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AQA GCSE Chinese Grammar Guide

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LEGOO MANDARIN
LEGOO MANDARIN

This document provides an overview of the HSK (Chinese Proficiency Test) Version 2021, including comparisons to other Chinese language tests. It introduces the different levels of the HSK as well as its test targets. The document also briefly describes other Chinese tests such as the Youth Chinese Test, Business Chinese Test, and Medical Chinese Proficiency Test. It notes that the HSK Version 2021 is aligned with new international standards for Chinese language education. The bulk of the document consists of a reference list of grammar points and vocabulary required for the AQA GCSE Chinese exam at the foundation tier level.

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2 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . Contents Preface -AQA GCSE Chinese 8673H V2021.....................................................................................................12 Preface 2021 HSK Chinese New Standards for International Chinese Language Education.............................15 HSK V2021 General Table of Vocabulary and Grammar..................................................................................21 Preface 1: No Grammar in Chinese Language?..................................................................................................22 About the Author: ...............................................................................................................................................25 Our Story ............................................................................................................................................................26 David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Central page ...............................................................................................27 Comparing with HSK Version 2009...................................................................................................................28 II. Test Levels.................................................................................................................................................28 I. Test Target ..................................................................................................................................................30 Comparing HSK Version 2009 with GCSE, IB, CEF ........................................................................................31 HSK Speaking Test (HSKK) ..............................................................................................................................31 Youth Chinese Test.............................................................................................................................................36 Business Chinese Test ........................................................................................................................................40 ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 Medical Chinese Proficiency Test (MCT) .........................................................................43 Notationsφ.........................................................................................................................................................47 Part 1: AQA Minimum Core Grammar ..............................................................................................................48 1 Foundation Tier................................................................................................................................................49 1.1 Nouns .......................................................................................................................................................49 Noun suffixes: ᆆθᇬθ઎........................................................................................................................49 ᆆ ................................................................................................................................................................49 ᇬ ................................................................................................................................................................49 ઎ ................................................................................................................................................................50 1.2 Measure words .........................................................................................................................................51 The following measure words: Ѡθ኷θᒪθਠθཟθᵢθਙ...............................................................51 Ѡ ................................................................................................................................................................51 ኷ ................................................................................................................................................................52 ᒪ ................................................................................................................................................................52 ਠ ................................................................................................................................................................53 ཟ ................................................................................................................................................................54 ᵢ ................................................................................................................................................................54 David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Central page ...............................................................................................27 Comparing with HSK Version 2009...................................................................................................................28 II. Test Levels........................................................... .. .. .. .................. .. .... .............. .. .. .. .. ..........................................................28 I. Test Target ................................................... .. .. .... ................ .. ............ .. .. ................ .. .........................................................30 Comparing HSK Version 2009 with GCSE, I I I I I IB, B, B, B, B, B, CEF ..... .. .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .. ...........................................................31 HSK Speaking Test (HSKK) ..................... .. .. .. .. .................... .. .. ............ .. ............ .. .... .. .. .. ...................................................................31 Youth Chinese Test................................. .. .................................................... .. ............................................................36 Business Chinese Test ......................... .. .. .. .............................................. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...................................................................40 ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 Medical Chinese Pr Pr Pr Pr Proficiency Te Te Te Te Te Test (MCT) ... .. .. .. .... ............ .. .. ............................................................43 Notationsφ............................................. .. .............................................. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ................................................................47 Part 1: AQA Minimum Core Grammar ............... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .....................................................................................48 1 Foundation Tier....... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ........ .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ...............................49 1.1 Nouns .............. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .................................49 Noun suffixes: ᆆθᇬθ઎........................................................................................................................49 ᆆ ................. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ........ .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ........ .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...................49 ᇬ ................. .. .... .. .................. .. .... .. .. .. ........ .. .......... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. ........ .. .. .. .... .. .. ...................................... ...............................................................49 ઎ ............................................................. .. .. .....................................................................................................50 1.2 Measure words .........................................................................................................................................51
3 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ਙ ................................................................................................................................................................55 with ∅ to mean 'every' ...............................................................................................................................56 1.3 Adjectives/ stative verbs...........................................................................................................................56 As predicate: positive and negative ............................................................................................................56 With modifiers: ᖾθ䶔ᑮ..........................................................................................................................57 Modification of nouns with or without Ⲻ ..................................................................................................58 With Ҽ to imply limits have been passed ..................................................................................................59 With Ҽ to imply a new situation................................................................................................................59 Stative verbs as adverbs (ླਹθ䳴ᆜ) ......................................................................................................59 1.4 Exclamations and interjections འ … Ҽ; ⵕ............................................................................................60 1.5 Comparatives ∊; ∊䖹; ᴶ; 䐕/ૂжṭ;...................................................................................................61 Use of ∊.....................................................................................................................................................61 Use of ∊䖹 + adjective ..............................................................................................................................61 Use of ᴶ.....................................................................................................................................................61 Use of 䐕/ૂжṭ to state similarity ...........................................................................................................61 1.6 Adverbs 䶔ᑮθᑮᑮθжᇐθҕθ䘎 , ቧ.............................................................................................62 䶔ᑮ ............................................................................................................................................................62 ᑮᑮ ............................................................................................................................................................62 жᇐ ............................................................................................................................................................62 ҕ ................................................................................................................................................................63 䘎 ................................................................................................................................................................64 ቧ ................................................................................................................................................................65 1.7 Pronouns...................................................................................................................................................69 All personal pronouns, singular and plural.................................................................................................69 Personal pronouns with Ⲻ..........................................................................................................................69 Demonstrative pronouns 䘏θ䛙, ཝᇬ ......................................................................................................70 1.8 Verbs ........................................................................................................................................................71 The verb ᱥ (to be), positive and negative..................................................................................................71 The verb ᴿ (to have), positive and negative ⋗ᴿ .....................................................................................71 Simple sentences with verb and object, positive and negative ...................................................................72 Verb-object type verbs (୧ↂθ䐩㡔 etc.)..................................................................................................73 Verbs of motion, methods of transport, purpose in coming and going.......................................................73 Modal verbs: Րθᜩθ㾷θᓊ䈛θਥԛ ..................................................................................................74 Future intention: ᢉ㇍.................................................................................................................................75 Attitude: ௒⅘θ⡧ .....................................................................................................................................76 Stative verbs as adverbs (ླਹθ䳴ᆜ) ......................................................................................................59 1.4 Exclamations and interjections འ … Ҽ; ⵕ............................................................................................60 1.5 Comparatives ∊; ∊䖹; ᴶ; 䐕/ૂжṭ;................. .. .. .. .... ...................... .... ............................................................61 Use of ∊......................................................... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .......... .. .. ................ .. ........................................................61 Use of ∊䖹 + adjective ........................... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .........................................................................61 Use of ᴶ............................................. .. .. .. .................... .. .. .............. .. .............. .. .. .. ................................................................61 Use of 䐕/ૂжṭ to state similarity y y y y ................... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. ..............................................................61 1.6 Adverbs 䶔ᑮθᑮᑮθжᇐθҕ θҕ θҕ θҕ θҕ θҕθ䘎 , ቧ ቧ............................... .. .. ................................................................62 䶔ᑮ ............................................. ........................ .. .............................. .. .. .. .. ...... ...........................................................62 ᑮᑮ ............................................. .. .. .. .......................... .. .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .... ................ .. .. .............................................................62 жᇐ ................................................... .. .. ........................................ .. .... .. .. .. ...................................................................62 ҕ ................................................................... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .....................................................................................63 䘎 ....................... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ........ .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ...............................64 ቧ ....................... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .................................65 1.7 Pronouns...................................................................................................................................................69 All personal al al p p p p p p pro ro ro ro rono no no no noun un un un un uns, s, s, s, s, s, s, s s s sin in in in ingu gu gu gu gu gu gula la la la la la lar r r r r and pl pl pl pl pl pl pl plur ur ur ur ur ur ur ural al al al al al al. . . . . ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ..................69 Personal pronouns with Ⲻ..........................................................................................................................69 Demonstrat ativ iv iv iv iv iv ive e e e e e pr pr pr pron on on on on onou ou ou ou ouns ns ns ns ns ns ns 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙, , ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ . . . ..... .. .......... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .........................................70 1.8 Verbs ........................................................................................................................................................71
4 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . Actions in progress: ൞θ↙൞ ...................................................................................................................77 Requests: 䈭................................................................................................................................................77 Completed actions: Ҽ ................................................................................................................................78 Experiential suffix: 䗽 ................................................................................................................................78 Complements of direction, degree and manner...........................................................................................78 1.9 Prepositions/ co-verbs Ԅθࡦθ൞θ⭞, ආ............................................................................................79 1.10 Interrogatives..........................................................................................................................................81 Questions using ੍......................................................................................................................................81 Choice type questions: questions using 䘎ᱥ .............................................................................................81 Questions using the following interrogatives: ӶѾθ䈷θଠ‫ݵ‬θѰӶѾθ ᙄѾθࠖθଠѠθӶѾᰬ ُθᙄѾθᙄѾṭθཐቇθཐཝθࠖ኷θ.............................................................................................82 Tag questions using ઘθ੝........................................................................................................................85 1.11 Location..................................................................................................................................................86 Giving location using ൞.............................................................................................................................86 Giving location using ᱥ.............................................................................................................................87 Positional phrases using Ⲻδ໏рⲺ⭱ε.................................................................................................87 1.12 Conjunctions...........................................................................................................................................87 Joining nouns to nouns: ૂ .........................................................................................................................87 Saying 'with' ૂθ䐕...................................................................................................................................88 Subjects in parallel 䜳.................................................................................................................................89 Others:.........................................................................................................................................................89 1.13 Number, quality, dates and time.............................................................................................................92 All numbers up to 1 million........................................................................................................................92 Ordinal numbers using ㅢ...........................................................................................................................97 Stating quantities.........................................................................................................................................97 Giving the time and date.............................................................................................................................98 Currencies and prices................................................................................................................................102 Giving the length of time..........................................................................................................................104 Word order when using time expressions.................................................................................................105 Part 2: Expanded Grammar by Referring HSK 1-2 V2021 (169 Grammar Points)..........................................106 Normative grammar level syllabus 㿺㤹ᙝ䈣⌋ㅿ㓝ཝ㓨...............................................................................106 䈃㊱ Cílèi Parts of speech.........................................................................................................................106 1 ੃䈃 míngcí Noun ...........................................................................................................................106 ᯯփ੃䈃 )ƗQJZqLPtQJFt/RFDWLRQQRXQV..........................................................................................106 2 ࣞ䈃 dòngcí Verb..................................................................................................................................112 Choice type questions: questions using 䘎ᱥ .............................................................................................81 Questions using the following interrogatives: ӶѾθ䈷θଠ‫ݵ‬θѰӶѾθ ᙄѾθࠖθଠѠθӶѾᰬ ُθᙄѾθᙄѾṭθཐቇθཐཝθࠖ኷θ............... .. .. .. .... .. .. ................ .. .. .. ................................................................82 Tag questions using ઘθ੝.............................. .. .. .................. .. .. ........ .. .............. .. .. .... .. ........................................................85 1.11 Location................................................ .... .. .. .................. .. .. ............ .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ..........................................................86 Giving location using ൞....................... .. .. .. .. .................. .. .. .... .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .. ............................................................86 Giving location using ᱥ................... .. .. .. .................... .. .. ............ .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ........................................................................87 Positional phrases using Ⲻδ໏р ໏р ໏р ໏р ໏р ໏рⲺ⭱ε..................................... .. .. .. ..............................................................87 1.12 Conjunctions........................... .. .............................................. .... .. .. .. ....................................................................87 Joining nouns to nouns: ૂ ......... .. .......................... .. .. .................... .... .. .. ............ .. .. .. ............................................................87 Saying 'with' ૂθ䐕....................... .. .. .. ................................................ .. .. .... ..............................................................88 Subjects in parallel 䜳........................... .... .. .. .......................... .. .... .. .. ............................................................................89 Others:.........................................................................................................................................................89 1.13 Number, quali li li li li li li lity ty ty ty ty ty, da da da date te te te te te te tes s s s s s an an an an an an and d d d d d d d d d ti ti ti ti ti ti time me me me me me me me............................................................................. .. .. .. .. .. ..................................92 All numbers up t t t t t t to 1 1 1 mi mi mi mi mi mi mi mill ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll llio io io io io io ion n n n n n n........................................................................................................................92 Ordinal numbers using ㅢ...........................................................................................................................97 Stating quan an an anti ti ti ti ti ti titi ti ti ti ti ti ties.. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .......... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ...................97 Giving the tim im im im im ime e e an an an an and d d d d da da date te te te te. ... .. .. .. ........ .. .. .. ........ .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .............................. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ............ .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. ..............................................98 Currencies a a and nd nd nd nd nd nd p p pri ri ri ri ri rice ce ces............................... ...................................................................................................102 Giving the length of time..........................................................................................................................104
5 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃 Néng yuàn dòngcí modal verbs ...........................................................................................112 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃 Auxiliary Verb to express wish................................................................................................114 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃φ䈛Ƚ ᓊ䈛 Wishful verbs: should, should.............................................................................115 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃φ᝵ᝅ Willing .........................................................................................................................116 ࣞ䈃䠃ਖφVerb overlap AAȽ A ж AȽ A Ҽ AȽABABȽA ⵶ A ⵶ȽAABBȽ ж A ж BȽ ᘳ A ᘳ B...........................................................................................................................................................116 3 ԙ䈃 dàicí Pronouns.............................................................................................................................117 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Interrogative pronouns ཐȽཐቇȽଠȽଠѠȽଠ䠂ȽଠӑȽӶѾȽ䈷ȽᙄѾȽࠖ.........117 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Interrogative Pronouns ཐѻȽѰӶѾȽᙄѾṭȽᙄṭ ........................................................121 Ӱ〦ԙ䈃 UpQFKƝQJGjLFt3HUVRQDO3URQRXQV .......................................................................................123 Ӱ〦ԙ䈃φPersonal pronouns ࡡӰȽ ཝᇬȽ ᆹȽ ᆹԢȽ ૧Ƚ ૧ԢȽ 㠠ᐧ...................................124 ᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative Pronoun 䘏Ƚ䛙Ƚ䛙䠂Ƚ䛙ӑȽ䛙ѠȽࡡⲺȽᴿⲺ...................................128 ᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative pronouns 䛙ѾȽ䛙ṭȽ 䘏ѾȽ 䘏ṭ.......................................................131 5 ᮦ䈃 shù cí Numeral .............................................................................................................................135 6 䠅䈃 liàngcí Classifier; Measure Word (MW)......................................................................................140 ੃䠅䈃 Noun quantifier ᶥȽᵢȽѠȽᇬȽ䰪ȽਙȽඍȽ享................................................................140 ੃䠅䈃φ ቸ ሷ Ԭ ᶗ փ..........................................................................................................................142 ࣞ䠅䈃 Verbal quantifiers : 䚃 ⅗ ൰ ഔ с..............................................................................................145 7 ࢥ䈃 fùcí Adverb .................................................................................................................................149 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Degree 䶔ᑮȽᖾȽའȽⵕȽᴶ...........................................................................149 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of degree: ཐȽཐѾȽ ླȽ ᴪȽ ॷ࠼Ƚ ⢯ࡡȽᥰȽ ᴿδ ж ε⛯‫ݵ‬................150 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Range, synergy adverbs 䜳Ƚжඍ‫ݵ‬Ƚж䎭...............................................................155 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverbs: ‫ޞ‬ȽжާȽਠ......................................................................156 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 6KtMLƗQIFt$GYHUEVRIWLPH 傢рȽ‫ݾ‬Ƚᴿᰬ/ᴿᰬُȽ൞Ƚ↙Ƚ↙൞ ..........................157 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time ࡐȽࡐࡐȽ䘎Ƚ ᘳ❬Ƚж⴪Ƚᐨ㔅..........................................................159 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, Repetitive Adverbs ᑮȽ߃.......................................................................164 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, repetitive adverbs 䠃᯦Ƚ㔅ᑮȽ㘷Ƚ㘷ᱥȽ৾......................................165 ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associative Adverb 䘎.............................................................................................................169 ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associated adverbs: ቧ ............................................................................................................170 ੜᇐࢥ䈃 )ԁXGuQJfùcí Negative Adverbs ࡡȽуȽ⋗Ƚ⋗ᴿ ..........................................................171 ᯯᕅࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Manner ᭻ᝅ .........................................................................................................174 ᛻ᘷࢥ䈃 Modal adverbs ᗻ亱ȽᐤуཐȽླ‫܅‬ȽжᇐȽҕ䇮.............................................................175 䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of tone ᢃȽ䜳ȽቧȽ↙ླ.......................................................................................178 8 ԁ䈃 jiècí Preposition...........................................................................................................................182 ⯇䰤 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Interrogative Pronouns ཐѻȽѰӶѾȽᙄѾṭȽᙄṭ ........................................................121 Ӱ〦ԙ䈃 UpQFKƝQJGjLFt3HUVRQDO3URQRXQV .......................................................................................123 Ӱ〦ԙ䈃φPersonal pronouns ࡡӰȽ ཝᇬȽ ᆹȽ ᆹԢ ᆹԢ ᆹԢ ᆹԢ ᆹԢ ᆹԢȽ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧ԢȽ 㠠ᐧ...................................124 ᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative Pronoun 䘏Ƚ䛙Ƚ䛙䠂 䛙䠂 䛙䠂 䛙䠂 䛙䠂 䛙䠂Ƚ䛙ӑȽ ӑȽ ӑȽ ӑȽ ӑȽ ӑȽ ӑȽ䛙ѠȽࡡ Ƚࡡ Ƚࡡ Ƚࡡ Ƚࡡ Ƚࡡ ȽࡡⲺȽᴿⲺ...................................128 ᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative pronouns 䛙Ѿ 䛙Ѿ 䛙Ѿ 䛙Ѿ 䛙Ѿ 䛙Ѿ 䛙ѾȽ䛙ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ 䘏Ѿ 䘏Ѿ 䘏Ѿ 䘏Ѿ 䘏Ѿ 䘏ѾȽ 䘏ṭ. . . . .......................................................131 5 ᮦ䈃 shù cí Numeral ....................... .. .. .. .. .................... .. .. .............. .. .. .. .............. .. .... .. .. ............................................................135 6 䠅䈃 liàngcí Classifier; Measure Wo Wo Wo Wo Word (MW MW) ) ) ) )......................................................................................140 ੃䠅䈃 Noun quantifier ᶥȽᵢȽѠȽᇬȽ䰪ȽਙȽඍȽ享..... .. .. .............................................................140 ੃䠅䈃φ 䈃φ ቸ ሷ Ԭ ᶗ փ............ .. ........................ .. ................................ .. .. .. ...... ........................................................142 ࣞ䠅䈃 Verbal quantifiers : 䚃 ⅗ ⅗ ⅗ ⅗ ⅗ ⅗ ൰ ഔ с........ .. ................ .... .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ..........................................................145 7 ࢥ䈃 fùcí Adverb ....................... .... .. .......................................... .. .... .. .. ................................................................149 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Degree 䶔ᑮȽᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ ȽᖾȽའ Ƚའ Ƚའ Ƚའ Ƚའ ȽའȽⵕ Ƚⵕ Ƚⵕ Ƚⵕ Ƚⵕ ȽⵕȽᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ...........................................................................149 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverb rb rb rb rb rb rb rbs s s of of of of of of d d d d d d deg eg eg eg eg eg eg egre re re re re re re ree: e: e: e: e: e: ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾȽ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡȽᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ ȽᥰȽ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ж ж ε⛯‫ݵ‬................150 㤹പ 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ ੂࢥ䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 R R R R R R R R Ran an an an an an an an ange ge ge ge ge ge ge ge ge ge ge, , , sy sy sy sy sy sy sy syne ne ne ne ne nerg rg rg rg rg rgy y y y y y y y y ad ad ad ad ad ad ad ad ad ad adve ve ve ve ve ve ve verb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rbs s s s s s s 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚжඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ..............................155 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverbs: ‫ޞ‬ȽжާȽਠ......................................................................156 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 6K 6K 6K 6K 6K 6K 6KtMLƗ LƗ LƗ LƗ LƗ LƗ LƗQ Q Q Q Q Q QI I I I I I I IFt Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft$ $ $ $ $ $GY GY GY GY GY GYHU HU HU HU HU HU HU HU HUEVRI I I I I I I IWL WL WL WL WL WL WL WLPH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢рȽ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ/ /ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ൞Ƚ ൞Ƚ ൞Ƚ ൞Ƚ ൞Ƚ ൞Ƚ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ . . . . ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .................157 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time ࡐȽࡐࡐȽ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎Ƚ ᘳ❬ ᘳ❬ ᘳ❬ ᘳ❬Ƚж⴪Ƚ ⴪Ƚ ⴪Ƚᐨ㔅..........................................................159 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 F F F F F Fre re re re requ qu qu qu qu quen en en en en ency cy cy cy cy, , , , Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Repe pe pe pe pe pe pe peti ti ti ti ti ti titi ti ti ti ti ti tive ve ve ve ve A A A A A Adver er er er erbs bs bs bs bs bs bs ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ߃ ߃ ߃ ߃ ߃ ߃ ߃. . ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ........................................164 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, repetitive adverbs 䠃᯦Ƚ㔅ᑮȽ㘷Ƚ㘷ᱥȽ৾......................................165
6 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ᡶ Bring out the time and place ԄȽ൞...........................................................................182 ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪 Lead time ᖉȽᖉ. . .Ⲻᰬُ....................................................................................................183 ᕋ࠰ᯯੇȽ 䐥ᖺ Leading direction and path ᖶȽੇȽԄ.....................................................................184 ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Bring out Objects 䐕ȽૂȽ∊ ................................................................................................190 ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Leading objects ሯȽ㔏Ƚ⿱ ...................................................................................................191 ᕋ࠰ⴤⲺȽ৕ഖ Lead purpose and reason Ѱ.........................................................................................197 9 䘔䈃 liáncí Conjunction........................................................................................................................198 㺞⽰㚊ਾީ㌱ Indicates a joint relationship 䐕Ƚ䘎ᱥȽᡌ㘻Ƚૂ........................................................198 䘔᧛䈃ᡌ⸣䈣φConnective words or phrases ᡌȽᡌ㘻........................................................................199 䘔᧛࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ Connective clauses or sentences у䗽ȽռȽռᱥȽ㙂ъȽ䛙Ƚྸ᷒Ƚ㲳❬Ƚਠ㾷 ..................................................................................................................................................................200 10 ࣟ䈃 Zhùcí Particle...........................................................................................................................202 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃 Structural particles ⲺȽ൦Ƚᗍ...............................................................................................202 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃φᗍ Dé Structural particle ....................................................................................................203 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic particleφ 䗽.............................................................................................................204 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic: ҼȽ⵶Ƚ.................................................................................................................205 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃φ⵶ Dynamic particle..............................................................................................................206 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ੝ȽҼȽ੍Ƚઘ.........................................................................................207 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ஀ Ƚ੝ȽⲺ................................................................................................209 ެԌࣟ䈃φOther auxiliary words Ⲻ䈓Ƚㅿ...........................................................................................211 11 ਯ䈃 Interjection ஸȽ஀........................................................................................................................213 ⸣䈣 duӽnyԃ Phrase .....................................................................................................................................214 ᮦ䠅⸣䈣 VKOLjQJGXӽQԃ4XDQWLWSKUDVH...........................................................................................214 㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Structure type..........................................................................................................................214 ะᵢ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Basic structure type..........................................................................................................214 ެԌ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Other structure types ........................................................................................................217 ࣕ㜳㊱ශ *ǀQJQpQJOqL[tQ)XQFWLRQWSH+6.9*..........................................................219 ੃䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Noun phrase.........................................................................................................................219 ࣞ䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Verb phrase..........................................................................................................................219 ᖘᇯ䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Adjective phrases.............................................................................................................220 രᇐ⸣䈣 Fixed phrase ................................................................................................................................220 ެԌ Other ...........................................................................................................................................220 രᇐṲᕅ Fixed Pattern....................................................................................................................................223 䘎ᱥ……੝ ..............................................................................................................................................223 䘔᧛䈃ᡌ⸣䈣φConnective words or phrases ᡌȽᡌ㘻........................................................................199 䘔᧛࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ Connective clauses or sentences у䗽ȽռȽռᱥȽ㙂ъȽ䛙Ƚྸ᷒Ƚ㲳❬Ƚਠ㾷 ................................................................................... .... .. .. .. .................... .. .. .. .... .. ...........................................................200 10 ࣟ䈃 Zhùcí Particle................................... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .. ........ .. .. .............. .... .. .. ......................................................202 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃 Structural particles ⲺȽ൦Ƚᗍ ᗍ ᗍ ᗍ ᗍ ᗍ................ .. .. .. ............ .. .................. .. .. .. .......................................................202 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃φᗍ Dé Structural particle e e e e e ................. .............. .. .. .............. .. .... .. .. .. ...........................................................203 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic particleφ 䗽... .. .. .... .................... ........................................................................................204 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic: ҼȽ⵶Ƚ..... .. .. .................................................... .. .. .. ............................................................205 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃φ⵶ Dynamic particle...................... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .......... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... ........................................................206 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ੝ȽҼ ȽҼ ȽҼ ȽҼ ȽҼ ȽҼȽ੍Ƚઘ... .. .. .................. .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ..........................................................207 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ஀ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ȽⲺ................................. .... .. .. .. .. ...............................................................209 ެԌࣟ䈃φOther auxiliary words Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓Ƚㅿ Ƚㅿ Ƚㅿ Ƚㅿ Ƚㅿ Ƚㅿ........... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ................................................................................211 11 ਯ䈃 Interjection on on on on on ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ஀ ஀ ஀ ஀ ஀ ஀ ஀... .. .. .. .............................. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. ........ .. .. .. ........ .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ............ .. .... .. .. .. .. .......... .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .. .. .................................213 ⸣䈣 duӽnyԃ Phra rase se se se se se se se se . ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ..............................214 ᮦ䠅⸣䈣 VKOLjQJGXӽQԃ4XDQWLWSKUDVH...........................................................................................214 㔉ᶺ㊱ශ St St St St St St Stru ru ru ru ru ruct ct ct ctur ur ur ur ur ure e e e e ty ty ty ty ty ty type pe pe pe pe pe pe..... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ........ .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .................214 ะᵢ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ Basic structure type pe pe pe pe pe......... .. .. ...................................................................................................214 ެԌ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ Ot Ot Ot Ot Othe he he he he her r r r r st st st st st stru ru ru ru ru ruct ct ct ct ct ctur ur ur ur ure e e e e ty ty ty ty ty ty type pe pe pe pe pe pes s s s s s ..... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .................... ........ ........ ...... .... .... .. .... .. .... ...... .. ...... .... .... .... .........................................217 ࣕ㜳㊱ශ *ǀQJ QJQpQJ QJOqL[tQ)XQFWLRQWS SH+6.9*..........................................................219
7 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ৾... ... ৾... ... ...........................................................................................................................................224 δ൞ε... ... ԛࢃ/ԛ੄/ࢃ/੄...................................................................................................................224 ਛᆆᡆ࠼ jù zӿ chéngfèn Sentence Elements...........................................................................................226 ѱ䈣 ]Kԃԃ6XEMHFW...............................................................................................................................226 䉉䈣 ZqLԃ3UHGLFDWH............................................................................................................................226 䉉䈣 Predicate......................................................................................................................................227 ੃䈃Ƚԙ䈃Ƚᮦ䈃ᡌᮦ䠅⸣䈣Ƚ੃䈃ᙝ⸣䈣֒䉉䈣 Nouns, pronouns, numerals or quantitative phrases, nominal 227 ᇴ䈣 EƯQԃ2EMHFW.................................................................................................................................228 ᇐ䈣 GuQJԃ$WWULEXWLYH.......................................................................................................................229 ੃䈃ᙝ䈃䈣Ƚᖘᇯ䈃ᙝ䈃䈣Ƚᮦ䈃⸣䈣֒ᇐ䈣Ⱦ...............................................................................229 ⣬䈣 ]KXjQJԃ$GYHUELDO....................................................................................................................230 㺛䈣 Complement .......................................................................................................................................231 㔉᷒㺛䈣 1 Result Complement 1............................................................................................................231 䏁ੇ㺛䈣 1 Tendency Complement 1 ......................................................................................................233 ᮦ䠅㺛䈣 1: ࣞ䈃ηࣞ䠅㺛䈣 Quantity Complement 1......................................................................235 ᮦ䠅㺛䈣 2: ᖘᇯ䈃ηᮦ䠅㺛䈣 Quantity Complement 2..................................................................236 ਛᆆⲺ㊱ශ jùzi de lèixíng Type of sentence ............................................................................................237 ਛශ Jù xíng Sentence pattern ..............................................................................................................237 ঋਛ 'ƗQM6LQJOH6HQWHQFH ................................................................................................................237 ѱ䉉ਛ ]KԃZqLM6XEMHFW-Predicate Sentence ................................................................................237 ᖘᇯ䈃䉉䈣ਛ ;tQJUyQJFtZqLԃM Adjective-predicate sentence .....................................................238 䶔ѱ䉉ਛ )ƝL]KԃZqLM1RQ-subject-predicate sentence ...................................................................238 ѱ䉉ਛ 3: ੃䈃䉉䈣ਛ Subject-Predicate Sentence 3: Noun-Predicate Sentence....................................238 䱾䘦ਛ chénshùjù Declarative Sentence ..............................................................................................239 ⯇䰤ਛ Yíwènjù Interrogative sentence ...............................................................................................239 ⽾ֵਛ 4tVKӿM,PSHUDWLYH6HQWHQFH....................................................................................................240 ᝕ਯਛ *ӽQWjQM([FODPDWRU6HQWHQFH.............................................................................................241 ⢯⇀ਛශ 7qVKnjM[tQJ6SHFLDOVHQWHQFHSDWWHUQV ..............................................................................241 “ᴿ”ᆍਛ ³ԁX´]uM+DYHVHQWHQFH ..............................................................................................242 “ᴿ” ᆍਛ 2 “ᴿ Have” sentence 2 ..........................................................................................................242 ᆎ⧦ਛ 1: 㺞⽰ᆎ൞ There is/are …............................................................................................................243 䘔ࣞਛ 1 Double verbs.............................................................................................................................245 ∊䖹ਛ %ӿMLjRMRPSDUDWLYH6HQWHQFH...............................................................................................245 ᇴ䈣 EƯQԃ2EMHFW.................................................................................................................................228 ᇐ䈣 GuQJԃ$WWULEXWLYH.......................................................................................................................229 ੃䈃ᙝ䈃䈣Ƚᖘᇯ䈃ᙝ䈃䈣Ƚᮦ䈃⸣䈣֒ᇐ䈣Ⱦ..................... .. .. .. .... ..........................................................229 ⣬䈣 ]KXjQJԃ$GYHUELDO........................... .. .. .................. .. .. .. ........ .. ................ .. .......................................................230 㺛䈣 Complement ....................................... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ........................................................231 㔉᷒㺛䈣 1 Result Complement 1..... .. .... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. .. .............................................................231 䏁ੇ㺛䈣 1 Tendency Complemen en ent t t t t 1 ............... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .............................................................233 ᮦ䠅㺛䈣 1: ࣞ䈃ηࣞ䠅㺛䈣 Qu Qu Qu Qu Quantity Complement 1........... .. .............................................................235 ᮦ䠅㺛䈣 2: ᖘᇯ䈃ηᮦ䠅㺛䈣 㺛䈣 㺛䈣 㺛䈣 㺛䈣 㺛䈣 Quantity C C C Com om ompl plem emen ent t t t t 2 2 2 2 2....... .. .. .. ...... .........................................................236 ਛᆆⲺ㊱ශ jùzi de lèixíng Type of of of of of sentence ....... .. .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .... ................ .. .. ...........................................................237 ਛශ Jù xíng Sentence pattern ....... .. .. ...................................... .. .. .... .. .. .. ...................................................................237 ঋਛ 'ƗQM6LQJOH6HQWHQFH ................................................................................................................237 ѱ䉉ਛ ]Kԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃZq Zq Zq Zq Zq Zq Zq Zq Zq ZqLM M M M M M M M M M6 6 6 6 6 6XE XE XE XE XE XE XE XE XEMH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MHFW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW- - -Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pred ed ed ed ed ed ed ed ed ed edic ic ic ic ic ic ic ic icat at at at at at at at ate e e e e e e Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Sent nt nt nt nt nt nten ence ce ce ce ce ce ce . . ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...............................237 ᖘᇯ䈃䉉䈣ਛ ;t ;t ;t ;t ;t ;t ;t ;t ;t ;tQJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJUy Uy Uy Uy Uy Uy Uy Uy Uy Uy UyQJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJFt Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft FtZ Z Z Z Z ZqL qL qL qL qL qL qL qL qL qL ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM            Ad Ad Ad Ad Ad Ad Ad Ad Ad Adje je je je je je je ject ct ct ct ct ctiv iv iv iv iv iv ive e e e e e e e-pr pr pr pr pr pr pr pr pred ed ed ed ed ed ed ed edic ic ic ic ic ic ic icat at at at at at at ate e e e e e e e se se se se se se se sent nt nt nt nt nt nt nten en en en en en en en en ence ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ..... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ..............................238 䶔ѱ䉉ਛ )ƝL]KԃZqLM1RQ-subject-predicate sentence ...................................................................238 ѱ䉉ਛ 3: ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃䉉䈣 䉉䈣 䉉䈣 䉉䈣 䉉䈣 䉉䈣 䉉䈣ਛ ਛ ਛ ਛ ਛ ਛ ਛ ਛ Su Su Su Su Su Su Subj bj bj bj bj bj bjec ec ec ec ec ect t t t t t- - - - -Pred ed ed ed edic ic ic ic ic ic ic icat at at at at at at ate e e e e e e Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Sent nt nt nt nt nten en en en ence ce ce ce ce ce ce 3: : : No No No No No Noun un un un un- - -Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pred ed ed ed edic ic ic ic icat at at at at ate e e e e e Se Se Se Se Se Sent nt nt nt nt nten en en en en ence ce ce ce ce ce ce. . . . ... .. .. ...... .. .. .. ...... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .................238 䱾䘦ਛ chén én én én én énshùj ùj ùj ùj ùjù ù ù ù ù De De De Decl cl cl cl cl clarat at at ative Se Se Se Se Se Sent nt nt nt nt nten en en en ence ce ce ce ce ............................. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. ...........................................239 ⯇䰤ਛ Yí Yí Yíw w w w w wèn èn èn ènjù jù jù jù jù jù I Int nt nt nt nter erro ro ro ro ro roga ga ga ga gati ti ti ti tive s s s s s sen en en en en en ente te te te te tenc nc nc nce e e e e e ...............................................................................................239 ⽾ֵਛ 4tVKӿM,PSHUDWLYH6HQWHQFH....................................................................................................240
8 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ∊䖹ਛ 2 Comparative sentence 2................................................................................................................246 ∊䖹ਛ 3 Comparative sentence 3................................................................................................................248 “ᱥ... ... Ⲻ” ਛ 1φ,W VRIVHQWHQFHWRHPSKDVL]H...................................................................................249 ਂᇴ䈣ਛ Double object sentence................................................................................................................250 ѱ䈣 + ࣞ䈃 + ᇴ䈣 1 + ᇴ䈣 2................................................................................................................250 ѱ䈣 + ࣞ䈃 + 㔏 + ᇴ䈣 1 + ᇴ䈣 2........................................................................................................251 གྷਛ Fùjù Complex sentences..................................................................................................................252 ᒬࡍགྷਛ EuQJOLqIMRRUGLQDWHRPSOH[6HQWHQFH.........................................................................252 ᢵ᧛གྷਛ Continuation of complex sentences.............................................................................................253 䙈䘑གྷਛ Progressive Compound Sentence ................................................................................................254 䘿᤟གྷਛ Selective complex sentence ....................................................................................................256 䖢ᣎགྷਛ Transition complex sentence.......................................................................................................257 ‫ٽ‬䇴གྷਛ Supposition complex sentences...................................................................................................258 ᶗԬགྷਛφਠ㾷……θቧ…… Conditional compound sentence: .........................................................260 ㍝㕟གྷਛ Compact complex sentence: once..then...............................................................................260 ᰬᘷ shí tài Tense.....................................................................................................................................262 ਎ौᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰............................................................................................................262 ᇂᡆᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰............................................................................................................263 䘑㺂ᰬᘷ -uQ[tQJVKtWjL3URJUHVVLYH7HQVH........................................................................................263 ᤷ㔣ᰬᘷᘷ Continuous tense: verb + ⵶....................................................................................................265 㺞⽰⣬ᘷⲺᤷ㔣 Indicates the continuation of the state..........................................................................265 㺞⽰ࣞ֒Ⲻᤷ㔣 Indicates the continuation of the action .......................................................................266 㔅়ᰬᘷ The experience state.................................................................................................................266 ⢯⇀㺞䗴⌋ WqVKnjELӽRGiIӽ6SHFLDOH[SUHVVLRQ ......................................................................................268 䫧ᮦ㺞⽰⌋ TLiQVKELӽRVKuIӽ0RQHQXPEHUQRWDWLRQ....................................................................268 ᰬ䰪㺞⽰⌋ ShíjiƗQELӽRVKuIӽ7LPHQRWDWLRQ......................................................................................268 䫕⛯㺞⽰⌋ ]KǀQJGLӽQELӽRVKuIӽ+RXUQRWDWLRQ.................................................................................269 ᓅᮦ㺞⽰⌋ Ordinal number notation..........................................................................................................269 Ᾰᮦ㺞⽰⌋ Approximate number notation.................................................................................................270 ᮦ䈃 + ཐ + 䠅䈃 Numeral + ཐ + quantifier ...........................................................................................270 ᮦ䈃 + 䠅䈃 + ཐ Numeral + quantifier +ཐ more...................................................................................271 ᕰ䈹Ⲻᯯ⌋ Methods of emphasis ...................................................................................................................272 ⭞ “ቧ” 㺞⽰ᕰ䈹 8VHቧ MXVWWRH[SUHVVHPSKDVLV ................................................................................272 ᢵ᧛གྷਛ Continuation of complex sentences.............................................................................................253 䙈䘑གྷਛ Progressive Compound Sentence ................................................................................................254 䘿᤟གྷਛ Selective complex sentence ................. .. .............................. .. .. .........................................................256 䖢ᣎ 䖢ᣎགྷਛ Transition complex sentence........... .. .. .. .................. .. .......... .. .. .... ................ .. ......................................................257 ‫ٽ‬䇴གྷਛ Supposition complex sentences es es................. .. .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .. .... ........................................................258 ᶗԬགྷਛφਠ㾷……θቧ…… Con on on on on on ondi di di di di ditional com om om om ompoun un un un und d d d d d d senten en en en en ence ce ce ce ce: .........................................................260 ㍝㕟གྷਛ Compact complex sent nt nt nt ntence: once..th th then....................... .. .. ..........................................................260 ᰬᘷ shí tài Tense........................ .. .. .. ................................................ .. .... .. ...............................................................262 ਎ौᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰.......................................... .. .. .... .......... .. .... ........................................................262 ᇂᡆᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰.. .. .. .................................................. .. .. .. ............................................................263 䘑㺂ᰬᘷ -uQ[tQJVKtWjL3URJUHVVL VL VL VL VL VLYH YH YH YH YH YH7HQVH............... .. .. .... .. .. .. .........................................................................263 ᤷ㔣ᰬᘷᘷ Continuous tense: verb + ⵶....................................................................................................265 㺞⽰⣬ᘷⲺᤷ㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 In In In In In In Indi di dica ca ca ca ca ca ca cate te te te te te tes s s s th th th th th th th th th the e e e e co co co co cont nt nt nt nt nt ntin in in in in in in in inua ua ua ua ua uati ti ti ti ti ti tion on on on on on on on o o o o of f f f f th the e e e st st st st st st stat at at at at ate e e e e..........................................................................265 㺞⽰ࣞ֒Ⲻᤷ㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 Indicates th th th th th th th the continuation of the action .......................................................................266 㔅়ᰬᘷ The e e e e e expe pe pe pe perience state te.................................................................................................................266 ⢯⇀㺞䗴⌋ Wq Wq Wq Wq Wq Wq WqVK VK VK VKnj nj nj nj njEL EL EL EL EL EL ELӽR ӽR ӽR ӽR ӽR ӽR ӽRGi Gi Gi Gi Gi Gi GiI I Iӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ6S 6S 6S 6S 6S 6S 6SHFLD LD LD LD LD LD LDO O O O O O OH[ H[ H[ H[ H[ H[ H[SU SU SU SU SU SU SU SU SU SUHV HV HV HV HV HV HV HV HV HVVL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VLRQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ ... .. ............ .... ........ .... ...... .... .... .... ........ .......... .......... ...... .. ...... .. .. .... .... ...... .................268 䫧ᮦ㺞⽰⌋ TL TL TL TL TL TL TLiQ iQ iQ iQ iQ iQ iQVK K K K K K KE E E E E E E ELӽRV RV RV RV RV RVKu Ku Ku Ku Ku KuI I I I I I I Iӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ0R 0R 0R 0R 0R 0R 0R 0RQH QH QH QH QH QH QH QXPE PE PE PE PE PE PEHU HU HU HU HU HUQ Q Q Q Q QRW RW RW RW RW RWDW DW DW DW DW DW DWLR LR LR LR LR LRQ Q Q Q Q Q.. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. ...... .. ...... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ........................................268 ᰬ䰪㺞⽰⌋ ShíjiƗQELӽRVKuIӽ7LPHQRWDWLRQ......................................................................................268 䫕⛯㺞⽰⌋ ]K ]K ]K ]KǀQ ǀQ ǀQ ǀQJG JG JG JGLӽ Lӽ Lӽ Lӽ EL EL EL ELӽR ӽR ӽR ӽRVK VK VK VKu u u uIӽ Iӽ Iӽ Iӽ+ + + + WD WD WD WDWL WL WL WL
13 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . • Marriage/partnership Topic 2: Technology in everyday life • Social media • Mobile technology Topic 3: Free-time activities • Music • Cinema and TV • Food and eating out • Sport Topic 4: Customs and festivals in Chinese-speaking countries/communities Theme 2: Local, national, international and global areas of interest Topic 1: Home, town, neighbourhood and region Topic 2: Social issues • Charity/ voluntary work • Healthy/ unhealthy living Topic 3: Global issues • The environment • Poverty/homelessness Topic 4: Travel and tourism Theme 3: Current and future study and employment Topic 1: My studies • Cinema and TV • Food and eating out • Sport Topic 4: Customs and festivals i i i i i i in n n n n n Chine e e es s s s se-sp p p p p pe e e e e eaking g g g g c c c c countries/communities Theme 2: Local, national, int t t t ternational l l l a a an nd d g gl lo ob b b b ba a a a al l l l l a ar r r r re e e e ea a a a as of interest Topic 1: Home, town, neighb b b b bo o o o ourhood an n n n n n nd d d d d r r r r re e e e eg g g g gi i i i i ion Topic 2: Social issues • Charity/ volun n n n nt t t t t t t ta a a a a a a a ar r r r r ry y y y w w w w w w w w w w wo o o o o o or r r r r rk k k k k k k k k k • Healthy/ unhealthy livi i i i i i ing Topic 3: Glo o o ob b b b ba a a a al l l l l i i i is s s s s ss s s s sue e e e es s s s s s s • The environment
23 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . Then I started from the basic Chinese Grammar, then gradually to the advance levels. I try to present Grammars in the most logic way and give all the sample Chinese sentences the best possible English Translation. In this book, I will arrange Chinese Grammar into following main topics: Part 1 Brief Introduction Part 2 Grammar about Phrases, classified into Noun, Verb, Adjective, Pronouns etc. 11 categories. Part 3 Grammar about Sentence Structure Part 4 Grammar about Grouping Sentences 7KHILUVWERRNZDVSULQWHGLQDQGPDQVWXGHQWVFDOOLW/,)( 6$9,1*IRUWKHLUH[DP7KHERRNJLYHDTXLFNUHYLVLRQIRUWKHFRPLQJ GCSE Chinese, IGCSE Chinese, IB Chinese, SAT Chinese, HSK (Chinese Proficiency Test), YCT (Youth Chinese Test) exam! Grab it. The 2019 edition can be used with our Chinese Vocabulary Books and our Online Video Courses. It takes our years' painful effort to edit and please respect our copy rights. Thanks for your support for us to creating better contents for you! The 2020 version added more sentences to illustrate the grammar concept and the usage. This whole series adjusted accordingly for IGCSE, IB Chinese etc. Part 1 Brief Introduction Part 2 Grammar about Phrases, class s s si i i i if f f f fi i i i ie e e ed d d d d i i i i int t t t to o o o o N N N N N Noun, Verb, Adjective, Pronouns etc. 11 categories. Part 3 Grammar about Sente e e e en n n n n nce Str r r ru u u u uctur r r r r re e e e e e e Part 4 Grammar about Gro o o o ouping S S S Se e en n nt t te e en n nc c ce e es s s 7KHILUVWERRNZDVSULQWHG G G G G GLQD D D D D D D DQ Q Q Q Q QG G G G G GPDQ V V V V V VW W W W W WXGHQWVFDOOLW/,)( 6$9,1*IRUWKHLUH[DP7 7 7 7 7 7K K K K K KH H H H HERRNJ J J J J J JLY Y Y Y Y YH H H H H HD D D D D DTXLFNUHYLVLRQIRUWKHFRPLQJ GCSE Chinese e e e e, , , IG G G G GC C C C CS S S SE Chinese, , IB C C C C C Chines s s s se e e, , , SAT C C C C Chine e e e e e ese, HSK (Chinese Prof f f f f f fi i i i i i i ic c c c c c c ci i i i i i ie e e e e e e en n n n n n n nc c c c c c c c cy y y y y y y y T T T T T Te e e e es s s s s s s s st t t t t t t t t t) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ), , , , , , , , Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y YC C C C C C C C CT T T T T T T ( ( ( ( ( (Y Y Y Y Y Yo o o o o ou u u u u u u ut t t t th h h h h h h C C C C C C C C C Ch h h h h h h h h hi i i i i i i i i in n n n n n n n n ne e e e e e e e e es s s s s s s se e T T T T T T T T Te e e e e e e es s s s s s s s st t t t t t t t t) ) ) ) ) ) ) e e e e e e e e ex x x x x x xa a a am! Grab it. The 2019 ed d d d d di i ition ca a a a an n n n b b b be u u u u us s se e e e e ed d w w w w w wi i ith h our C Chines se V Vocab bulary B B B Book ks and our Online V V V V V V V Vid d d d de e e e e eo o o o o C C C C C C Co o o o o ou u u u ur r r r rs s s s s se e e e e e es s s s s s. It t t t t t t t t t take e e e e es s s s s s s o o o o o ou u u u u ur r r r r y y y y y ye e e e ea a a a a a ar r r r rs s s s s'''' p p p p p p p pa a a a a a a ai i i i in n n n nf f f f f f fu u u u u ul l l l l l l e e e effort to edit and please respect our copy rights. Thanks for your support for us to creating
33 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . Test takers who are able to pass the HSK (Beginner Level) can understand and use oral expressions in Chinese on familiar and routine matters, and meet basic needs for communication. Test takers who are able to pass the HSK (Intermediate Level) can understand and converse in Chinese fluently with native Chinese speakers. Test takers who are able to pass the HSK (Advanced Level) can understand and express him/herself fully, fluently and with ease. III Test Content Test takers who are able to pass the HSK (B B Be e eg g g gi i in nn n ne e er r r L Level) can understand and use oral expressions in Chinese on f f fa a am m m m m mi i i i i i i i i i i i i i il l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l li i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ia ar r an nd d d d d d d d d d r r r r r r r r r r r r r ro outin n ne e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e m m matters, and meet basic needs for communication. Test takers who are able to p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p pa a a ass the HSK (Interm me e e e e ed d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d di i i i i i i i i i i i i ia a a a a at t te e e L L Level) can understand and converse in Chinese flu ue e e e e e e e e e e e ently with n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n na a a ativ v ve e e C C C C Ch h h h h h h h h h h h h h hi i i i i i i i i i i i i in n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n ne e e e e e e es se e s s s s s s s s s s s sp p peakers. Test takers wh h ho o o o o o o o o o a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ar r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r re e e e e e e e e e e e a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ab b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b bl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l le e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t to o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p pa a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a as s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t th h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h he e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H HS S S S S S S S SK K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Ad d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d dv v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v va a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a an n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n nc c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c ce e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e ed d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L Le e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e ev v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v ve e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e el l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) c c c c c c c c c c c ca a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a an n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u un n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n nd d derstand and express him/h h he e er r r r r r r r r r rs s s s s s s s s s s s se e e e e e e e e e e e el l l l l l l l l l l l lf f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f fu u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u ul l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ll l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ly y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y, f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f fl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l lu u u u u u u u u u u u ue e e e e e e e e e e e e e en n n n n n n n n n n n n n nt t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t tl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ly y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y a a a a a a a a a a a a a a an n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n nd d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w wi i i i i it t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t th h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h e e e e e e e e e e e ea a a a a a a a a a as s s s s s s s s s s s se e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e.
43 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . 3. Help learners to improve and evaluate and improve their business Chinese competence. IV. Results Certificate ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 Medical Chinese Proficiency Test (MCT) ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 (MCT) ᱥж亯㘹ḛॱᆜ≿䈣ᓊ⭞≪ᒩⲺḽ߼ौ䈣䀶 ⎁䈋θ⭧ᆊᆆᆜ䲘ᙱ䜞Ƚ≿㘹ള䱻㚊ਾള޻ӊᡶ䠃⛯ॱᆜ䲘ṗާੂ⹊࡬Ⱦॱ ᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 (MCT)ѱ㾷䶘ੇॱᆜщѐ⮏ᆜ⭕Ƚ൞ѣളູཌ⭞≿䈣䘑㺂ॱ ᆜщѐᆜҖⲺᆜ⭕θԛ਀൞ѣളູ޻ཌ⭞≿䈣䘑㺂Ѫᓀ䈀⯍Ⲻ≿䈣䶔ㅢж䈣 䀶ॱᣚᐛ֒Ӱ઎θ㘹ḛެ൞ॱᆜ/ॱ⯍൰Ქѣфᛙ㘻ȽॱᣚӰ઎਀⴮ީӰ઎⭞ ≿䈣䘑㺂Ӛ䱻Ⲻ㜳࣑Ⱦ The Medical Chinese Proficiency Test (MCT) is a standardized language test to test the application level of medical Chinese. It is jointly developed by the Confucius Institute Headquarters and the five key medical schools in the United Nations. The Medical Chinese Proficiency Test (MCT) is mainly for international medical students, students who use Chinese for medical studies outside China, and Chinese non-first language medical staff who use Chinese for clinical diagnosis and treatment in China and abroad. The ability to communicate in Chinese with patients, medical staff and related personnel in the scene. жȽ㜳࣑ᨅ䘦 1. Capability description IV. Results Certificate ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 Me e e e ed d d d d d di ical C C C C C C Chin n n n n n nese P P P P Proficiency Test (MCT) ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 (M M M M MCT) ᱥж亯㘹ḛॱᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿䈣ᓊ⭞≪ᒩⲺḽ߼ौ䈣䀶 ⎁䈋θ θ⭧ᆊᆆᆜ䲘ᙱ䜞Ƚ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿㘹ള䱻㚊 㚊 㚊 㚊 㚊 㚊ਾ ਾ ਾ ਾള ള ള޻ ޻ ޻ӊ ӊ ӊ ӊ ӊ ӊᡶ ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ䠃 䠃 䠃 䠃 䠃 䠃⛯ॱᆜ䲘ṗާੂ⹊࡬Ⱦॱ ᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 (MCT)ѱ㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷䶘ੇॱᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜщ щ щ щ щ щ щѐ ѐ ѐ ѐ ѐ ѐ⮏ ⮏ ⮏ ⮏ ⮏ ⮏ ⮏ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ⭕Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ൞ѣളູཌ⭞≿䈣䘑㺂ॱ ᆜщѐᆜҖⲺᆜ⭕θԛ਀൞ѣ ѣ ѣ ѣ ѣ ѣളູ޻ཌ⭞≿ ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿䈣 䈣 䈣 䈣 䈣 䈣䘑 䘑 䘑 䘑 䘑 䘑 䘑㺂Ѫᓀ䈀⯍Ⲻ≿䈣䶔ㅢж䈣 䀶ॱᣚᐛ֒Ӱ઎θ㘹ḛެ൞ॱᆜ/ॱ ॱ ॱ ॱ ॱ ॱ⯍ ⯍ ⯍ ⯍ ⯍൰ ൰ ൰ ൰ ൰ ൰Ქѣфᛙ㘻ȽॱᣚӰ઎਀⴮ީӰ઎⭞ ≿䈣䘑㺂Ӛ䱻Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ㜳 㜳 㜳 㜳 㜳 㜳 㜳 㜳࣑ ࣑ ࣑ ࣑ ࣑ ࣑ ࣑ ࣑ ࣑Ⱦ The Medical Chinese Proficiency Test (MCT) is a standardized language test to test th h he e e e e e e a a a a a ap pp p p p p pl l l l l li i i i i ic c c ca a a a a a at t t t t t ti i i i io o o on n n n n n n l l l l l l le e e e e evel l l l l o o o o o o of f f f f f f f m m m m m m me e e e e e ed d d d d d di i i i i ic c c c ca a a a a a a a al l l l l l C C C C C Ch h h h h hi i i i in n n n ne e e e e es s se e e e e e. . . . I I I I It t t t t t i i i i i i is s s s s j j j j jo o o oi i i i in n n n n n nt t tl l l l ly y y y y y y d d d d d dev v v v v v ve e e e e el l l l lo o o o op p p p p pe e e e e e ed d d d d d by the Confucius Ins s st t t t t titute He e e ea a a a adq q q q qu u uar r rt t t t te e e e e er r rs a a a a an n n n nd d d d d the five key y y y y m me edical schools in the United Nations. The e e M M M M M M M Me e e ed d d d d di i i i ic c c c ca a a a a al l l l l l C C C C C C Ch h h h hi i i i in n n n n ne e e e e e es s s s s se e e e e e P P P P P P Pro o o o o of f f f f ficie e e en n n n n n nc c c c c cy y y y y y T T T T T Te e e e e e es s s s s st t t ( ( ( ( ( (M M M M M MC C C C C CT T T T T T T T) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) i i i i is s s s s m m m m m m ma a a a a a ai i i i i i i in n n nly for international medical students, students who use Chinese for medical studies outside China, and
53 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ᒪᒪ nián nián Every yearHSK 3 V2021 G11.08 жᒪ ƯQLiQ One year HSK 3 V2021 G12 YAO ਠ ਠ ]KƯ (䠅) 1 [for one of a pair ]: HSK 3 V2021 G09.10 B YAO жਠᢁ Ư]KƯVKԁXone hand HSK 3 V2021 G09.10 B YAO њਠ㙩ᵫ OLӽQJ]KƯČUGXԁ two ears. HSK 3 V2021 G09.10 B YAO жਠ䷁ Ư]KƯ[Lp one shoe HSK 3 V2021 G09.10 B YAO жਠ Ư]KƯ(䠅) 2 [for certain animals such as cat; dog, bird, , boats or containers] : HSK 3 V2021 G09.10 A пਠ呗 VƗQ]KƯMƯ Three chickens HSK 3 V2021 G09.10 жਠ呗 Ư]KƯMƯ one chicken. њਠ㗀 OLӽQJ]KƯiQJ two sheep HSK 3 V2021 G09.10 YAO жਠቅ㡯 Ư]KƯ[LӽRFKXiQa small boat. HSK 3 V2021 G09.10 YAO њਠ㇧ᆆ OLӽQJ]KƯ[LƗQJ]Ltwo suit cases HSK 3 V2021 G09.10 YAO жਠᢁ Ư]KƯVKԁXone hand HSK 3 V2021 G09.10 B YAO њਠ㙩ᵫ OLӽQJ]KƯČUGXԁ two ea a a a ar r r r rs s s s s. H H H H HS S S S SK K K K 3 V V V V V V V2021 G09.10 B YAO жਠ䷁ Ư]KƯ[Lp one sh h h h h ho o o o o oe H H HS S S S SK 3 V V V V V202 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 G09.10 B YAO жਠ Ư]KƯ(䠅) 2 [for cer r r r rtain anim m m m m mals such h h h h a a a a a a as c c ca a a a at; dog, bird, , boats or containers] : HSK 3 V2 2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 021 G09.10 A A A A пਠ呗 VƗQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]K K K K K K KƯ Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư M M M M M M M M M M MƯ Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư T T T T T T T T T Th h h h h h h hr r r r r r r r re e e e e e e e e ee e e e e e e e e e e c c c c c c c ch h h h h h h h h h hi i i i i i i i ic c c c c c ck k k k k k ken n n n n ns s s s s s H H H H H H H H H H H HS S S S S S S S S SK K K K K K K K 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 V V V V V V V V2 2 2 2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 G G G G G G G G G G0 0 0 0 0 0 0 09 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9. . .10 жਠ呗 Ư]KƯMƯ one chicken. њਠ㗀 O O O O OL L L L L L Lӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽQ Q Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J J J ]K K K K K KƯ Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư i i i i i iQ Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J J t t t tw w w w w w wo o o o o sh h h h h he e e e ee e e e ep p p p p H H H H HS S SK K K K K K K 3 3 3 3 3 3 V V V V V V2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 1 G G G09.10 YAO жਠቅ㡯 Ư ]KƯ [LӽRFKXiQa small boat HSK 3 V2021 G09 10
63 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ужᇐ EƯGuQJ (ࢥ) uncertain; not sure; not necessarily so HSK 2 V2021 G19.04A YAO HSK 2 V2021 ԌжᇐՐᡆࣕ WƗƯGuQJKXuFKpQJJǀQJ He will surely succeed. HSK 2 V2021 G19.04A YAO ҕ ҕ Č (ࢥ) 1 (㺞⽰ੂṭ) also; too; as well; either; likewise HSK 1 V2021 G13.02 1 HSK 2 V2009 HSK 1 V2021 Ԍᱥᆜ⭕θᡇҕᱥᆜ⭕Ⱦ 7ƗVKu[XpVKƝQJZԁČVKu[XpVKƝQJ He is a student, and I am also a student. HSK 1 V2021 G13.02A གྷਛ Fùjù Complex Sentences HSK 3 V2021 G60.00 ᒬࡍགྷਛ EuQJOLqIM Compound sentence HSK 3 V2021 G60.01 δҕε... ... ҕ... ... Č
Č (also)... also... HSK 3 V2021 G60.02 ㈤⨹Ԍ௒⅘θᧈ⨹Ԍҕ௒⅘Ⱦ /iQTL~WƗ[ӿKXƗQSiLTL~WƗČ[ӿKXƗQ He likes basketball, and he likes volleyball. HSK 3 V2021 G60.03 䶘ᶗᡇҕ⡧ਹθ㊩侣ᡇҕ⡧ਹȾ 0LjQWLiRZԁČjLFKƯPӿIjQZԁ ČjLFKƯ I also like noodles and rice. HSK 3 V2021 G60.04 ҕ Č (ࢥ) 1 (㺞⽰ੂṭ) also; too; as well; either; likewise HSK 1 V2021 G13.02 1 HSK K K K K 2 2 2 2 2 V20 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 09 9 9 9 9 HS S S S S S SK K K K K 1 V2021 Ԍᱥᆜ⭕θᡇҕᱥᆜ⭕Ⱦ 7 7 7 7 7 7 7ƗVKu[ [ [ [ [ [XpVK K K K K K KƝ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ ƝQJ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZԁČVKu[XpVKƝQJ He is a student, and I am also a s s s s student. H H HS S SK K K 1 1 1 1 1 V2021 G13.02A A གྷਛ Fùjù Complex Sente e e e e en n n n nces HSK 3 V2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 21 G60.00 ᒬࡍགྷਛ EuQ Q Q Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J J J J J JO O O O O O O O OL L L L Lq q q q q q q q I I I I I I I I I       M M M M M M M M          C C C C C C C Co o o o o o o o om m m m m m m m m mp p p p p p po o ou u u u u u un n n n n n n nd d d d d d d d d d s s s s s s se e e e e e e e e en n n n n n n n n nt t t t t t te e e e e en n n n n n nc c c c c c c ce e e e e e e H H H H H H H H H H HS S S S S S S S SK K K K K K K K K 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 V V V V V V V V2021 G60.01 δҕε... ... ҕ... ... Č
Č (also)... also... HSK 3 V2021 G60.02 ㈤⨹Ԍ௒⅘θᧈ⨹Ԍҕ௒⅘Ⱦ /iQTL~WƗ[ӿKXƗQSiLTL~WƗČ[ӿKXƗQ
73 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . With у and verb ԌԢуᶛȾ WƗPHQEOiL They are not coming. With ⋗ and verb Ԍ⋗ᶛȾ WƗPpLOiL He didn't come. Verb-object type verbs (୧ↂθ䐩㡔 etc.) Verbs of motion, methods of transport, purpose in coming and going Verb-object compounds Verb and object can be seperated and insert adjective or phrase to descript the object (noun). ୧ↂ FKjQJJƝ Sing (sing song) ୧ളↂ FKjQJJXyJƝ Sing the national anthem 䐩㡔 WLjRZԃ dance (jump dance) 䐩䑘䑅㡔 WLjRWƯWjZԃ Tap dance ਇ⭫ᆆ䛤Ԭ IƗGLjQ]ӿyXMLjQ send email With ⋗ and verb Ԍ⋗ᶛȾ WƗPpLOiL He didn't co o o o om m m m me. Verb-object type verbs (୧ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂθ䐩㡔 㡔 㡔 㡔 㡔 㡔 㡔 㡔 㡔 㡔 㡔 㡔 㡔 etc c. . . . . . . . . .) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Verbs of motion, method d d d d d d d d d d ds of trans s s s s s s s s s s s sp p p po or rt t t t, p p pu u u u u u ur r rp p p p p p p p p p p p p po o o o o o o o o o o o o o os s s s s s s s s s s se e e e e e e i in n coming and going Verb-object compounds Verb and object can be seperated and insert adjective or p p p p p p phrase to descript the ob b b b b b b bj j j j j j j je e e e e e e e ec c c c c c c ct t t t t t t t t ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (n n n n n n n no o o o o o o ou u u u u u u u un n n n n n n n) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ). . . . . . ୧ↂ F F F F F F F FK K K K K K Kj j jQ Q Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J J JJ J J J J J J JƝ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ S S S S S S S Si i i ing g g g g g ( ( ( ( ( ( (s s s s s s s s si i i i i i in n n n n n ng g g g g g g g g s s s s s so o o o o on n n n n n n n ng g g) ) ) ) ) ) ୧ളↂ F F F F F F F FK K K K K K K Kj j j j jQ Q Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J JJ J J J J JX X X X X X Xy y y y y yJ J J J J JƝ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ S S S S Si i i in n n n n ng t t t th h h h h h he e e e e e n n n n n na a a a a at t t t t ti i i i i io o o o o on n n n n na a a a al l l l l a a a a a a an n n n n n nt t t t t t t th h h h he e e e e e em m m m m m
83 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ଠ‫ݵ‬ Qӽ HU (ԙ
:KHUHVDPHDVଠ䠂 HSK 1 V2021 G03.05 HSK 1 V2009 HSK 1 V2021 ֖Ԣৱଠ‫ݵ‬ϋ 1ӿPHQTQӽ HU Where are you going?HSK 1 V2021 G03.05A 1 ѰӶѾ wèishéme (ԙ) why; why (or how) is it that HSK 2 V2021 G05.02 1 HSK 2 V2009 HSK 2 V2021 ֖ѰӶѾуৱр䈴ϋ 1ӿZqLVKpPHETVKjQJNq Why don't you go to class? HSK 2 V2021 G05.02A ᙄѾ ]ČQPH (ԙ) why; how HSK 1 V2021 G03.10 ֖ᙄѾৱॱ䲘ϋ 1ӿ]ČQPHTƯXjQ How do you get to the hospital? HSK 1 V2021 G03.10A ࠖ Mӿ (ᮦ) 1 how many 2 a few; several; some: HSK 1 V2021 G03 HSK 1 V2009 ⧦൞ࠖ⛯ϋ ;LjQ]jLMӿGLӽQ What time is it now? HSK 1 V2021 G03A 1 ( ) y; y ( ) G05.02 1 HSK 2 V2009 HSK 2 V2021 ֖ѰӶѾуৱр䈴ϋ 1ӿZ Z Z Z Z Z Z Zq q q q q qL L L LVKpP P P P P P PH H H H HE E E E E ETVKjQJNq Why don't you go to class? HSK 2 V20 0 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 2 21 G05 5 5 5 5.02A A A A A A A ᙄѾ ]ČQPH (ԙ) why y y y y; how H H H H H H HSK 1 V V V V V2 2 2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 021 1 1 1 1 G03.10 ֖ᙄѾৱॱ䲘ϋ 1ӿ]ČQ Q Q Q Q QP P P P P PH H H H H HT T T T T T Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư X X X X X Xj j j j j jQ How do you get to the hospital? HS S S S S S S SK K K K K K K K K 1 1 1 1 V V V V V V V V V2 2 2 2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 G G G G G G G G G G G G0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0A A A A ࠖ Mӿ ( ( ( ( ( ӿ ӿ ᮦ ᮦ ᮦ ᮦ ᮦ ᮦ ᮦ ᮦ) ) ) ) ) ) 1 1 1 1 1 h h h h ho o o o o o o ow w w w m m m m ma a a a a an n n n n n n ny y y y y 2 2 2 2 2 2 a a a a f f f fe e e ew w w w w; ; ; ; ; s s s s se e e e ev v v v ve e er r r r r ra a a a a al l l l l; ; ; some e e e e e: HSK 1 V2021 G03 HSK 1 V2009
92 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ж䗯 ƯELƗQ (ࢥ) 2 [ indicating two simultaneous actions] at the same time; simultaneously: Ԍж䗯ᖶࢃ䎦, ж䗯᣿ᔶఉᆆ୧⵶ↂ‫ݵ‬ WƗƯELƗQZӽQJTLiQ]ԁX ƯELƗQOƗNƗLVӽQJ]LFKjQJ]KHJƝHU He strolled along, singing at the top of his voice. ж䗯...ж䗯... ƯELƗQƯELƗQ[used before two verbs respectively to indicate simultaneous actions] while... Ԍж䗯р㖇θж䗯੢丩҆Ⱦ WƗƯELƗQVKjQJZӽQJƯELƗQWƯQJ ƯQuè. He listened to music while surfing the Internet. . . .Ⲻᰬُ (ԁ) [used at the beginning of a sentence as an adverbial adjunct ] when. . . ; at the time. . . HSK 2 V2021 G21.01 YAO ᖉԌ䘑ᶛⲺᰬُθ ᡇԢ↙൞ⵁ⭫㿼Ⱦ GƗQJWƗMuQOiLGHVKtKzX ZԁPHQ]KqQJ]jLNjQGLjQVKu. When he came in, we were watching TV. HSK 2 V2021 G21.01A 1.13 Number, quality, dates and time All numbers up to 1 million ᮦ䈃 shù cí Numeral top of his voice. ж䗯...ж䗯... ƯELƗQƯELƗQ [ [ [ [ [used b b b b b bef f f f fore tw w w w wo verbs respectively to indicate simultaneous action n ns s s s s s s] ] ] ] ] ] whil l l l le e e e e... Ԍж䗯р㖇θж䗯੢丩҆ ҆ ҆ ҆ ҆ ҆Ⱦ WƗƯELƗQVKj j j j j j jQ Q Q Q Q QJZӽQJƯELƗQWƯQJ ƯQuè. He listened to o o music w w w w wh h hi il le e s su ur r r rf f f f fi i i i in n n ng g g g g g t t t t th h h h he Internet. . . .Ⲻᰬُ ( ( (ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ) ) ) ) ) ) [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [u u u u u u u us s s s s s s se e e e e e e e e ed d d d d d d d d d d a a a a a a a at t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t th h h h h h h h he e e e e e e b b be e e e e e eg g g g g g g gi i i i i i i in n n n n n n n nn n n n n n n n ni i i i i i i i in n n n n n n n n ng g g g g g g g o o o o o o of f f f f f f f f a a a a a a a a s s s s s s s se e e e e e e e en n n n n n n n n n nt t t t t t t te e e e e e e en n n n n n n n nc c c c c c c ce e e e e e e e e a as an adverbial adjunct ] wh h h h h h hen. . . ; at t t t t the time. . . HSK 2 V2021 G21.01 YAO ᖉԌ䘑ᶛⲺ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬُ ُ ُ ُ ُ ُ ُθ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇԢ Ԣ Ԣ Ԣ Ԣ Ԣ Ԣ Ԣ Ԣ Ԣ↙ ↙ ↙ ↙ ↙ ↙ ↙ ↙ ↙൞ ൞ ൞ ൞ ൞ ൞ ൞ⵁ⭫ ⭫ ⭫ ⭫ ⭫ ⭫ ⭫ ⭫㿼 㿼 㿼 㿼 㿼 㿼 㿼Ⱦ G G G G G G GƗ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ ƗQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J JW W W W W W W WƗ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ ƗM M M M M M M Mu u u u u u uQ Q Q Q QOiLGHVKtKzX ԁ Kq jL Nj GLj Ku Wh h i t hi
106 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . Part 2: Expanded Grammar by Referring HSK 1-2 V2021 (169 Grammar Points) Part 2: Vocabulary Arranged into 12 categories according Part of speech (䈃㊱), corresponding with Topics and Tasks, such as stated in IB and IGCSE syllabus. Normative grammar level syllabus 㿺㤹ᙝ䈣⌋ㅿ㓝ཝ㓨 +6.9(56,2167$57)520-8/
*5$00$7,$/32,17 䈣⌋⛯ 䇽㊫ Colki Parts of speech 1 ਽䇽 míngcí Noun ᯩս਽䇽 ĈŶŐǁğŝŵşŶŐĐş Location nouns к р shàng (੃) on, above Ẃᆆр ]KXǀ]LVKjQJ On the table Ẃᆆр䗯 ]KXǀ]LVKjQJELDQ On the table Ҝ൞ẂᆆрȾ VKnj]jL]KXǀ]LVKjQJ The book is on the table. р䗯 shàngbian (੃) top; above; over; upper +6 + + .9(56 5 5 5 5 , ,2167$ 7 7 57 5 5 5 5 )5 ) ) 20- -8/ / /
* *5$ $ 5 5 5 5 0 00 0 $ $ $ $ $ $ 0 0 0 0 7 7 7 7 7 7 7, , , , , , , $ $ $ $ $ $ /3 3 3 3 3 3 32 2 2 2 2 2, , ,1 1 1 1 1 17 䈣 䈣 䈣 䈣⌋⛯ 䇽㊫ Colki Parts of speec c c c ch 1 ਽䇽 míngcí Noun n n n n n n n ᯩս਽䇽 Ĉ Ĉ ĈŶ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ ŶŐ Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Őǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğŝ ŝ ŝ ŝ ŝ ŝ ŝ ŝ ŝ ŝ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş şŶ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ ŶŐ Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő ŐĐ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş L L L L L L L L L L L L L Lo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oc c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c ca a a a a a a a a a a a a at t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t ti i i io o o o o on n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n no o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ou u u u u u u u u u u u un n n n n n n n n n n n n n n ns s s s s s s s s s s s s s к р shàng g g g g ( ( ( ( (੃ ੃ ੃ ੃ ੃ ੃ ੃ ੃) ) ) ) ) o o o o on n n n n n, ab b b b b b b bo o o o o ov v v v v ve e e e e e e e e e Ẃᆆр ]KXǀ]LVKjQJ On the table
AQA GCSE Chinese Grammar Guide
AQA GCSE Chinese Grammar Guide
AQA GCSE Chinese Grammar Guide
AQA GCSE Chinese Grammar Guide
AQA GCSE Chinese Grammar Guide
AQA GCSE Chinese Grammar Guide
AQA GCSE Chinese Grammar Guide
AQA GCSE Chinese Grammar Guide
AQA GCSE Chinese Grammar Guide
AQA GCSE Chinese Grammar Guide
AQA GCSE Chinese Grammar Guide

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AQA GCSE Chinese Grammar Guide

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3. 1 | P a g e E d e o & L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . $4$*6(+,1(6(*5$00$5 )281'$7,217,(5 (8673)(',7,21
  • 7. 9(56,211(: 67$1'$5'6)25,17(51$7,21$/+,1(6(/$1*8$*( ('8$7,21 1 http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/202103/t20210329_523304.html (169 *5$ 5 5 00 $ $ $7, $ $ $ $ $/ / / / / / / / /3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 32 2 2 2 2 2 2 2,17 76 7 7 1445 ,//8 / / 67 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 75 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 $ $ $ $ 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7, , , , , , , , , $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 216 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15. 1 1 - $203/( / / 7 ( ( ( 7 7 5( ( ( ( () ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )( ( ( ( 5 5 5( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( )2 2 25 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 528568 (66 9 % 5() ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5,1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 * 1250 5 5 $ 0 0 7, $ $ 9 , , ( ( 9 9 *5 5 5 5 5 5$ $ $ $ $ $ 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5/ /( / / 9 ( ( ( 9 9 /6// $% / / 86 㿺 㿺 㿺 㿺 㿺 㿺 㿺 㿺 㿺 㿺 㿺 㿺 㿺㤹 㤹 㤹 㤹 㤹 㤹 㤹 㤹 㤹 㤹 㤹ᙝ ᙝ ᙝ ᙝ ᙝ ᙝ ᙝ ᙝ ᙝ ᙝ ᙝ ᙝ ᙝ䈣 䈣 䈣 䈣 䈣 䈣 䈣 䈣⌋ ⌋ ⌋ ⌋ ⌋ ⌋ ⌋ ⌋ ⌋ㅿ ㅿ ㅿ ㅿ ㅿ ㅿ ㅿ ㅿ ㅿ ㅿ ㅿ㓝 㓝 㓝 㓝 㓝 㓝 㓝 㓝 㓝 㓝 㓝 㓝 㓝 㓝 㓝ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ㓨 㓨 㓨 㓨 㓨 㓨 㓨 㓨 㓨 㓨 㓨 㓨 㓨 㓨 +6. + + 9 9 9 9 9 9 9( ( ( ( ( (5 5 5 5 5 56 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 ,21 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 67 7 7 7 7 7$ $ $ $ $ $ 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 57 7 7 7 7 7 ) ) ) ) ) )5 5 5 5 5 5 5 52 2 2 2 2 2 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0- - - - - - - -8 8 8 8 8 8/ / / / / / / / / /
  • 17. 6 6 9( 9 9 5 ( ( 6 6 5 5 ,211( 1 1 : ( (
  • 18. 2 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . Contents Preface -AQA GCSE Chinese 8673H V2021.....................................................................................................12 Preface 2021 HSK Chinese New Standards for International Chinese Language Education.............................15 HSK V2021 General Table of Vocabulary and Grammar..................................................................................21 Preface 1: No Grammar in Chinese Language?..................................................................................................22 About the Author: ...............................................................................................................................................25 Our Story ............................................................................................................................................................26 David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Central page ...............................................................................................27 Comparing with HSK Version 2009...................................................................................................................28 II. Test Levels.................................................................................................................................................28 I. Test Target ..................................................................................................................................................30 Comparing HSK Version 2009 with GCSE, IB, CEF ........................................................................................31 HSK Speaking Test (HSKK) ..............................................................................................................................31 Youth Chinese Test.............................................................................................................................................36 Business Chinese Test ........................................................................................................................................40 ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 Medical Chinese Proficiency Test (MCT) .........................................................................43 Notationsφ.........................................................................................................................................................47 Part 1: AQA Minimum Core Grammar ..............................................................................................................48 1 Foundation Tier................................................................................................................................................49 1.1 Nouns .......................................................................................................................................................49 Noun suffixes: ᆆθᇬθ઎........................................................................................................................49 ᆆ ................................................................................................................................................................49 ᇬ ................................................................................................................................................................49 ઎ ................................................................................................................................................................50 1.2 Measure words .........................................................................................................................................51 The following measure words: Ѡθ኷θᒪθਠθཟθᵢθਙ...............................................................51 Ѡ ................................................................................................................................................................51 ኷ ................................................................................................................................................................52 ᒪ ................................................................................................................................................................52 ਠ ................................................................................................................................................................53 ཟ ................................................................................................................................................................54 ᵢ ................................................................................................................................................................54 David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Central page ...............................................................................................27 Comparing with HSK Version 2009...................................................................................................................28 II. Test Levels........................................................... .. .. .. .................. .. .... .............. .. .. .. .. ..........................................................28 I. Test Target ................................................... .. .. .... ................ .. ............ .. .. ................ .. .........................................................30 Comparing HSK Version 2009 with GCSE, I I I I I IB, B, B, B, B, B, CEF ..... .. .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .. ...........................................................31 HSK Speaking Test (HSKK) ..................... .. .. .. .. .................... .. .. ............ .. ............ .. .... .. .. .. ...................................................................31 Youth Chinese Test................................. .. .................................................... .. ............................................................36 Business Chinese Test ......................... .. .. .. .............................................. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...................................................................40 ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 Medical Chinese Pr Pr Pr Pr Proficiency Te Te Te Te Te Test (MCT) ... .. .. .. .... ............ .. .. ............................................................43 Notationsφ............................................. .. .............................................. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ................................................................47 Part 1: AQA Minimum Core Grammar ............... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .....................................................................................48 1 Foundation Tier....... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ........ .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ...............................49 1.1 Nouns .............. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .................................49 Noun suffixes: ᆆθᇬθ઎........................................................................................................................49 ᆆ ................. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ........ .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ........ .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...................49 ᇬ ................. .. .... .. .................. .. .... .. .. .. ........ .. .......... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. ........ .. .. .. .... .. .. ...................................... ...............................................................49 ઎ ............................................................. .. .. .....................................................................................................50 1.2 Measure words .........................................................................................................................................51
  • 19. 3 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ਙ ................................................................................................................................................................55 with ∅ to mean 'every' ...............................................................................................................................56 1.3 Adjectives/ stative verbs...........................................................................................................................56 As predicate: positive and negative ............................................................................................................56 With modifiers: ᖾθ䶔ᑮ..........................................................................................................................57 Modification of nouns with or without Ⲻ ..................................................................................................58 With Ҽ to imply limits have been passed ..................................................................................................59 With Ҽ to imply a new situation................................................................................................................59 Stative verbs as adverbs (ླਹθ䳴ᆜ) ......................................................................................................59 1.4 Exclamations and interjections འ … Ҽ; ⵕ............................................................................................60 1.5 Comparatives ∊; ∊䖹; ᴶ; 䐕/ૂжṭ;...................................................................................................61 Use of ∊.....................................................................................................................................................61 Use of ∊䖹 + adjective ..............................................................................................................................61 Use of ᴶ.....................................................................................................................................................61 Use of 䐕/ૂжṭ to state similarity ...........................................................................................................61 1.6 Adverbs 䶔ᑮθᑮᑮθжᇐθҕθ䘎 , ቧ.............................................................................................62 䶔ᑮ ............................................................................................................................................................62 ᑮᑮ ............................................................................................................................................................62 жᇐ ............................................................................................................................................................62 ҕ ................................................................................................................................................................63 䘎 ................................................................................................................................................................64 ቧ ................................................................................................................................................................65 1.7 Pronouns...................................................................................................................................................69 All personal pronouns, singular and plural.................................................................................................69 Personal pronouns with Ⲻ..........................................................................................................................69 Demonstrative pronouns 䘏θ䛙, ཝᇬ ......................................................................................................70 1.8 Verbs ........................................................................................................................................................71 The verb ᱥ (to be), positive and negative..................................................................................................71 The verb ᴿ (to have), positive and negative ⋗ᴿ .....................................................................................71 Simple sentences with verb and object, positive and negative ...................................................................72 Verb-object type verbs (୧ↂθ䐩㡔 etc.)..................................................................................................73 Verbs of motion, methods of transport, purpose in coming and going.......................................................73 Modal verbs: Րθᜩθ㾷θᓊ䈛θਥԛ ..................................................................................................74 Future intention: ᢉ㇍.................................................................................................................................75 Attitude: ௒⅘θ⡧ .....................................................................................................................................76 Stative verbs as adverbs (ླਹθ䳴ᆜ) ......................................................................................................59 1.4 Exclamations and interjections འ … Ҽ; ⵕ............................................................................................60 1.5 Comparatives ∊; ∊䖹; ᴶ; 䐕/ૂжṭ;................. .. .. .. .... ...................... .... ............................................................61 Use of ∊......................................................... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .......... .. .. ................ .. ........................................................61 Use of ∊䖹 + adjective ........................... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .........................................................................61 Use of ᴶ............................................. .. .. .. .................... .. .. .............. .. .............. .. .. .. ................................................................61 Use of 䐕/ૂжṭ to state similarity y y y y ................... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. ..............................................................61 1.6 Adverbs 䶔ᑮθᑮᑮθжᇐθҕ θҕ θҕ θҕ θҕ θҕθ䘎 , ቧ ቧ............................... .. .. ................................................................62 䶔ᑮ ............................................. ........................ .. .............................. .. .. .. .. ...... ...........................................................62 ᑮᑮ ............................................. .. .. .. .......................... .. .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .... ................ .. .. .............................................................62 жᇐ ................................................... .. .. ........................................ .. .... .. .. .. ...................................................................62 ҕ ................................................................... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .....................................................................................63 䘎 ....................... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ........ .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ...............................64 ቧ ....................... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .................................65 1.7 Pronouns...................................................................................................................................................69 All personal al al p p p p p p pro ro ro ro rono no no no noun un un un un uns, s, s, s, s, s, s, s s s sin in in in ingu gu gu gu gu gu gula la la la la la lar r r r r and pl pl pl pl pl pl pl plur ur ur ur ur ur ur ural al al al al al al. . . . . ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ..................69 Personal pronouns with Ⲻ..........................................................................................................................69 Demonstrat ativ iv iv iv iv iv ive e e e e e pr pr pr pron on on on on onou ou ou ou ouns ns ns ns ns ns ns 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ 䘏θ䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙 䛙, , ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ ཝᇬ . . . ..... .. .......... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .........................................70 1.8 Verbs ........................................................................................................................................................71
  • 20. 4 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . Actions in progress: ൞θ↙൞ ...................................................................................................................77 Requests: 䈭................................................................................................................................................77 Completed actions: Ҽ ................................................................................................................................78 Experiential suffix: 䗽 ................................................................................................................................78 Complements of direction, degree and manner...........................................................................................78 1.9 Prepositions/ co-verbs Ԅθࡦθ൞θ⭞, ආ............................................................................................79 1.10 Interrogatives..........................................................................................................................................81 Questions using ੍......................................................................................................................................81 Choice type questions: questions using 䘎ᱥ .............................................................................................81 Questions using the following interrogatives: ӶѾθ䈷θଠ‫ݵ‬θѰӶѾθ ᙄѾθࠖθଠѠθӶѾᰬ ُθᙄѾθᙄѾṭθཐቇθཐཝθࠖ኷θ.............................................................................................82 Tag questions using ઘθ੝........................................................................................................................85 1.11 Location..................................................................................................................................................86 Giving location using ൞.............................................................................................................................86 Giving location using ᱥ.............................................................................................................................87 Positional phrases using Ⲻδ໏рⲺ⭱ε.................................................................................................87 1.12 Conjunctions...........................................................................................................................................87 Joining nouns to nouns: ૂ .........................................................................................................................87 Saying 'with' ૂθ䐕...................................................................................................................................88 Subjects in parallel 䜳.................................................................................................................................89 Others:.........................................................................................................................................................89 1.13 Number, quality, dates and time.............................................................................................................92 All numbers up to 1 million........................................................................................................................92 Ordinal numbers using ㅢ...........................................................................................................................97 Stating quantities.........................................................................................................................................97 Giving the time and date.............................................................................................................................98 Currencies and prices................................................................................................................................102 Giving the length of time..........................................................................................................................104 Word order when using time expressions.................................................................................................105 Part 2: Expanded Grammar by Referring HSK 1-2 V2021 (169 Grammar Points)..........................................106 Normative grammar level syllabus 㿺㤹ᙝ䈣⌋ㅿ㓝ཝ㓨...............................................................................106 䈃㊱ Cílèi Parts of speech.........................................................................................................................106 1 ੃䈃 míngcí Noun ...........................................................................................................................106 ᯯփ੃䈃 )ƗQJZqLPtQJFt/RFDWLRQQRXQV..........................................................................................106 2 ࣞ䈃 dòngcí Verb..................................................................................................................................112 Choice type questions: questions using 䘎ᱥ .............................................................................................81 Questions using the following interrogatives: ӶѾθ䈷θଠ‫ݵ‬θѰӶѾθ ᙄѾθࠖθଠѠθӶѾᰬ ُθᙄѾθᙄѾṭθཐቇθཐཝθࠖ኷θ............... .. .. .. .... .. .. ................ .. .. .. ................................................................82 Tag questions using ઘθ੝.............................. .. .. .................. .. .. ........ .. .............. .. .. .... .. ........................................................85 1.11 Location................................................ .... .. .. .................. .. .. ............ .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ..........................................................86 Giving location using ൞....................... .. .. .. .. .................. .. .. .... .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .. ............................................................86 Giving location using ᱥ................... .. .. .. .................... .. .. ............ .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ........................................................................87 Positional phrases using Ⲻδ໏р ໏р ໏р ໏р ໏р ໏рⲺ⭱ε..................................... .. .. .. ..............................................................87 1.12 Conjunctions........................... .. .............................................. .... .. .. .. ....................................................................87 Joining nouns to nouns: ૂ ......... .. .......................... .. .. .................... .... .. .. ............ .. .. .. ............................................................87 Saying 'with' ૂθ䐕....................... .. .. .. ................................................ .. .. .... ..............................................................88 Subjects in parallel 䜳........................... .... .. .. .......................... .. .... .. .. ............................................................................89 Others:.........................................................................................................................................................89 1.13 Number, quali li li li li li li lity ty ty ty ty ty, da da da date te te te te te te tes s s s s s an an an an an an and d d d d d d d d d ti ti ti ti ti ti time me me me me me me me............................................................................. .. .. .. .. .. ..................................92 All numbers up t t t t t t to 1 1 1 mi mi mi mi mi mi mi mill ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll llio io io io io io ion n n n n n n........................................................................................................................92 Ordinal numbers using ㅢ...........................................................................................................................97 Stating quan an an anti ti ti ti ti ti titi ti ti ti ti ti ties.. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .......... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ...................97 Giving the tim im im im im ime e e an an an an and d d d d da da date te te te te. ... .. .. .. ........ .. .. .. ........ .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .............................. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ............ .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. ..............................................98 Currencies a a and nd nd nd nd nd nd p p pri ri ri ri ri rice ce ces............................... ...................................................................................................102 Giving the length of time..........................................................................................................................104
  • 21. 5 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃 Néng yuàn dòngcí modal verbs ...........................................................................................112 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃 Auxiliary Verb to express wish................................................................................................114 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃φ䈛Ƚ ᓊ䈛 Wishful verbs: should, should.............................................................................115 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃φ᝵ᝅ Willing .........................................................................................................................116 ࣞ䈃䠃ਖφVerb overlap AAȽ A ж AȽ A Ҽ AȽABABȽA ⵶ A ⵶ȽAABBȽ ж A ж BȽ ᘳ A ᘳ B...........................................................................................................................................................116 3 ԙ䈃 dàicí Pronouns.............................................................................................................................117 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Interrogative pronouns ཐȽཐቇȽଠȽଠѠȽଠ䠂ȽଠӑȽӶѾȽ䈷ȽᙄѾȽࠖ.........117 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Interrogative Pronouns ཐѻȽѰӶѾȽᙄѾṭȽᙄṭ ........................................................121 Ӱ〦ԙ䈃 UpQFKƝQJGjLFt3HUVRQDO3URQRXQV .......................................................................................123 Ӱ〦ԙ䈃φPersonal pronouns ࡡӰȽ ཝᇬȽ ᆹȽ ᆹԢȽ ૧Ƚ ૧ԢȽ 㠠ᐧ...................................124 ᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative Pronoun 䘏Ƚ䛙Ƚ䛙䠂Ƚ䛙ӑȽ䛙ѠȽࡡⲺȽᴿⲺ...................................128 ᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative pronouns 䛙ѾȽ䛙ṭȽ 䘏ѾȽ 䘏ṭ.......................................................131 5 ᮦ䈃 shù cí Numeral .............................................................................................................................135 6 䠅䈃 liàngcí Classifier; Measure Word (MW)......................................................................................140 ੃䠅䈃 Noun quantifier ᶥȽᵢȽѠȽᇬȽ䰪ȽਙȽඍȽ享................................................................140 ੃䠅䈃φ ቸ ሷ Ԭ ᶗ փ..........................................................................................................................142 ࣞ䠅䈃 Verbal quantifiers : 䚃 ⅗ ൰ ഔ с..............................................................................................145 7 ࢥ䈃 fùcí Adverb .................................................................................................................................149 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Degree 䶔ᑮȽᖾȽའȽⵕȽᴶ...........................................................................149 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of degree: ཐȽཐѾȽ ླȽ ᴪȽ ॷ࠼Ƚ ⢯ࡡȽᥰȽ ᴿδ ж ε⛯‫ݵ‬................150 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Range, synergy adverbs 䜳Ƚжඍ‫ݵ‬Ƚж䎭...............................................................155 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverbs: ‫ޞ‬ȽжާȽਠ......................................................................156 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 6KtMLƗQIFt$GYHUEVRIWLPH 傢рȽ‫ݾ‬Ƚᴿᰬ/ᴿᰬُȽ൞Ƚ↙Ƚ↙൞ ..........................157 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time ࡐȽࡐࡐȽ䘎Ƚ ᘳ❬Ƚж⴪Ƚᐨ㔅..........................................................159 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, Repetitive Adverbs ᑮȽ߃.......................................................................164 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, repetitive adverbs 䠃᯦Ƚ㔅ᑮȽ㘷Ƚ㘷ᱥȽ৾......................................165 ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associative Adverb 䘎.............................................................................................................169 ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associated adverbs: ቧ ............................................................................................................170 ੜᇐࢥ䈃 )ԁXGuQJfùcí Negative Adverbs ࡡȽуȽ⋗Ƚ⋗ᴿ ..........................................................171 ᯯᕅࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Manner ᭻ᝅ .........................................................................................................174 ᛻ᘷࢥ䈃 Modal adverbs ᗻ亱ȽᐤуཐȽླ‫܅‬ȽжᇐȽҕ䇮.............................................................175 䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of tone ᢃȽ䜳ȽቧȽ↙ླ.......................................................................................178 8 ԁ䈃 jiècí Preposition...........................................................................................................................182 ⯇䰤 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Interrogative Pronouns ཐѻȽѰӶѾȽᙄѾṭȽᙄṭ ........................................................121 Ӱ〦ԙ䈃 UpQFKƝQJGjLFt3HUVRQDO3URQRXQV .......................................................................................123 Ӱ〦ԙ䈃φPersonal pronouns ࡡӰȽ ཝᇬȽ ᆹȽ ᆹԢ ᆹԢ ᆹԢ ᆹԢ ᆹԢ ᆹԢȽ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧Ƚ ૧ԢȽ 㠠ᐧ...................................124 ᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative Pronoun 䘏Ƚ䛙Ƚ䛙䠂 䛙䠂 䛙䠂 䛙䠂 䛙䠂 䛙䠂Ƚ䛙ӑȽ ӑȽ ӑȽ ӑȽ ӑȽ ӑȽ ӑȽ䛙ѠȽࡡ Ƚࡡ Ƚࡡ Ƚࡡ Ƚࡡ Ƚࡡ ȽࡡⲺȽᴿⲺ...................................128 ᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative pronouns 䛙Ѿ 䛙Ѿ 䛙Ѿ 䛙Ѿ 䛙Ѿ 䛙Ѿ 䛙ѾȽ䛙ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ 䘏Ѿ 䘏Ѿ 䘏Ѿ 䘏Ѿ 䘏Ѿ 䘏ѾȽ 䘏ṭ. . . . .......................................................131 5 ᮦ䈃 shù cí Numeral ....................... .. .. .. .. .................... .. .. .............. .. .. .. .............. .. .... .. .. ............................................................135 6 䠅䈃 liàngcí Classifier; Measure Wo Wo Wo Wo Word (MW MW) ) ) ) )......................................................................................140 ੃䠅䈃 Noun quantifier ᶥȽᵢȽѠȽᇬȽ䰪ȽਙȽඍȽ享..... .. .. .............................................................140 ੃䠅䈃φ 䈃φ ቸ ሷ Ԭ ᶗ փ............ .. ........................ .. ................................ .. .. .. ...... ........................................................142 ࣞ䠅䈃 Verbal quantifiers : 䚃 ⅗ ⅗ ⅗ ⅗ ⅗ ⅗ ൰ ഔ с........ .. ................ .... .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ..........................................................145 7 ࢥ䈃 fùcí Adverb ....................... .... .. .......................................... .. .... .. .. ................................................................149 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Degree 䶔ᑮȽᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ ȽᖾȽའ Ƚའ Ƚའ Ƚའ Ƚའ ȽའȽⵕ Ƚⵕ Ƚⵕ Ƚⵕ Ƚⵕ ȽⵕȽᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ...........................................................................149 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverb rb rb rb rb rb rb rbs s s of of of of of of d d d d d d deg eg eg eg eg eg eg egre re re re re re re ree: e: e: e: e: e: ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾȽ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡȽᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ ȽᥰȽ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ж ж ε⛯‫ݵ‬................150 㤹പ 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ ੂࢥ䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 R R R R R R R R Ran an an an an an an an ange ge ge ge ge ge ge ge ge ge ge, , , sy sy sy sy sy sy sy syne ne ne ne ne nerg rg rg rg rg rgy y y y y y y y y ad ad ad ad ad ad ad ad ad ad adve ve ve ve ve ve ve verb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rbs s s s s s s 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚжඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ жඍ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ..............................155 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverbs: ‫ޞ‬ȽжާȽਠ......................................................................156 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 6K 6K 6K 6K 6K 6K 6KtMLƗ LƗ LƗ LƗ LƗ LƗ LƗQ Q Q Q Q Q QI I I I I I I IFt Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft$ $ $ $ $ $GY GY GY GY GY GYHU HU HU HU HU HU HU HU HUEVRI I I I I I I IWL WL WL WL WL WL WL WLPH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢р 傢рȽ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ/ /ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ ُȽ൞Ƚ ൞Ƚ ൞Ƚ ൞Ƚ ൞Ƚ ൞Ƚ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ ↙Ƚ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ ↙൞ . . . . ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .................157 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time ࡐȽࡐࡐȽ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎 Ƚ䘎Ƚ ᘳ❬ ᘳ❬ ᘳ❬ ᘳ❬Ƚж⴪Ƚ ⴪Ƚ ⴪Ƚᐨ㔅..........................................................159 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ གྷࢥ䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 F F F F F Fre re re re requ qu qu qu qu quen en en en en ency cy cy cy cy, , , , Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Repe pe pe pe pe pe pe peti ti ti ti ti ti titi ti ti ti ti ti tive ve ve ve ve A A A A A Adver er er er erbs bs bs bs bs bs bs ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ߃ ߃ ߃ ߃ ߃ ߃ ߃. . ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ........................................164 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, repetitive adverbs 䠃᯦Ƚ㔅ᑮȽ㘷Ƚ㘷ᱥȽ৾......................................165
  • 22. 6 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ᡶ Bring out the time and place ԄȽ൞...........................................................................182 ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪 Lead time ᖉȽᖉ. . .Ⲻᰬُ....................................................................................................183 ᕋ࠰ᯯੇȽ 䐥ᖺ Leading direction and path ᖶȽੇȽԄ.....................................................................184 ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Bring out Objects 䐕ȽૂȽ∊ ................................................................................................190 ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Leading objects ሯȽ㔏Ƚ⿱ ...................................................................................................191 ᕋ࠰ⴤⲺȽ৕ഖ Lead purpose and reason Ѱ.........................................................................................197 9 䘔䈃 liáncí Conjunction........................................................................................................................198 㺞⽰㚊ਾީ㌱ Indicates a joint relationship 䐕Ƚ䘎ᱥȽᡌ㘻Ƚૂ........................................................198 䘔᧛䈃ᡌ⸣䈣φConnective words or phrases ᡌȽᡌ㘻........................................................................199 䘔᧛࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ Connective clauses or sentences у䗽ȽռȽռᱥȽ㙂ъȽ䛙Ƚྸ᷒Ƚ㲳❬Ƚਠ㾷 ..................................................................................................................................................................200 10 ࣟ䈃 Zhùcí Particle...........................................................................................................................202 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃 Structural particles ⲺȽ൦Ƚᗍ...............................................................................................202 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃φᗍ Dé Structural particle ....................................................................................................203 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic particleφ 䗽.............................................................................................................204 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic: ҼȽ⵶Ƚ.................................................................................................................205 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃φ⵶ Dynamic particle..............................................................................................................206 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ੝ȽҼȽ੍Ƚઘ.........................................................................................207 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ஀ Ƚ੝ȽⲺ................................................................................................209 ެԌࣟ䈃φOther auxiliary words Ⲻ䈓Ƚㅿ...........................................................................................211 11 ਯ䈃 Interjection ஸȽ஀........................................................................................................................213 ⸣䈣 duӽnyԃ Phrase .....................................................................................................................................214 ᮦ䠅⸣䈣 VKOLjQJGXӽQԃ4XDQWLWSKUDVH...........................................................................................214 㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Structure type..........................................................................................................................214 ะᵢ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Basic structure type..........................................................................................................214 ެԌ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Other structure types ........................................................................................................217 ࣕ㜳㊱ශ *ǀQJQpQJOqL[tQ)XQFWLRQWSH+6.9*..........................................................219 ੃䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Noun phrase.........................................................................................................................219 ࣞ䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Verb phrase..........................................................................................................................219 ᖘᇯ䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Adjective phrases.............................................................................................................220 രᇐ⸣䈣 Fixed phrase ................................................................................................................................220 ެԌ Other ...........................................................................................................................................220 രᇐṲᕅ Fixed Pattern....................................................................................................................................223 䘎ᱥ……੝ ..............................................................................................................................................223 䘔᧛䈃ᡌ⸣䈣φConnective words or phrases ᡌȽᡌ㘻........................................................................199 䘔᧛࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ Connective clauses or sentences у䗽ȽռȽռᱥȽ㙂ъȽ䛙Ƚྸ᷒Ƚ㲳❬Ƚਠ㾷 ................................................................................... .... .. .. .. .................... .. .. .. .... .. ...........................................................200 10 ࣟ䈃 Zhùcí Particle................................... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .. ........ .. .. .............. .... .. .. ......................................................202 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃 Structural particles ⲺȽ൦Ƚᗍ ᗍ ᗍ ᗍ ᗍ ᗍ................ .. .. .. ............ .. .................. .. .. .. .......................................................202 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃φᗍ Dé Structural particle e e e e e ................. .............. .. .. .............. .. .... .. .. .. ...........................................................203 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic particleφ 䗽... .. .. .... .................... ........................................................................................204 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic: ҼȽ⵶Ƚ..... .. .. .................................................... .. .. .. ............................................................205 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃φ⵶ Dynamic particle...................... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .......... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... ........................................................206 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ੝ȽҼ ȽҼ ȽҼ ȽҼ ȽҼ ȽҼȽ੍Ƚઘ... .. .. .................. .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ..........................................................207 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ஀ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ Ƚ੝ȽⲺ................................. .... .. .. .. .. ...............................................................209 ެԌࣟ䈃φOther auxiliary words Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓Ƚㅿ Ƚㅿ Ƚㅿ Ƚㅿ Ƚㅿ Ƚㅿ........... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ................................................................................211 11 ਯ䈃 Interjection on on on on on ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ஀ ஀ ஀ ஀ ஀ ஀ ஀... .. .. .. .............................. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. ........ .. .. .. ........ .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ............ .. .... .. .. .. .. .......... .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .. .. .................................213 ⸣䈣 duӽnyԃ Phra rase se se se se se se se se . ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ..............................214 ᮦ䠅⸣䈣 VKOLjQJGXӽQԃ4XDQWLWSKUDVH...........................................................................................214 㔉ᶺ㊱ශ St St St St St St Stru ru ru ru ru ruct ct ct ctur ur ur ur ur ure e e e e ty ty ty ty ty ty type pe pe pe pe pe pe..... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ........ .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .................214 ะᵢ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ Basic structure type pe pe pe pe pe......... .. .. ...................................................................................................214 ެԌ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ ㊱ශ Ot Ot Ot Ot Othe he he he he her r r r r st st st st st stru ru ru ru ru ruct ct ct ct ct ctur ur ur ur ure e e e e ty ty ty ty ty ty type pe pe pe pe pe pes s s s s s ..... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .................... ........ ........ ...... .... .... .. .... .. .... ...... .. ...... .... .... .... .........................................217 ࣕ㜳㊱ශ *ǀQJ QJQpQJ QJOqL[tQ)XQFWLRQWS SH+6.9*..........................................................219
  • 23. 7 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ৾... ... ৾... ... ...........................................................................................................................................224 δ൞ε... ... ԛࢃ/ԛ੄/ࢃ/੄...................................................................................................................224 ਛᆆᡆ࠼ jù zӿ chéngfèn Sentence Elements...........................................................................................226 ѱ䈣 ]Kԃԃ6XEMHFW...............................................................................................................................226 䉉䈣 ZqLԃ3UHGLFDWH............................................................................................................................226 䉉䈣 Predicate......................................................................................................................................227 ੃䈃Ƚԙ䈃Ƚᮦ䈃ᡌᮦ䠅⸣䈣Ƚ੃䈃ᙝ⸣䈣֒䉉䈣 Nouns, pronouns, numerals or quantitative phrases, nominal 227 ᇴ䈣 EƯQԃ2EMHFW.................................................................................................................................228 ᇐ䈣 GuQJԃ$WWULEXWLYH.......................................................................................................................229 ੃䈃ᙝ䈃䈣Ƚᖘᇯ䈃ᙝ䈃䈣Ƚᮦ䈃⸣䈣֒ᇐ䈣Ⱦ...............................................................................229 ⣬䈣 ]KXjQJԃ$GYHUELDO....................................................................................................................230 㺛䈣 Complement .......................................................................................................................................231 㔉᷒㺛䈣 1 Result Complement 1............................................................................................................231 䏁ੇ㺛䈣 1 Tendency Complement 1 ......................................................................................................233 ᮦ䠅㺛䈣 1: ࣞ䈃ηࣞ䠅㺛䈣 Quantity Complement 1......................................................................235 ᮦ䠅㺛䈣 2: ᖘᇯ䈃ηᮦ䠅㺛䈣 Quantity Complement 2..................................................................236 ਛᆆⲺ㊱ශ jùzi de lèixíng Type of sentence ............................................................................................237 ਛශ Jù xíng Sentence pattern ..............................................................................................................237 ঋਛ 'ƗQM6LQJOH6HQWHQFH ................................................................................................................237 ѱ䉉ਛ ]KԃZqLM6XEMHFW-Predicate Sentence ................................................................................237 ᖘᇯ䈃䉉䈣ਛ ;tQJUyQJFtZqLԃM Adjective-predicate sentence .....................................................238 䶔ѱ䉉ਛ )ƝL]KԃZqLM1RQ-subject-predicate sentence ...................................................................238 ѱ䉉ਛ 3: ੃䈃䉉䈣ਛ Subject-Predicate Sentence 3: Noun-Predicate Sentence....................................238 䱾䘦ਛ chénshùjù Declarative Sentence ..............................................................................................239 ⯇䰤ਛ Yíwènjù Interrogative sentence ...............................................................................................239 ⽾ֵਛ 4tVKӿM,PSHUDWLYH6HQWHQFH....................................................................................................240 ᝕ਯਛ *ӽQWjQM([FODPDWRU6HQWHQFH.............................................................................................241 ⢯⇀ਛශ 7qVKnjM[tQJ6SHFLDOVHQWHQFHSDWWHUQV ..............................................................................241 “ᴿ”ᆍਛ ³ԁX´]uM+DYHVHQWHQFH ..............................................................................................242 “ᴿ” ᆍਛ 2 “ᴿ Have” sentence 2 ..........................................................................................................242 ᆎ⧦ਛ 1: 㺞⽰ᆎ൞ There is/are …............................................................................................................243 䘔ࣞਛ 1 Double verbs.............................................................................................................................245 ∊䖹ਛ %ӿMLjRMRPSDUDWLYH6HQWHQFH...............................................................................................245 ᇴ䈣 EƯQԃ2EMHFW.................................................................................................................................228 ᇐ䈣 GuQJԃ$WWULEXWLYH.......................................................................................................................229 ੃䈃ᙝ䈃䈣Ƚᖘᇯ䈃ᙝ䈃䈣Ƚᮦ䈃⸣䈣֒ᇐ䈣Ⱦ..................... .. .. .. .... ..........................................................229 ⣬䈣 ]KXjQJԃ$GYHUELDO........................... .. .. .................. .. .. .. ........ .. ................ .. .......................................................230 㺛䈣 Complement ....................................... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ........................................................231 㔉᷒㺛䈣 1 Result Complement 1..... .. .... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. .. .............................................................231 䏁ੇ㺛䈣 1 Tendency Complemen en ent t t t t 1 ............... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .............................................................233 ᮦ䠅㺛䈣 1: ࣞ䈃ηࣞ䠅㺛䈣 Qu Qu Qu Qu Quantity Complement 1........... .. .............................................................235 ᮦ䠅㺛䈣 2: ᖘᇯ䈃ηᮦ䠅㺛䈣 㺛䈣 㺛䈣 㺛䈣 㺛䈣 㺛䈣 Quantity C C C Com om ompl plem emen ent t t t t 2 2 2 2 2....... .. .. .. ...... .........................................................236 ਛᆆⲺ㊱ශ jùzi de lèixíng Type of of of of of sentence ....... .. .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .... ................ .. .. ...........................................................237 ਛශ Jù xíng Sentence pattern ....... .. .. ...................................... .. .. .... .. .. .. ...................................................................237 ঋਛ 'ƗQM6LQJOH6HQWHQFH ................................................................................................................237 ѱ䉉ਛ ]Kԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃZq Zq Zq Zq Zq Zq Zq Zq Zq ZqLM M M M M M M M M M6 6 6 6 6 6XE XE XE XE XE XE XE XE XEMH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MH MHFW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW- - -Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pred ed ed ed ed ed ed ed ed ed edic ic ic ic ic ic ic ic icat at at at at at at at ate e e e e e e Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Sent nt nt nt nt nt nten ence ce ce ce ce ce ce . . ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...............................237 ᖘᇯ䈃䉉䈣ਛ ;t ;t ;t ;t ;t ;t ;t ;t ;t ;tQJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJUy Uy Uy Uy Uy Uy Uy Uy Uy Uy UyQJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJ QJFt Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft FtZ Z Z Z Z ZqL qL qL qL qL qL qL qL qL qL ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM ԃM            Ad Ad Ad Ad Ad Ad Ad Ad Ad Adje je je je je je je ject ct ct ct ct ctiv iv iv iv iv iv ive e e e e e e e-pr pr pr pr pr pr pr pr pred ed ed ed ed ed ed ed edic ic ic ic ic ic ic icat at at at at at at ate e e e e e e e se se se se se se se sent nt nt nt nt nt nt nten en en en en en en en en ence ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ..... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ..............................238 䶔ѱ䉉ਛ )ƝL]KԃZqLM1RQ-subject-predicate sentence ...................................................................238 ѱ䉉ਛ 3: ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃 ੃䈃䉉䈣 䉉䈣 䉉䈣 䉉䈣 䉉䈣 䉉䈣 䉉䈣ਛ ਛ ਛ ਛ ਛ ਛ ਛ ਛ Su Su Su Su Su Su Subj bj bj bj bj bj bjec ec ec ec ec ect t t t t t- - - - -Pred ed ed ed edic ic ic ic ic ic ic icat at at at at at at ate e e e e e e Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Sent nt nt nt nt nten en en en ence ce ce ce ce ce ce 3: : : No No No No No Noun un un un un- - -Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pred ed ed ed edic ic ic ic icat at at at at ate e e e e e Se Se Se Se Se Sent nt nt nt nt nten en en en en ence ce ce ce ce ce ce. . . . ... .. .. ...... .. .. .. ...... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .................238 䱾䘦ਛ chén én én én én énshùj ùj ùj ùj ùjù ù ù ù ù De De De Decl cl cl cl cl clarat at at ative Se Se Se Se Se Sent nt nt nt nt nten en en en ence ce ce ce ce ............................. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. ...........................................239 ⯇䰤ਛ Yí Yí Yíw w w w w wèn èn èn ènjù jù jù jù jù jù I Int nt nt nt nter erro ro ro ro ro roga ga ga ga gati ti ti ti tive s s s s s sen en en en en en ente te te te te tenc nc nc nce e e e e e ...............................................................................................239 ⽾ֵਛ 4tVKӿM,PSHUDWLYH6HQWHQFH....................................................................................................240
  • 24. 8 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ∊䖹ਛ 2 Comparative sentence 2................................................................................................................246 ∊䖹ਛ 3 Comparative sentence 3................................................................................................................248 “ᱥ... ... Ⲻ” ਛ 1φ,W VRIVHQWHQFHWRHPSKDVL]H...................................................................................249 ਂᇴ䈣ਛ Double object sentence................................................................................................................250 ѱ䈣 + ࣞ䈃 + ᇴ䈣 1 + ᇴ䈣 2................................................................................................................250 ѱ䈣 + ࣞ䈃 + 㔏 + ᇴ䈣 1 + ᇴ䈣 2........................................................................................................251 གྷਛ Fùjù Complex sentences..................................................................................................................252 ᒬࡍགྷਛ EuQJOLqIMRRUGLQDWHRPSOH[6HQWHQFH.........................................................................252 ᢵ᧛གྷਛ Continuation of complex sentences.............................................................................................253 䙈䘑གྷਛ Progressive Compound Sentence ................................................................................................254 䘿᤟གྷਛ Selective complex sentence ....................................................................................................256 䖢ᣎགྷਛ Transition complex sentence.......................................................................................................257 ‫ٽ‬䇴གྷਛ Supposition complex sentences...................................................................................................258 ᶗԬགྷਛφਠ㾷……θቧ…… Conditional compound sentence: .........................................................260 ㍝㕟གྷਛ Compact complex sentence: once..then...............................................................................260 ᰬᘷ shí tài Tense.....................................................................................................................................262 ਎ौᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰............................................................................................................262 ᇂᡆᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰............................................................................................................263 䘑㺂ᰬᘷ -uQ[tQJVKtWjL3URJUHVVLYH7HQVH........................................................................................263 ᤷ㔣ᰬᘷᘷ Continuous tense: verb + ⵶....................................................................................................265 㺞⽰⣬ᘷⲺᤷ㔣 Indicates the continuation of the state..........................................................................265 㺞⽰ࣞ֒Ⲻᤷ㔣 Indicates the continuation of the action .......................................................................266 㔅়ᰬᘷ The experience state.................................................................................................................266 ⢯⇀㺞䗴⌋ WqVKnjELӽRGiIӽ6SHFLDOH[SUHVVLRQ ......................................................................................268 䫧ᮦ㺞⽰⌋ TLiQVKELӽRVKuIӽ0RQHQXPEHUQRWDWLRQ....................................................................268 ᰬ䰪㺞⽰⌋ ShíjiƗQELӽRVKuIӽ7LPHQRWDWLRQ......................................................................................268 䫕⛯㺞⽰⌋ ]KǀQJGLӽQELӽRVKuIӽ+RXUQRWDWLRQ.................................................................................269 ᓅᮦ㺞⽰⌋ Ordinal number notation..........................................................................................................269 Ᾰᮦ㺞⽰⌋ Approximate number notation.................................................................................................270 ᮦ䈃 + ཐ + 䠅䈃 Numeral + ཐ + quantifier ...........................................................................................270 ᮦ䈃 + 䠅䈃 + ཐ Numeral + quantifier +ཐ more...................................................................................271 ᕰ䈹Ⲻᯯ⌋ Methods of emphasis ...................................................................................................................272 ⭞ “ቧ” 㺞⽰ᕰ䈹 8VHቧ MXVWWRH[SUHVVHPSKDVLV ................................................................................272 ᢵ᧛གྷਛ Continuation of complex sentences.............................................................................................253 䙈䘑གྷਛ Progressive Compound Sentence ................................................................................................254 䘿᤟གྷਛ Selective complex sentence ................. .. .............................. .. .. .........................................................256 䖢ᣎ 䖢ᣎགྷਛ Transition complex sentence........... .. .. .. .................. .. .......... .. .. .... ................ .. ......................................................257 ‫ٽ‬䇴གྷਛ Supposition complex sentences es es................. .. .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .. .... ........................................................258 ᶗԬགྷਛφਠ㾷……θቧ…… Con on on on on on ondi di di di di ditional com om om om ompoun un un un und d d d d d d senten en en en en ence ce ce ce ce: .........................................................260 ㍝㕟གྷਛ Compact complex sent nt nt nt ntence: once..th th then....................... .. .. ..........................................................260 ᰬᘷ shí tài Tense........................ .. .. .. ................................................ .. .... .. ...............................................................262 ਎ौᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰.......................................... .. .. .... .......... .. .... ........................................................262 ᇂᡆᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰.. .. .. .................................................. .. .. .. ............................................................263 䘑㺂ᰬᘷ -uQ[tQJVKtWjL3URJUHVVL VL VL VL VL VLYH YH YH YH YH YH7HQVH............... .. .. .... .. .. .. .........................................................................263 ᤷ㔣ᰬᘷᘷ Continuous tense: verb + ⵶....................................................................................................265 㺞⽰⣬ᘷⲺᤷ㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 In In In In In In Indi di dica ca ca ca ca ca ca cate te te te te te tes s s s th th th th th th th th th the e e e e co co co co cont nt nt nt nt nt ntin in in in in in in in inua ua ua ua ua uati ti ti ti ti ti tion on on on on on on on o o o o of f f f f th the e e e st st st st st st stat at at at at ate e e e e..........................................................................265 㺞⽰ࣞ֒Ⲻᤷ㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 㔣 Indicates th th th th th th th the continuation of the action .......................................................................266 㔅়ᰬᘷ The e e e e e expe pe pe pe perience state te.................................................................................................................266 ⢯⇀㺞䗴⌋ Wq Wq Wq Wq Wq Wq WqVK VK VK VKnj nj nj nj njEL EL EL EL EL EL ELӽR ӽR ӽR ӽR ӽR ӽR ӽRGi Gi Gi Gi Gi Gi GiI I Iӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ6S 6S 6S 6S 6S 6S 6SHFLD LD LD LD LD LD LDO O O O O O OH[ H[ H[ H[ H[ H[ H[SU SU SU SU SU SU SU SU SU SUHV HV HV HV HV HV HV HV HV HVVL VL VL VL VL VL VL VL VLRQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ ... .. ............ .... ........ .... ...... .... .... .... ........ .......... .......... ...... .. ...... .. .. .... .... ...... .................268 䫧ᮦ㺞⽰⌋ TL TL TL TL TL TL TLiQ iQ iQ iQ iQ iQ iQVK K K K K K KE E E E E E E ELӽRV RV RV RV RV RVKu Ku Ku Ku Ku KuI I I I I I I Iӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ0R 0R 0R 0R 0R 0R 0R 0RQH QH QH QH QH QH QH QXPE PE PE PE PE PE PEHU HU HU HU HU HUQ Q Q Q Q QRW RW RW RW RW RWDW DW DW DW DW DW DWLR LR LR LR LR LRQ Q Q Q Q Q.. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. ...... .. ...... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ........................................268 ᰬ䰪㺞⽰⌋ ShíjiƗQELӽRVKuIӽ7LPHQRWDWLRQ......................................................................................268 䫕⛯㺞⽰⌋ ]K ]K ]K ]KǀQ ǀQ ǀQ ǀQJG JG JG JGLӽ Lӽ Lӽ Lӽ EL EL EL ELӽR ӽR ӽR ӽRVK VK VK VKu u u uIӽ Iӽ Iӽ Iӽ+ + + + WD WD WD WDWL WL WL WL
  • 25. 13 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . • Marriage/partnership Topic 2: Technology in everyday life • Social media • Mobile technology Topic 3: Free-time activities • Music • Cinema and TV • Food and eating out • Sport Topic 4: Customs and festivals in Chinese-speaking countries/communities Theme 2: Local, national, international and global areas of interest Topic 1: Home, town, neighbourhood and region Topic 2: Social issues • Charity/ voluntary work • Healthy/ unhealthy living Topic 3: Global issues • The environment • Poverty/homelessness Topic 4: Travel and tourism Theme 3: Current and future study and employment Topic 1: My studies • Cinema and TV • Food and eating out • Sport Topic 4: Customs and festivals i i i i i i in n n n n n Chine e e es s s s se-sp p p p p pe e e e e eaking g g g g c c c c countries/communities Theme 2: Local, national, int t t t ternational l l l a a an nd d g gl lo ob b b b ba a a a al l l l l a ar r r r re e e e ea a a a as of interest Topic 1: Home, town, neighb b b b bo o o o ourhood an n n n n n nd d d d d r r r r re e e e eg g g g gi i i i i ion Topic 2: Social issues • Charity/ volun n n n nt t t t t t t ta a a a a a a a ar r r r r ry y y y w w w w w w w w w w wo o o o o o or r r r r rk k k k k k k k k k • Healthy/ unhealthy livi i i i i i ing Topic 3: Glo o o ob b b b ba a a a al l l l l i i i is s s s s ss s s s sue e e e es s s s s s s • The environment
  • 26. 23 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . Then I started from the basic Chinese Grammar, then gradually to the advance levels. I try to present Grammars in the most logic way and give all the sample Chinese sentences the best possible English Translation. In this book, I will arrange Chinese Grammar into following main topics: Part 1 Brief Introduction Part 2 Grammar about Phrases, classified into Noun, Verb, Adjective, Pronouns etc. 11 categories. Part 3 Grammar about Sentence Structure Part 4 Grammar about Grouping Sentences 7KHILUVWERRNZDVSULQWHGLQDQGPDQVWXGHQWVFDOOLW/,)( 6$9,1*IRUWKHLUH[DP7KHERRNJLYHDTXLFNUHYLVLRQIRUWKHFRPLQJ GCSE Chinese, IGCSE Chinese, IB Chinese, SAT Chinese, HSK (Chinese Proficiency Test), YCT (Youth Chinese Test) exam! Grab it. The 2019 edition can be used with our Chinese Vocabulary Books and our Online Video Courses. It takes our years' painful effort to edit and please respect our copy rights. Thanks for your support for us to creating better contents for you! The 2020 version added more sentences to illustrate the grammar concept and the usage. This whole series adjusted accordingly for IGCSE, IB Chinese etc. Part 1 Brief Introduction Part 2 Grammar about Phrases, class s s si i i i if f f f fi i i i ie e e ed d d d d i i i i int t t t to o o o o N N N N N Noun, Verb, Adjective, Pronouns etc. 11 categories. Part 3 Grammar about Sente e e e en n n n n nce Str r r ru u u u uctur r r r r re e e e e e e Part 4 Grammar about Gro o o o ouping S S S Se e en n nt t te e en n nc c ce e es s s 7KHILUVWERRNZDVSULQWHG G G G G GLQD D D D D D D DQ Q Q Q Q QG G G G G GPDQ V V V V V VW W W W W WXGHQWVFDOOLW/,)( 6$9,1*IRUWKHLUH[DP7 7 7 7 7 7K K K K K KH H H H HERRNJ J J J J J JLY Y Y Y Y YH H H H H HD D D D D DTXLFNUHYLVLRQIRUWKHFRPLQJ GCSE Chinese e e e e, , , IG G G G GC C C C CS S S SE Chinese, , IB C C C C C Chines s s s se e e, , , SAT C C C C Chine e e e e e ese, HSK (Chinese Prof f f f f f fi i i i i i i ic c c c c c c ci i i i i i ie e e e e e e en n n n n n n nc c c c c c c c cy y y y y y y y T T T T T Te e e e es s s s s s s s st t t t t t t t t t) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ), , , , , , , , Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y YC C C C C C C C CT T T T T T T ( ( ( ( ( (Y Y Y Y Y Yo o o o o ou u u u u u u ut t t t th h h h h h h C C C C C C C C C Ch h h h h h h h h hi i i i i i i i i in n n n n n n n n ne e e e e e e e e es s s s s s s se e T T T T T T T T Te e e e e e e es s s s s s s s st t t t t t t t t) ) ) ) ) ) ) e e e e e e e e ex x x x x x xa a a am! Grab it. The 2019 ed d d d d di i ition ca a a a an n n n b b b be u u u u us s se e e e e ed d w w w w w wi i ith h our C Chines se V Vocab bulary B B B Book ks and our Online V V V V V V V Vid d d d de e e e e eo o o o o C C C C C C Co o o o o ou u u u ur r r r rs s s s s se e e e e e es s s s s s. It t t t t t t t t t take e e e e es s s s s s s o o o o o ou u u u u ur r r r r y y y y y ye e e e ea a a a a a ar r r r rs s s s s'''' p p p p p p p pa a a a a a a ai i i i in n n n nf f f f f f fu u u u u ul l l l l l l e e e effort to edit and please respect our copy rights. Thanks for your support for us to creating
  • 27. 33 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . Test takers who are able to pass the HSK (Beginner Level) can understand and use oral expressions in Chinese on familiar and routine matters, and meet basic needs for communication. Test takers who are able to pass the HSK (Intermediate Level) can understand and converse in Chinese fluently with native Chinese speakers. Test takers who are able to pass the HSK (Advanced Level) can understand and express him/herself fully, fluently and with ease. III Test Content Test takers who are able to pass the HSK (B B Be e eg g g gi i in nn n ne e er r r L Level) can understand and use oral expressions in Chinese on f f fa a am m m m m mi i i i i i i i i i i i i i il l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l li i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ia ar r an nd d d d d d d d d d r r r r r r r r r r r r r ro outin n ne e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e m m matters, and meet basic needs for communication. Test takers who are able to p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p pa a a ass the HSK (Interm me e e e e ed d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d di i i i i i i i i i i i i ia a a a a at t te e e L L Level) can understand and converse in Chinese flu ue e e e e e e e e e e e ently with n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n na a a ativ v ve e e C C C C Ch h h h h h h h h h h h h h hi i i i i i i i i i i i i in n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n ne e e e e e e es se e s s s s s s s s s s s sp p peakers. Test takers wh h ho o o o o o o o o o a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ar r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r re e e e e e e e e e e e a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ab b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b bl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l le e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t to o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p pa a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a as s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t th h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h he e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H HS S S S S S S S SK K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Ad d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d dv v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v va a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a an n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n nc c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c ce e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e ed d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L Le e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e ev v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v ve e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e el l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) c c c c c c c c c c c ca a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a an n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u un n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n nd d derstand and express him/h h he e er r r r r r r r r r rs s s s s s s s s s s s se e e e e e e e e e e e el l l l l l l l l l l l lf f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f fu u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u ul l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ll l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ly y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y, f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f fl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l lu u u u u u u u u u u u ue e e e e e e e e e e e e e en n n n n n n n n n n n n n nt t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t tl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ly y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y a a a a a a a a a a a a a a an n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n nd d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w wi i i i i it t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t th h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h e e e e e e e e e e e ea a a a a a a a a a as s s s s s s s s s s s se e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e.
  • 28. 43 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . 3. Help learners to improve and evaluate and improve their business Chinese competence. IV. Results Certificate ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 Medical Chinese Proficiency Test (MCT) ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 (MCT) ᱥж亯㘹ḛॱᆜ≿䈣ᓊ⭞≪ᒩⲺḽ߼ौ䈣䀶 ⎁䈋θ⭧ᆊᆆᆜ䲘ᙱ䜞Ƚ≿㘹ള䱻㚊ਾള޻ӊᡶ䠃⛯ॱᆜ䲘ṗާੂ⹊࡬Ⱦॱ ᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 (MCT)ѱ㾷䶘ੇॱᆜщѐ⮏ᆜ⭕Ƚ൞ѣളູཌ⭞≿䈣䘑㺂ॱ ᆜщѐᆜҖⲺᆜ⭕θԛ਀൞ѣളູ޻ཌ⭞≿䈣䘑㺂Ѫᓀ䈀⯍Ⲻ≿䈣䶔ㅢж䈣 䀶ॱᣚᐛ֒Ӱ઎θ㘹ḛެ൞ॱᆜ/ॱ⯍൰Ქѣфᛙ㘻ȽॱᣚӰ઎਀⴮ީӰ઎⭞ ≿䈣䘑㺂Ӛ䱻Ⲻ㜳࣑Ⱦ The Medical Chinese Proficiency Test (MCT) is a standardized language test to test the application level of medical Chinese. It is jointly developed by the Confucius Institute Headquarters and the five key medical schools in the United Nations. The Medical Chinese Proficiency Test (MCT) is mainly for international medical students, students who use Chinese for medical studies outside China, and Chinese non-first language medical staff who use Chinese for clinical diagnosis and treatment in China and abroad. The ability to communicate in Chinese with patients, medical staff and related personnel in the scene. жȽ㜳࣑ᨅ䘦 1. Capability description IV. Results Certificate ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 Me e e e ed d d d d d di ical C C C C C C Chin n n n n n nese P P P P Proficiency Test (MCT) ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 (M M M M MCT) ᱥж亯㘹ḛॱᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿䈣ᓊ⭞≪ᒩⲺḽ߼ौ䈣䀶 ⎁䈋θ θ⭧ᆊᆆᆜ䲘ᙱ䜞Ƚ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿㘹ള䱻㚊 㚊 㚊 㚊 㚊 㚊ਾ ਾ ਾ ਾള ള ള޻ ޻ ޻ӊ ӊ ӊ ӊ ӊ ӊᡶ ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ䠃 䠃 䠃 䠃 䠃 䠃⛯ॱᆜ䲘ṗާੂ⹊࡬Ⱦॱ ᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 (MCT)ѱ㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷䶘ੇॱᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜщ щ щ щ щ щ щѐ ѐ ѐ ѐ ѐ ѐ⮏ ⮏ ⮏ ⮏ ⮏ ⮏ ⮏ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ⭕Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ൞ѣളູཌ⭞≿䈣䘑㺂ॱ ᆜщѐᆜҖⲺᆜ⭕θԛ਀൞ѣ ѣ ѣ ѣ ѣ ѣളູ޻ཌ⭞≿ ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿ ≿䈣 䈣 䈣 䈣 䈣 䈣䘑 䘑 䘑 䘑 䘑 䘑 䘑㺂Ѫᓀ䈀⯍Ⲻ≿䈣䶔ㅢж䈣 䀶ॱᣚᐛ֒Ӱ઎θ㘹ḛެ൞ॱᆜ/ॱ ॱ ॱ ॱ ॱ ॱ⯍ ⯍ ⯍ ⯍ ⯍൰ ൰ ൰ ൰ ൰ ൰Ქѣфᛙ㘻ȽॱᣚӰ઎਀⴮ީӰ઎⭞ ≿䈣䘑㺂Ӛ䱻Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ㜳 㜳 㜳 㜳 㜳 㜳 㜳 㜳࣑ ࣑ ࣑ ࣑ ࣑ ࣑ ࣑ ࣑ ࣑Ⱦ The Medical Chinese Proficiency Test (MCT) is a standardized language test to test th h he e e e e e e a a a a a ap pp p p p p pl l l l l li i i i i ic c c ca a a a a a at t t t t t ti i i i io o o on n n n n n n l l l l l l le e e e e evel l l l l o o o o o o of f f f f f f f m m m m m m me e e e e e ed d d d d d di i i i i ic c c c ca a a a a a a a al l l l l l C C C C C Ch h h h h hi i i i in n n n ne e e e e es s se e e e e e. . . . I I I I It t t t t t i i i i i i is s s s s j j j j jo o o oi i i i in n n n n n nt t tl l l l ly y y y y y y d d d d d dev v v v v v ve e e e e el l l l lo o o o op p p p p pe e e e e e ed d d d d d by the Confucius Ins s st t t t t titute He e e ea a a a adq q q q qu u uar r rt t t t te e e e e er r rs a a a a an n n n nd d d d d the five key y y y y m me edical schools in the United Nations. The e e M M M M M M M Me e e ed d d d d di i i i ic c c c ca a a a a al l l l l l C C C C C C Ch h h h hi i i i in n n n n ne e e e e e es s s s s se e e e e e P P P P P P Pro o o o o of f f f f ficie e e en n n n n n nc c c c c cy y y y y y T T T T T Te e e e e e es s s s s st t t ( ( ( ( ( (M M M M M MC C C C C CT T T T T T T T) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) i i i i is s s s s m m m m m m ma a a a a a ai i i i i i i in n n nly for international medical students, students who use Chinese for medical studies outside China, and
  • 29. 53 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ᒪᒪ nián nián Every yearHSK 3 V2021 G11.08 жᒪ ƯQLiQ One year HSK 3 V2021 G12 YAO ਠ ਠ ]KƯ (䠅) 1 [for one of a pair ]: HSK 3 V2021 G09.10 B YAO жਠᢁ Ư]KƯVKԁXone hand HSK 3 V2021 G09.10 B YAO њਠ㙩ᵫ OLӽQJ]KƯČUGXԁ two ears. HSK 3 V2021 G09.10 B YAO жਠ䷁ Ư]KƯ[Lp one shoe HSK 3 V2021 G09.10 B YAO жਠ Ư]KƯ(䠅) 2 [for certain animals such as cat; dog, bird, , boats or containers] : HSK 3 V2021 G09.10 A пਠ呗 VƗQ]KƯMƯ Three chickens HSK 3 V2021 G09.10 жਠ呗 Ư]KƯMƯ one chicken. њਠ㗀 OLӽQJ]KƯiQJ two sheep HSK 3 V2021 G09.10 YAO жਠቅ㡯 Ư]KƯ[LӽRFKXiQa small boat. HSK 3 V2021 G09.10 YAO њਠ㇧ᆆ OLӽQJ]KƯ[LƗQJ]Ltwo suit cases HSK 3 V2021 G09.10 YAO жਠᢁ Ư]KƯVKԁXone hand HSK 3 V2021 G09.10 B YAO њਠ㙩ᵫ OLӽQJ]KƯČUGXԁ two ea a a a ar r r r rs s s s s. H H H H HS S S S SK K K K 3 V V V V V V V2021 G09.10 B YAO жਠ䷁ Ư]KƯ[Lp one sh h h h h ho o o o o oe H H HS S S S SK 3 V V V V V202 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 G09.10 B YAO жਠ Ư]KƯ(䠅) 2 [for cer r r r rtain anim m m m m mals such h h h h a a a a a a as c c ca a a a at; dog, bird, , boats or containers] : HSK 3 V2 2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 021 G09.10 A A A A пਠ呗 VƗQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]K K K K K K KƯ Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư M M M M M M M M M M MƯ Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư T T T T T T T T T Th h h h h h h hr r r r r r r r re e e e e e e e e ee e e e e e e e e e e c c c c c c c ch h h h h h h h h h hi i i i i i i i ic c c c c c ck k k k k k ken n n n n ns s s s s s H H H H H H H H H H H HS S S S S S S S S SK K K K K K K K 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 V V V V V V V V2 2 2 2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 G G G G G G G G G G0 0 0 0 0 0 0 09 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9. . .10 жਠ呗 Ư]KƯMƯ one chicken. њਠ㗀 O O O O OL L L L L L Lӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽQ Q Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J J J ]K K K K K KƯ Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư i i i i i iQ Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J J t t t tw w w w w w wo o o o o sh h h h h he e e e ee e e e ep p p p p H H H H HS S SK K K K K K K 3 3 3 3 3 3 V V V V V V2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 1 G G G09.10 YAO жਠቅ㡯 Ư ]KƯ [LӽRFKXiQa small boat HSK 3 V2021 G09 10
  • 30. 63 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ужᇐ EƯGuQJ (ࢥ) uncertain; not sure; not necessarily so HSK 2 V2021 G19.04A YAO HSK 2 V2021 ԌжᇐՐᡆࣕ WƗƯGuQJKXuFKpQJJǀQJ He will surely succeed. HSK 2 V2021 G19.04A YAO ҕ ҕ Č (ࢥ) 1 (㺞⽰ੂṭ) also; too; as well; either; likewise HSK 1 V2021 G13.02 1 HSK 2 V2009 HSK 1 V2021 Ԍᱥᆜ⭕θᡇҕᱥᆜ⭕Ⱦ 7ƗVKu[XpVKƝQJZԁČVKu[XpVKƝQJ He is a student, and I am also a student. HSK 1 V2021 G13.02A གྷਛ Fùjù Complex Sentences HSK 3 V2021 G60.00 ᒬࡍགྷਛ EuQJOLqIM Compound sentence HSK 3 V2021 G60.01 δҕε... ... ҕ... ... Č
  • 31. Č (also)... also... HSK 3 V2021 G60.02 ㈤⨹Ԍ௒⅘θᧈ⨹Ԍҕ௒⅘Ⱦ /iQTL~WƗ[ӿKXƗQSiLTL~WƗČ[ӿKXƗQ He likes basketball, and he likes volleyball. HSK 3 V2021 G60.03 䶘ᶗᡇҕ⡧ਹθ㊩侣ᡇҕ⡧ਹȾ 0LjQWLiRZԁČjLFKƯPӿIjQZԁ ČjLFKƯ I also like noodles and rice. HSK 3 V2021 G60.04 ҕ Č (ࢥ) 1 (㺞⽰ੂṭ) also; too; as well; either; likewise HSK 1 V2021 G13.02 1 HSK K K K K 2 2 2 2 2 V20 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 09 9 9 9 9 HS S S S S S SK K K K K 1 V2021 Ԍᱥᆜ⭕θᡇҕᱥᆜ⭕Ⱦ 7 7 7 7 7 7 7ƗVKu[ [ [ [ [ [XpVK K K K K K KƝ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ ƝQJ Z Z Z Z Z Z ZԁČVKu[XpVKƝQJ He is a student, and I am also a s s s s student. H H HS S SK K K 1 1 1 1 1 V2021 G13.02A A གྷਛ Fùjù Complex Sente e e e e en n n n nces HSK 3 V2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 21 G60.00 ᒬࡍགྷਛ EuQ Q Q Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J J J J J JO O O O O O O O OL L L L Lq q q q q q q q I I I I I I I I I       M M M M M M M M          C C C C C C C Co o o o o o o o om m m m m m m m m mp p p p p p po o ou u u u u u un n n n n n n nd d d d d d d d d d s s s s s s se e e e e e e e e en n n n n n n n n nt t t t t t te e e e e en n n n n n nc c c c c c c ce e e e e e e H H H H H H H H H H HS S S S S S S S SK K K K K K K K K 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 V V V V V V V V2021 G60.01 δҕε... ... ҕ... ... Č
  • 32. Č (also)... also... HSK 3 V2021 G60.02 ㈤⨹Ԍ௒⅘θᧈ⨹Ԍҕ௒⅘Ⱦ /iQTL~WƗ[ӿKXƗQSiLTL~WƗČ[ӿKXƗQ
  • 33. 73 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . With у and verb ԌԢуᶛȾ WƗPHQEOiL They are not coming. With ⋗ and verb Ԍ⋗ᶛȾ WƗPpLOiL He didn't come. Verb-object type verbs (୧ↂθ䐩㡔 etc.) Verbs of motion, methods of transport, purpose in coming and going Verb-object compounds Verb and object can be seperated and insert adjective or phrase to descript the object (noun). ୧ↂ FKjQJJƝ Sing (sing song) ୧ളↂ FKjQJJXyJƝ Sing the national anthem 䐩㡔 WLjRZԃ dance (jump dance) 䐩䑘䑅㡔 WLjRWƯWjZԃ Tap dance ਇ⭫ᆆ䛤Ԭ IƗGLjQ]ӿyXMLjQ send email With ⋗ and verb Ԍ⋗ᶛȾ WƗPpLOiL He didn't co o o o om m m m me. Verb-object type verbs (୧ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂ ↂθ䐩㡔 㡔 㡔 㡔 㡔 㡔 㡔 㡔 㡔 㡔 㡔 㡔 㡔 etc c. . . . . . . . . .) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Verbs of motion, method d d d d d d d d d d ds of trans s s s s s s s s s s s sp p p po or rt t t t, p p pu u u u u u ur r rp p p p p p p p p p p p p po o o o o o o o o o o o o o os s s s s s s s s s s se e e e e e e i in n coming and going Verb-object compounds Verb and object can be seperated and insert adjective or p p p p p p phrase to descript the ob b b b b b b bj j j j j j j je e e e e e e e ec c c c c c c ct t t t t t t t t ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (n n n n n n n no o o o o o o ou u u u u u u u un n n n n n n n) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ). . . . . . ୧ↂ F F F F F F F FK K K K K K Kj j jQ Q Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J J JJ J J J J J J JƝ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ S S S S S S S Si i i ing g g g g g ( ( ( ( ( ( (s s s s s s s s si i i i i i in n n n n n ng g g g g g g g g s s s s s so o o o o on n n n n n n n ng g g) ) ) ) ) ) ୧ളↂ F F F F F F F FK K K K K K K Kj j j j jQ Q Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J JJ J J J J JX X X X X X Xy y y y y yJ J J J J JƝ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ S S S S Si i i in n n n n ng t t t th h h h h h he e e e e e n n n n n na a a a a at t t t t ti i i i i io o o o o on n n n n na a a a al l l l l a a a a a a an n n n n n nt t t t t t t th h h h he e e e e e em m m m m m
  • 34. 83 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ଠ‫ݵ‬ Qӽ HU (ԙ
  • 35. :KHUHVDPHDVଠ䠂 HSK 1 V2021 G03.05 HSK 1 V2009 HSK 1 V2021 ֖Ԣৱଠ‫ݵ‬ϋ 1ӿPHQTQӽ HU Where are you going?HSK 1 V2021 G03.05A 1 ѰӶѾ wèishéme (ԙ) why; why (or how) is it that HSK 2 V2021 G05.02 1 HSK 2 V2009 HSK 2 V2021 ֖ѰӶѾуৱр䈴ϋ 1ӿZqLVKpPHETVKjQJNq Why don't you go to class? HSK 2 V2021 G05.02A ᙄѾ ]ČQPH (ԙ) why; how HSK 1 V2021 G03.10 ֖ᙄѾৱॱ䲘ϋ 1ӿ]ČQPHTƯXjQ How do you get to the hospital? HSK 1 V2021 G03.10A ࠖ Mӿ (ᮦ) 1 how many 2 a few; several; some: HSK 1 V2021 G03 HSK 1 V2009 ⧦൞ࠖ⛯ϋ ;LjQ]jLMӿGLӽQ What time is it now? HSK 1 V2021 G03A 1 ( ) y; y ( ) G05.02 1 HSK 2 V2009 HSK 2 V2021 ֖ѰӶѾуৱр䈴ϋ 1ӿZ Z Z Z Z Z Z Zq q q q q qL L L LVKpP P P P P P PH H H H HE E E E E ETVKjQJNq Why don't you go to class? HSK 2 V20 0 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 2 21 G05 5 5 5 5.02A A A A A A A ᙄѾ ]ČQPH (ԙ) why y y y y; how H H H H H H HSK 1 V V V V V2 2 2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 021 1 1 1 1 G03.10 ֖ᙄѾৱॱ䲘ϋ 1ӿ]ČQ Q Q Q Q QP P P P P PH H H H H HT T T T T T Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư X X X X X Xj j j j j jQ How do you get to the hospital? HS S S S S S S SK K K K K K K K K 1 1 1 1 V V V V V V V V V2 2 2 2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 G G G G G G G G G G G G0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0A A A A ࠖ Mӿ ( ( ( ( ( ӿ ӿ ᮦ ᮦ ᮦ ᮦ ᮦ ᮦ ᮦ ᮦ) ) ) ) ) ) 1 1 1 1 1 h h h h ho o o o o o o ow w w w m m m m ma a a a a an n n n n n n ny y y y y 2 2 2 2 2 2 a a a a f f f fe e e ew w w w w; ; ; ; ; s s s s se e e e ev v v v ve e er r r r r ra a a a a al l l l l; ; ; some e e e e e: HSK 1 V2021 G03 HSK 1 V2009
  • 36. 92 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . ж䗯 ƯELƗQ (ࢥ) 2 [ indicating two simultaneous actions] at the same time; simultaneously: Ԍж䗯ᖶࢃ䎦, ж䗯᣿ᔶఉᆆ୧⵶ↂ‫ݵ‬ WƗƯELƗQZӽQJTLiQ]ԁX ƯELƗQOƗNƗLVӽQJ]LFKjQJ]KHJƝHU He strolled along, singing at the top of his voice. ж䗯...ж䗯... ƯELƗQƯELƗQ[used before two verbs respectively to indicate simultaneous actions] while... Ԍж䗯р㖇θж䗯੢丩҆Ⱦ WƗƯELƗQVKjQJZӽQJƯELƗQWƯQJ ƯQuè. He listened to music while surfing the Internet. . . .Ⲻᰬُ (ԁ) [used at the beginning of a sentence as an adverbial adjunct ] when. . . ; at the time. . . HSK 2 V2021 G21.01 YAO ᖉԌ䘑ᶛⲺᰬُθ ᡇԢ↙൞ⵁ⭫㿼Ⱦ GƗQJWƗMuQOiLGHVKtKzX ZԁPHQ]KqQJ]jLNjQGLjQVKu. When he came in, we were watching TV. HSK 2 V2021 G21.01A 1.13 Number, quality, dates and time All numbers up to 1 million ᮦ䈃 shù cí Numeral top of his voice. ж䗯...ж䗯... ƯELƗQƯELƗQ [ [ [ [ [used b b b b b bef f f f fore tw w w w wo verbs respectively to indicate simultaneous action n ns s s s s s s] ] ] ] ] ] whil l l l le e e e e... Ԍж䗯р㖇θж䗯੢丩҆ ҆ ҆ ҆ ҆ ҆Ⱦ WƗƯELƗQVKj j j j j j jQ Q Q Q Q QJZӽQJƯELƗQWƯQJ ƯQuè. He listened to o o music w w w w wh h hi il le e s su ur r r rf f f f fi i i i in n n ng g g g g g t t t t th h h h he Internet. . . .Ⲻᰬُ ( ( (ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ) ) ) ) ) ) [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [u u u u u u u us s s s s s s se e e e e e e e e ed d d d d d d d d d d a a a a a a a at t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t th h h h h h h h he e e e e e e b b be e e e e e eg g g g g g g gi i i i i i i in n n n n n n n nn n n n n n n n ni i i i i i i i in n n n n n n n n ng g g g g g g g o o o o o o of f f f f f f f f a a a a a a a a s s s s s s s se e e e e e e e en n n n n n n n n n nt t t t t t t te e e e e e e en n n n n n n n nc c c c c c c ce e e e e e e e e a as an adverbial adjunct ] wh h h h h h hen. . . ; at t t t t the time. . . HSK 2 V2021 G21.01 YAO ᖉԌ䘑ᶛⲺ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬ ᰬُ ُ ُ ُ ُ ُ ُθ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇԢ Ԣ Ԣ Ԣ Ԣ Ԣ Ԣ Ԣ Ԣ Ԣ↙ ↙ ↙ ↙ ↙ ↙ ↙ ↙ ↙൞ ൞ ൞ ൞ ൞ ൞ ൞ⵁ⭫ ⭫ ⭫ ⭫ ⭫ ⭫ ⭫ ⭫㿼 㿼 㿼 㿼 㿼 㿼 㿼Ⱦ G G G G G G GƗ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ ƗQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J JW W W W W W W WƗ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ ƗM M M M M M M Mu u u u u u uQ Q Q Q QOiLGHVKtKzX ԁ Kq jL Nj GLj Ku Wh h i t hi
  • 37. 106 | P a g e E d e o L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d . Part 2: Expanded Grammar by Referring HSK 1-2 V2021 (169 Grammar Points) Part 2: Vocabulary Arranged into 12 categories according Part of speech (䈃㊱), corresponding with Topics and Tasks, such as stated in IB and IGCSE syllabus. Normative grammar level syllabus 㿺㤹ᙝ䈣⌋ㅿ㓝ཝ㓨 +6.9(56,2167$57)520-8/
  • 38. *5$00$7,$/32,17 䈣⌋⛯ 䇽㊫ Colki Parts of speech 1 ਽䇽 míngcí Noun ᯩս਽䇽 ĈŶŐǁğŝŵşŶŐĐş Location nouns к р shàng (੃) on, above Ẃᆆр ]KXǀ]LVKjQJ On the table Ẃᆆр䗯 ]KXǀ]LVKjQJELDQ On the table Ҝ൞ẂᆆрȾ VKnj]jL]KXǀ]LVKjQJ The book is on the table. р䗯 shàngbian (੃) top; above; over; upper +6 + + .9(56 5 5 5 5 , ,2167$ 7 7 57 5 5 5 5 )5 ) ) 20- -8/ / /
  • 39. * *5$ $ 5 5 5 5 0 00 0 $ $ $ $ $ $ 0 0 0 0 7 7 7 7 7 7 7, , , , , , , $ $ $ $ $ $ /3 3 3 3 3 3 32 2 2 2 2 2, , ,1 1 1 1 1 17 䈣 䈣 䈣 䈣⌋⛯ 䇽㊫ Colki Parts of speec c c c ch 1 ਽䇽 míngcí Noun n n n n n n n ᯩս਽䇽 Ĉ Ĉ ĈŶ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ ŶŐ Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Őǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁ ǁğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğ ğŝ ŝ ŝ ŝ ŝ ŝ ŝ ŝ ŝ ŝ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵ ŵş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş şŶ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ ŶŐ Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő Ő ŐĐ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đ Đş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş ş L L L L L L L L L L L L L Lo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oc c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c ca a a a a a a a a a a a a at t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t ti i i io o o o o on n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n no o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ou u u u u u u u u u u u un n n n n n n n n n n n n n n ns s s s s s s s s s s s s s к р shàng g g g g ( ( ( ( (੃ ੃ ੃ ੃ ੃ ੃ ੃ ੃) ) ) ) ) o o o o on n n n n n, ab b b b b b b bo o o o o ov v v v v ve e e e e e e e e e Ẃᆆр ]KXǀ]LVKjQJ On the table