portions working in concert; engines that use more jet thrust relative
to fan thrust are known as low bypass turbofans, while those that have considerably more fan
thrust than jet are known as high bypass. Most commercial aviation jet engines in use today are
of the high-bypass type, and most modern military engines are low-bypass,
Figure 4.3 turbofan
10. Turbofans were developed to combine some of the best features of the turbojet and the
turboprop. Turbofan engines are designed to create additional thrust by diverting a secondary air
flow around the combustion chamber. The turbofan bypass air generates increased thrust, cools
the engine, and aids in exhaust noise suppression. This provides turbojet-type cruise speed and
lower fuel consumption.
The inlet air that passes through a turbofan engine is usually divided into two separate streams
of air. One stream passes through the engine core, while a second stream bypasses the engine
core. It is this bypass stream of air that is responsible for the term “bypass engine.” A turbofan’s
bypass ratio refers to the ratio of the mass airflow that passes through the fan divided by the
mass airflow that passes through the engine core.
11. 4.4 Turboshaft
The fourth common type of jet engine is the turboshaft. It delivers power to a shaft that drives
something other than a propeller. The biggest difference between a turbojet and turboshaft
engine is that on a turboshaft engine, most of the energy produced by the expanding gases is
used to drive a turbine rather than produce thrust. Many helicopters use a turboshaft gas turbine
engine. In addition, turboshaft engines are widely used as auxiliary power units on large aircraft.
Figure 4.4 turboshaft
A turboshaft engine is made up of two major parts assemblies: the gas generator and the power
section. The gas generator consists of thecompressor, combustion chambers with ignitors and
fuel nozzles, and one or more stages of turbine. The power section consists of additional stages
of turbines, a gear reduction system, and the shaft output. The gas generator creates the hot
expanding gases to drive the power section. Depending on the design, the engine accessories
may be driven either by the gas generator or by the power section.
In most designs the gas generator and power section are mechanically separate so that they may
each rotate at different speeds appropriate for the conditions. This is referred to as a free power
12. turbine. A free power turbine can be an extremely useful design feature for vehicles, as it
allows the design to forego the weight and cost of complex multi-ratio transmissions and
clutches.
13. 4.5 Ramjet
A ramjet, sometimes referred to as a flying stovepipe or an athodyd (an abbreviation
of aero thermodynamic duct), is a form of airbreathing jet engine that uses the engine's forward
motion to compress incoming air without an axial compressor. Because ramjets cannot produce
thrust at zero airspeed, they cannot move an aircraft from a standstill. A ramjet-powered vehicle,
therefore, requires an assisted take-off like a rocket assist to accelerate it to a speed where it
begins to produce thrust. Ramjets work most efficiently at supersonic speeds around Mach 3
(2,300 mph; 3,700 km/h). This type of engine can operate up to speeds of Mach 6 (4,600 mph;
7,400 km/h).
Figure 4.5 ramjet
Ramjets can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple mechanism for
high-speed use, such asmissiles. Weapon designers are looking to use ramjet technology
in artillery shells to give added range; a 120 mm mortar shell, if assisted by a ramjet, is thought
to be able to attain a range of 35 km (22 mi). They have also been used successfully, though not
efficiently, as tip jets on the end of helicopter rotors.
14. 5. PARTS OF A JET ENGINE
Figure 5.1 parts of a jet engine
Fan - The fan is the first component in a turbofan. The large spinning fan
sucks in large quantities of air. Most blades of the fan are made of
titanium. It then speeds this air up and splits it into two parts. One part
continues through the "core" or center of the jet engine, where it is acted
upon by the other jet engine components.
The second part "bypasses" the core of the jet engine. It
goes through a duct that surrounds the core to the back of the jet engine
where it produces much of the force that propels the airplane forward.
This cooler air helps to quiet the jet engine as well as adding thrust to the
jet engine.
Compressor - The compressor is the first component in the jet engine
core. The compressor is made up of fans with many blades and attached to
a shaft. The compressor squeezes the air that enters it into progressively
smaller areas, resulting in an increase in the air pressure. This results in an
15. increase in the energy potential of the air. The squashed air is forced into
the combustion chamber.
Combustor - In the combustor the air is mixed with fuel and then
ignited. There are as many as 20 nozzles to spray fuel into the airstream.
The mixture of air and fuel catches fire. This provides a high temperature,
high-energy airflow. The fuel burns with the oxygen in the compressed air,
producing hot expanding gases. The inside of the combustor is often made
of ceramic materials to provide a heat-resistant chamber. The heat can
reach 2700°.
Turbine - The high-energy airflow coming out of the combustor goes
into the turbine, causing the turbine blades to rotate. The turbines are
linked by a shaft to turn the blades in the compressor and to spin the
intake fan at the front. This rotation takes some energy from the high-
energy flow that is used to drive the fan and the compressor. The gases
produced in the combustion chamber move through the turbine and spin
its blades. The turbines of the jet spin around thousands of times. They
are fixed on shafts which have several sets of ball-bearing in between
them.
Nozzle - The nozzle is the exhaust duct of the jet engine. This is the jet
engine part which actually produces the thrust for the plane. The energy
depleted airflow that passed the turbine, in addition to the colder air that
bypassed the engine core, produces a force when exiting the nozzle that
acts to propel the engine, and therefore the airplane, forward. The
combination of the hot air and cold air are expelled and produce an
exhaust, which causes a forward thrust. The nozzle may be preceded by a
mixer, which combines the high temperature air coming from the jet
16. engine core with the lower temperature air that was bypassed in the fan.
The mixer helps to make the jet engine quieter.
17. 6. HOW A JET ENGINE WORKS
Figure 6.1 jet engine working
1. For a jet going slower than the speed of sound, the engine is moving through the air at
about 1000 km/h (600 mph). We can think of the engine as being stationary and the cold
air moving toward it at this speed.
2. A fan at the front sucks the cold air into the engine and forces it through the inlet. This
slows the air down by about 60 percent and its speed is now about 400 km/h (240 mph).
3. A second fan called a compressor squeezes the air (increases its pressure) by about eight
times, and this dramatically increases its temperature.
4. Kerosene (liquid fuel) is squirted into the engine from a fuel tank in the plane's wing.
5. In the combustion chamber, just behind the compressor, the kerosene mixes with the
compressed air and burns fiercely, giving off hot exhaust gases and producing a huge
increase in temperature. The burning mixture reaches a temperature of around 900°C
(1650°F).
6. The exhaust gases rush past a set of turbine blades, spinning them like a windmill. Since
the turbine gains energy, the gases must lose the same amount of energy—and they do
18. so by cooling down slightly and losing pressure.
7. The turbine blades are connected to a long axle (represented by the middle gray line) that
runs the length of the engine. The compressor and the fan are also connected to this axle.
So, as the turbine blades spin, they also turn the compressor and the fan.
8. The hot exhaust gases exit the engine through a tapering exhaust nozzle. Just as water
squeezed through a narrow pipe accelerates dramatically into a fast jet (think of what
happens in a water pistol), the tapering design of the exhaust nozzle helps to accelerate
the gases to a speed of over 2100 km/h (1300 mph). So the hot air leaving the engine at
the back is traveling over twice the speed of the cold air entering it at the front—and
that's what powers the plane. Military jets often have an after burnerthat squirts fuel into
the exhaust jet to produce extra thrust. The backward-moving exhaust gases power the
jet forward. Because the plane is much bigger and heavier than the exhaust gases it
produces, the exhaust gases have to zoom backward much faster than the plane's own
speed.
19. 7. HOW THE AIR FLOWS THROUGH A JET ENGINE
Jet engines move the airplane forward with a great force that is produced by a tremendous
thrust and causes the plane to fly very fast. All jet engines, which are also called gas turbines,
work on the same principle. The engine sucks air in at the front with a fan. A compressor
raises the pressure of the air. The compressor is made up of fans with many blades and
attached to a shaft. The blades compress the air. The compressed air is then sprayed with fuel
and an electric spark lights the mixture. The burning gases expand and blast out through the
nozzle, at the back of the engine. As the jets of gas shoot backward, the engine and the aircraft
are thrust forward.
The air goes through the core of the engine as well as around the core. This causes some of the
air to be very hot and some to be cooler. The cooler air then mixes with the hot air at the engine
exit area.
A jet engine operates on the application of Sir Isaac Newton's third law of physics: for every
action there is an equal and opposite reaction. This is called thrust. This law is demonstrated in
simple terms by releasing an inflated balloon and watching the escaping air propel the balloon
in the opposite direction. In the basic turbojet engine, air enters the front intake and is
compressed, then forced into combustion chambers where fuel is sprayed into it and the mixture
is ignited. Gases which form expand rapidly and are exhausted through the rear of the
combustion chambers. These gases exert equal force in all directions, providing forward thrust
as they escape to the rear. As the gases leave the engine, they pass through a fan-like set of
blades (turbine) which rotates the turbine shaft. This shaft, in turn, rotates the compressor,
thereby bringing in a fresh supply of air through the intake. Engine thrust may be increased by
the addition of an afterburner section in which extra fuel is sprayed into the exhausting gases
which burn to give the added thrust. At approximately 400 mph, one pound of thrust equals one
horsepower, but at higher speeds this ratio increases and a pound of thrust is greater than one
20. horsepower. At speeds of less than 400 mph, this ratio decreases.
In a turboprop engine, the exhaust gases are also used to rotate a propeller attached to the
turbine shaft for increased fuel economy at lower altitudes. A turbofan engine incorporates a
fan to produce additional thrust, supplementing that created by the basic turbojet engine, for
greater efficiency at high altitudes. The advantages of jet engines over piston engines include
lighter weight with greater power, simpler construction and maintenance with fewer moving
parts, and efficient operation with cheaper fuel.
21. 8. WHAT IS THRUST?
Thrust is the forward force that pushes the engine and, therefore, the airplane forward. Sir Isaac
Newton discovered that for "every action there is an equal and opposite reaction." An engine
uses this principle. The engine takes in a large volume of air. The air is heated and compressed
and slowed down. The air is forced through many spinning blades. By mixing this air with jet
fuel, the temperature of the air can be as high as three thousand degrees. The power of the air is
used to turn the turbine. Finally, when the air leaves, it pushes backward out of the engine. This
causes the plane to move forward.
.
22. 9. USES OF JET ENGINE
• Jet engines are usually used as aircraft engines for jet aircraft. They are also used for
cruise missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles.
• In the form of rocket engines they are used for fireworks, model rocketry, spaceflight,
and military missiles.
• Jet engines have also been used to propel high speed cars, particularly drag racers, with
the all-time record held by a rocket car. A turbofan powered car Thrust SSC currently
holds the land speed record.
• Jet engine designs are frequently modified for non-aircraft applications, as industrial
gas turbines. These are used in electrical power generation, for powering water, natural
gas, or oil pumps, and providing propulsion for ships and locomotives. Industrial gas
turbines can create up to 50,000 shaft horsepower. Many of these engines are derived
from older military turbojets such as the Pratt & Whitney J57 and J75 models. There is
also a derivative of the P&W JT8D low-bypass turbofan that creates up to 35,000 HP.
23. 10. JET ENGINES AND CAR ENGINES
One way to understand modern jet engines is to compare them with the piston engines used in
early airplanes, which are very similar to the ones still used in cars. A piston engine (also
called a reciprocating engine, because the pistons move back and forth or "reciprocate") makes
its power in strong steel "cooking pots" called cylinders. Fuel is squirted into the cylinders
with air from the atmosphere. The piston in each cylinder compresses the mixture, raising its
temperature so it either ignites spontaneously (in a diesel engine) or with help from a sparking
plug (in a gas engine). The burning fuel and air explodes and expands, pushing the piston back
out and driving the crankshaft that powers the car's wheels (or the plane's propeller), before the
whole four-step cycle (intake, compression, combustion, exhaust) repeats itself. The trouble
with this is that the piston is driven only during one of the four steps—so it's making power
only a fraction of the time. The amount of power a piston engine makes is directly related to
how big the cylinder is and how far the piston moves; unless you use hefty cylinders and
pistons (or many of them), you're limited to producing relatively modest amounts of power. If
your piston engine is powering a plane, that limits how fast it can fly, how much lift it can
make, how big it can be, and how much it can carry.
A jet engine uses the same scientific principle as a car engine: it burns fuel with air (in a
chemical reaction called combustion) to release energy that powers a plane, vehicle, or other
machine. But instead of using cylinders that go through four steps in turn, it uses a long metal
tube that carries out the same four steps in a straight-line sequence—a kind of thrust-making
production line! In the simplest type of jet engine, called a turbojet, air is drawn in at the front
through an inlet (or intake), compressed by a fan, mixed with fuel and combusted, and then
fired out as a hot, fast moving exhaust at the back.
24. Three things make a jet engine more powerful than a car's piston engine:
1. A basic principle of physics called the law of conservation of energy tells us that if a
jet engine needs to make more power each second, it has to burn more fuel each
second. A jet engine is meticulously designed to hoover up huge amounts of air and
burn it with vast amounts of fuel (roughly in the ratio 50 parts air to one part fuel), so
the main reason why it makes more power is because it can burn more fuel.
2. Because intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust all happen simultaneously, a jet
engine produces maximum power all the time (unlike a single cylinder in a piston
engine).
3. Unlike a piston engine (which uses a single stroke of the piston to extract energy), a
typical jet engine passes its exhaust through multiple turbine "stages" to extract as
much energy as possible. That makes it much more efficient (it gets more power from
the same mass of fuel).
25. 11. CONCLUSION
The Jet engine's invention changed the future. With jet engines, planes can carry more cargo,
fly faster, and go farther than any propeller plane. Today, the fastest passanger jet flies from
london to new york in 7-8 hours. Planes have made it easier to see new places, and experience
new cultures. Billions of people have flown in airplanes and the number keeps getting bigger,
so it's safe to say that it's changed these peoples lives, and has changed the world. War's are
also fought with jets. In the Iraq war we've used jets to fight terrorism, and also in Afganistan.
Plus, old battleships have been converted to aircraft carriers because fighter jets are simply
better. Jet's have changed the way people lived. They've made traveling faster, and more
efficient, and have made a big change in militaries all over the world. The jet engine changed
history.