HSK Grammar Quick Reference

1 | P a g e E D E O & L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s r e s e r v e d .
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2 | P a g e E D E O L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s r e s e r v e d .
Contents
Chinese Grammar Version 2021.........................................................................................................................21
HSK Version 2021 Preface.................................................................................................................................23
General Table of Vocabulary and Grammar.......................................................................................................28
Preface 1: No Grammar in Chinese Language?..................................................................................................29
About the Author: ...............................................................................................................................................31
Our Story ............................................................................................................................................................32
David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Central page ...............................................................................................33
Comparing with HSK Version 2009...................................................................................................................34
II. Test Levels.................................................................................................................................................34
I. Test Target ..................................................................................................................................................35
Comparing HSK Version 2009 with GCSE, IB, CEF ........................................................................................36
HSK Speaking Test (HSKK) ..............................................................................................................................37
Youth Chinese Test.............................................................................................................................................41
Business Chinese Test ........................................................................................................................................44
ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 Medical Chinese Proficiency Test (MCT) .........................................................................47
Normative grammar level syllabus 㿺㤹ᙝ䈣⌋ㅿ㓝ཝ㓨.................................................................................51
䈃㊱ Cílèi Parts of speech...........................................................................................................................51
1 ੃䈃 míngcí Noun .............................................................................................................................51
ᯯփ੃䈃 )ƗQJZqLPtQJFt/RFDWLRQQRXQV............................................................................................51
2 ࣞ䈃 dòngcí Verb....................................................................................................................................56
㜳᝵ࣞ䈃 Néng yuàn dòngcí modal verbs .............................................................................................56
㜳᝵ࣞ䈃 Auxiliary Verb to express wish..................................................................................................57
㜳᝵ࣞ䈃φ䈛Ƚ ᓊ䈛 Wishful verbs: should, should...............................................................................58
㜳᝵ࣞ䈃φ᝵ᝅ Willing ...........................................................................................................................58
㜳᝵ࣞ䈃φᮘ ............................................................................................................................................59
㜳᝵ࣞ䈃φ䴶㾷 ........................................................................................................................................59
ࣞ䈃䠃ਖφVerb overlap AAȽ A ж AȽ A Ҽ AȽABABȽA ⵶ A ⵶ȽAABBȽ ж A ж BȽ ᘳ A
ᘳ B.............................................................................................................................................................60
㜳᝵ࣞ䈃φᗍ must; have to......................................................................................................................63
David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Central page ...............................................................................................33
Comparing with HSK Version 2009...................................
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..............................................................34
II. Test Levels.....................................................
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I. Test Target ...............................................
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Comparing HSK Version 2009 with GCSE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE, IB, CEF ..
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HSK Speaking Test (HSKK) .................
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Youth Chinese Test.............................................................................
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Business Chinese Test .........................
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ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 Medical Chinese Pr
Pr
Pr
Pr
Pr
Prof
of
of
oficiency Test (MCT) .........
..
..
....
..
..
..
................................................................47
Normative grammar level syllabus 㿺㤹ᙝ䈣
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ᙝ䈣⌋ㅿ
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㓝ཝ
㓝ཝ
㓝ཝ㓨
㓨
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㓨
㓨
㓨
㓨.................................................................................51
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1 ੃䈃 míngcí Noun .............................................................................................................................51
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.....................................51
2 ࣞ䈃 dòngcí
cí
cí
cí
cí Verb....................................................................................................................................56
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㜳᝵ࣞ䈃 Auxiliary Verb to express wish..................................................................................................57

ࣞᇴᕅ⿱ਾ䈃 Verb-Object: ......................................................................................................................64
ࣞ㺛ᕅ⿱ਾ䈃 Verb-complement ..............................................................................................................65
3 ԙ䈃 dàicí Pronouns...............................................................................................................................66
⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Interrogative pronouns ཐȽཐቇȽଠȽଠѠȽଠ䠂ȽଠӑȽӶѾȽ䈷ȽᙄѾȽࠖ...........66
⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Interrogative Pronouns ཐѻȽѰӶѾȽᙄѾṭȽᙄṭ ..........................................................69
⯇䰤ԙ䈃Ⲻ䶔⯇䰤⭞⌋ Non-interrogative usage of interrogative pronouns............................................70
Ӱ〦ԙ䈃 UpQFKƝQJGjLFt3HUVRQDO3URQRXQV .........................................................................................72
Ӱ〦ԙ䈃φPersonal pronouns ࡡӰȽ ཝᇬȽ ᆹȽ ᆹԢȽ ૧Ƚ ૧ԢȽ 㠠ᐧ.....................................74
Ӱ〦ԙ䈃φ Personal pronouns Ӱᇬ.........................................................................................................77
᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative Pronoun 䘏Ƚ䛙Ƚ䛙䠂Ƚ䛙ӑȽ䛙ѠȽࡡⲺȽᴿⲺ.....................................78
᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative pronouns 䛙ѾȽ䛙ṭȽ 䘏ѾȽ 䘏ṭ.........................................................80
᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative pronouns:φ਺Ƚ਺փȽ਺〃Ƚ∅ȽԱ֋ .......................................................83
᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative pronounsφᖲ↚Ƚ ྸ↚ ...................................................................................83
᤽⽰ԙ䈃φᵢȽ↚ ....................................................................................................................................84
4 ᖘᇯ䈃 Adjectives......................................................................................................................................86
5 ᮦ䈃 shù cí Numeral ...............................................................................................................................87
6 䠅䈃 liàngcí Classifier; Measure Word (MW)........................................................................................91
੃䠅䈃 Noun quantifier ᶥȽᵢȽѠȽᇬȽ䰪ȽਙȽඍȽ享..................................................................91
੃䠅䈃φ ቸ ሷ Ԭ ᶗ փ............................................................................................................................93
੃䠅䈃 Nominal quantifiers: ᣀȽ㺂ȽᷬȽ㗚ȽᶕȽਂȽਦȽᕖȽ᭥ȽਠȽ〃..................................95
੃䠅䈃: ᢉȽ㻁Ƚ䐕ȽভȽਥȽ᢯.........................................................................................................102
੃䠅䈃 Nominal quantifiers .....................................................................................................................104
੃䠅䈃 Nominal quantifiers 但Ƚ ѨȽ ┪Ƚ ࢥȽ㛗Ƚ 䳼Ƚᷓ.............................................................108
ࣞ䠅䈃 Verbal quantifiers : 䚃 ⅗ ൰ ഔ с..............................................................................................112
ࣞ䠅䈃 Verbal quantifiers.........................................................................................................................114
ࣞ䠅䈃φ࠶Ƚ䪾 V knife; cut, needle; stitches ........................................................................................116
ࣞ䠅䈃 Verbal quantifiers ⮠Ƚ༦Ƚ䏕....................................................................................................117
ᰬ䠅䈃 Measure words of timeφ࠼䫕ȽᒪȽ ཟȽ ઞ...........................................................................118
ٕ⭞䠅䈃 Borrowed measure words ...................................................................................................119
䠅䈃䠃ਖ Overlapping: AA......................................................................................................................120
7 ࢥ䈃 fùcí Adverb .................................................................................................................................121
Ӱ〦ԙ䈃φPersonal pronouns ࡡӰȽ ཝᇬȽ ᆹȽ ᆹԢȽ ૧Ƚ ૧ԢȽ 㠠ᐧ.....................................74
Ӱ〦ԙ䈃φ Personal pronouns Ӱᇬ.........................................................................................................77
᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative Pronoun 䘏Ƚ䛙Ƚ䛙䠂
䛙䠂
䛙䠂
䛙䠂
䛙䠂Ƚ䛙
Ƚ䛙
Ƚ䛙
Ƚ䛙
Ƚ䛙
Ƚ䛙ӑȽ䛙Ѡ
䛙Ѡ
䛙Ѡ
䛙Ѡ
䛙Ѡ
䛙ѠȽࡡ
Ƚࡡ
Ƚࡡ
Ƚࡡ
Ƚࡡ
Ƚࡡ
ȽࡡⲺȽᴿⲺ.....................................78
᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative pronouns 䛙Ѿ
䛙Ѿ
䛙ѾȽ䛙
Ƚ䛙
Ƚ䛙
Ƚ䛙
Ƚ䛙
Ƚ䛙
Ƚ䛙
Ƚ䛙ṭȽ 䘏Ѿ
䘏Ѿ
䘏Ѿ
䘏Ѿ
䘏Ѿ
䘏Ѿ
䘏ѾȽ
Ƚ
Ƚ
Ƚ
Ƚ 䘏ṭ...
........................................................80
᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative pronouns:φ਺
φ਺
φ਺
φ਺
φ਺
φ਺
φ਺
φ਺Ƚ਺փȽ਺〃
਺〃
਺〃
਺〃
਺〃
਺〃Ƚ∅
Ƚ∅
Ƚ∅
Ƚ∅
Ƚ∅
Ƚ∅
Ƚ∅
Ƚ∅ȽԱ֋
֋
֋
֋
֋
֋ .......................................................83
᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative pronounsφᖲ
φᖲ
φᖲ
φᖲ
φᖲ
φᖲ
φᖲ
φᖲ↚Ƚ ྸ↚
ྸ↚
ྸ↚
ྸ↚
ྸ↚
ྸ↚ .....
..
............
..
..
......................................................................83
᤽⽰ԙ䈃φᵢȽ↚ .......................
..
..
..
....................................................
..
..
..
.............................................................84
4 ᖘᇯ䈃 Adjectives.......................
..
..
..
............................................
..
..
....
..
..
..
..........
....
..
..
..
...........................................................86
5 ᮦ䈃 shù cí Numeral .................
..
..
........................
..
..
..................
..
..
..
................
..
..
..
............................................................87
6 䠅䈃 liàngcí Classifier; Measure Wo
Wo
Word (MW).......................
..
..
....
.................................................................91
੃䠅
੃䠅䈃 Noun quantifier ᶥȽᵢȽѠȽᇬȽ
ᇬȽ
ᇬȽ
ᇬȽ
ᇬȽ
ᇬȽ䰪Ƚ
䰪Ƚ
䰪Ƚ
䰪Ƚ
䰪Ƚ
䰪ȽਙȽ
ਙȽ
ਙȽ
ਙȽ
ਙȽ
ਙȽ
ਙȽඍȽ
ඍȽ
ඍȽ
ඍȽ
ඍȽ
ඍȽ享..................................................................91
੃䠅䈃φ
䈃φ ቸ ሷ
ሷ
ሷ Ԭ
Ԭ
Ԭ
Ԭ
Ԭ
Ԭ
Ԭ
Ԭ
Ԭ
Ԭ ᶗ
ᶗ
ᶗ
ᶗ
ᶗ
ᶗ
ᶗ փ
փ
փ
փ
փ
փ
փ
փ
փ
փ..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
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..
..
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..
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................................93
੃䠅䈃 Nominal
l
l
l
l
l
l qu
qu
quan
an
an
an
an
an
an
anti
ti
ti
ti
ti
ti
tifi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fier
er
er
er
er
er
ers:
s:
s:
s:
s:
s:
s:
s: ᣀȽ
ᣀȽ
ᣀȽ
ᣀȽ
ᣀȽ
ᣀȽ
ᣀȽ
ᣀȽ㺂Ƚ
㺂Ƚ
㺂Ƚ
㺂Ƚ
㺂Ƚ
㺂Ƚ
㺂Ƚ
㺂Ƚ
㺂Ƚ
㺂Ƚ
㺂Ƚ
㺂ȽᷬȽ
ᷬȽ
ᷬȽ
ᷬȽ
ᷬȽ
ᷬȽ
ᷬȽ
ᷬȽ
ᷬȽ
ᷬȽ
ᷬȽ㗚Ƚ
㗚Ƚ
㗚Ƚ
㗚Ƚ
㗚Ƚ
㗚Ƚ
㗚Ƚ
㗚ȽᶕȽ
ᶕȽ
ᶕȽ
ᶕȽ
ᶕȽ
ᶕȽ
ᶕȽ
ᶕȽ
ᶕȽ
ᶕȽ
ᶕȽਂȽ
ਂȽ
ਂȽ
ਂȽ
ਂȽ
ਂȽ
ਂȽ
ਂȽ
ਂȽ
ਂȽ
ਂȽਦȽ
ਦȽ
ਦȽ
ਦȽ
ਦȽ
ਦȽ
ਦȽ
ਦȽ
ਦȽ
ਦȽᕖȽ
ᕖȽ
ᕖȽ
ᕖȽ
ᕖȽ
ᕖȽ
ᕖȽ
ᕖȽ
ᕖȽ
ᕖȽ᭥Ƚ
᭥Ƚ
᭥Ƚ
᭥Ƚ
᭥Ƚ
᭥Ƚ
᭥Ƚ
᭥Ƚ
᭥Ƚ
᭥Ƚ
᭥ȽਠȽ
ਠȽ
ਠȽ
ਠȽ
ਠȽ
ਠȽ
ਠȽ
ਠȽ
ਠȽ
ਠȽ〃
〃
〃
〃
〃
〃
〃
〃
〃..................................95
੃䠅䈃: ᢉȽ㻁Ƚ䐕ȽভȽਥȽ᢯.........................................................................................................102
੃䠅䈃 Nomi
mi
mi
mi
mi
mi
mina
na
na
na
na
nal
l qu
qu
qu
qu
qu
quan
an
an
an
anti
ti
ti
ti
ti
tifi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fier
er
er
er
ers
s
s
s ...
..
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..
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....
..
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................104
੃䠅䈃 Nomi
mi
mi
mi
mi
mina
na
na
na
nal qu
qu
qu
qu
qu
quan
an
an
anti
ti
ti
ti
tifi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fier
er
er
er
er
ers 但Ƚ
但Ƚ
但Ƚ
但Ƚ
但Ƚ
但Ƚ ѨȽ
ѨȽ
ѨȽ
ѨȽ
ѨȽ
ѨȽ
ѨȽ
ѨȽ
ѨȽ ┪Ƚ
┪Ƚ
┪Ƚ
┪Ƚ
┪Ƚ
┪Ƚ
┪Ƚ ࢥȽ
ࢥȽ
ࢥȽ
ࢥȽ
ࢥȽ
ࢥȽ
ࢥȽ㛗Ƚ
㛗Ƚ
㛗Ƚ
㛗Ƚ
㛗Ƚ
㛗Ƚ 䳼Ƚ
䳼Ƚ
䳼Ƚ
䳼Ƚ
䳼Ƚ
䳼Ƚᷓ
ᷓ
ᷓ
ᷓ
ᷓ
ᷓ
ᷓ
ᷓ
ᷓ.
.
...
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
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..
..
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..
..
....
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
........................................108
ࣞ䠅
ࣞ䠅䈃
䈃 Verbal quantifiers : 䚃
䚃 ⅗ ൰ ഔ с..............................................................................................112

ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Degree 䶔ᑮȽᖾȽའȽⵕȽᴶ...........................................................................121
ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of degree: ཐȽཐѾȽ ླȽ ᴪȽ ॷ࠼Ƚ ⢯ࡡȽᥰȽ ᴿδ ж ε⛯‫ݵ‬................122
ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of degree ∊䖹ȽᴪࣖȽ䘎 Ƚ⴮ᖉ ..........................................................................125
ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of degree ṲཌȽᶷȽᶷެ .......................................................................................127
ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of degree 䗽ӄȽ ਥ ȽぃȽぃᗤȽቚެ .................................................................128
ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Degree ⢯Ƚ ᔸᑮ .................................................................................................129
㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Range, synergy adverbs ታȽ ߶Ƚ ж喆Ƚ жੂ........................................................131
㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Range, synergy adverbs 䜳Ƚжඍ‫ݵ‬Ƚж䎭...............................................................132
㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverbs: ‫ޞ‬ȽжާȽਠ......................................................................133
㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverbs ‫ݿ‬ȽӻȽӻӻȽቧȽ㠩ቇ...................................................134
㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverbs ާ...........................................................................................136
㤹പࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Scope ཝ䜳 ............................................................................................................137
ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 6KtMLƗQIFt$GYHUEVRIWLPH 傢рȽ‫ݾ‬Ƚᴿᰬ/ᴿᰬُȽ൞Ƚ↙Ƚ↙൞ ..........................138
ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time ࡐȽࡐࡐȽ䘎Ƚ ᘳ❬Ƚж⴪Ƚᐨ㔅..........................................................139
ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time ᵢᶛȽ ᢃȽᴴ㔅ȽԄᶛȽ䎬㍝Ƚ䎬ᘡȽ ㄁ࡱȽ 䘔ᘏȽခ㓾Ƚ ᐨȽ ᰟᐨ
..................................................................................................................................................................143
ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time: ᤿ᰬȽ ঩ሼȽᙛᘏȽ ⑆⑆Ƚታᘡ............................................................147
ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time уᰬȽ ሼȽ ሼ㾷Ƚ ԃᰝȽᰬᑮȽᰬࡱȽ‫ד‬ᰝȽ жੇ ...........................150
ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time ᰬᰬȽ жᰬȽ ᰟᲐ.....................................................................................152
仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, Repetitive Adverbs ᑮȽ߃.......................................................................153
仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, repetitive adverbs: 䙐ᑮȽᖶᖶȽᙱȽᙱᱥ ............................................154
仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, repetitive adverbs 䠃᯦Ƚ㔅ᑮȽ㘷Ƚ㘷ᱥȽ৾......................................155
仇⦽Ƚ 䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Adverbs of frequency, repetition ж߃Ƚ ߃п...........................................................159
仇⦽Ƚ 䠃གྷࢥ䈃φ‫ڬ‬ቊȽ ߃⅗.............................................................................................................160
ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associative Adverb 䘎.............................................................................................................161
ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associated adverbs: ቧ ............................................................................................................161
ީ㚊ࢥ䈃φ߃ Associative adverb: again ................................................................................................162
ީ㚊ࢥ䈃φপ Associative adverb:..........................................................................................................163
ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associative adverb: ‫׵‬.............................................................................................................163
ੜᇐࢥ䈃 )ԁXGuQJIFt1HJDWLYH$GYHUEV ࡡȽуȽ⋗Ƚ⋗ᴿ ..........................................................164
ੜᇐࢥ䈃φᵠᗻ Negative adverb ...........................................................................................................166
㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Range, synergy adverbs 䜳Ƚжඍ‫ݵ‬Ƚж䎭...............................................................132
㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverbs: ‫ޞ‬ȽжާȽਠ......................................................................133
㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverbs ‫ݿ‬ȽӻȽ
ӻȽ
ӻȽ
ӻȽ
ӻȽ
ӻȽӻӻ
ӻӻ
ӻӻ
ӻӻ
ӻӻ
ӻӻȽቧȽ㠩
Ƚ㠩
Ƚ㠩
Ƚ㠩
Ƚ㠩
Ƚ㠩
Ƚ㠩ቇ...................................................134
㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverbs ާ
ާ
ާ
ާ
ާ
ާ
ާ...............
..
..
..
..........
..
..
....
..
..
................
......................................................136
㤹പࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Scope ཝ䜳 .........
..
..
..
..................
..
....
..............
..
................
..
..
..
.........................................................137
ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 6KtMLƗQIFt$GYHUEVRI
I
I
I
I
I
IWL
WL
WL
WL
WLPH 傢рȽ‫ݾ‬
Ƚ‫ݾ‬
Ƚ‫ݾ‬
Ƚ‫ݾ‬
Ƚ‫ݾ‬
Ƚ‫ݾ‬Ƚᴿ
Ƚᴿ
Ƚᴿ
Ƚᴿ
Ƚᴿ
Ƚᴿ
Ƚᴿ
Ƚᴿᰬ
ᰬ
ᰬ
ᰬ
ᰬ
ᰬ/
/
/
/
/ᴿᰬ
ᴿᰬ
ᴿᰬ
ᴿᰬ
ᴿᰬ
ᴿᰬ
ᴿᰬُȽ൞Ƚ↙Ƚ↙൞ ..........................138
ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time ࡐȽࡐࡐ
ࡐࡐ
ࡐࡐ
ࡐࡐ
ࡐࡐ
ࡐࡐȽ䘎Ƚ ᘳ❬Ƚж⴪Ƚᐨ㔅..........................................................139
ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time ᵢᶛȽ
Ƚ
Ƚ
Ƚ
Ƚ
Ƚ ᢃȽᴴ㔅ȽԄᶛȽ䎬㍝
䎬㍝
䎬㍝
䎬㍝
䎬㍝
䎬㍝Ƚ䎬
Ƚ䎬
Ƚ䎬
Ƚ䎬
Ƚ䎬
Ƚ䎬
Ƚ䎬ᘡȽ
ᘡȽ
ᘡȽ
ᘡȽ
ᘡȽ
ᘡȽ ㄁ࡱȽ 䘔ᘏȽခ㓾Ƚ ᐨȽ ᰟᐨ
.....................................................
..
..
..
........................
..
..
..
......................
....
..
..
..
..
....
..........
..
..
..
.........................................................143
ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time: ᤿ᰬȽ
Ƚ ঩ሼȽᙛᘏȽ
ᘏȽ
ᘏȽ
ᘏȽ
ᘏȽ
ᘏȽ
ᘏȽ
ᘏȽ ⑆⑆
⑆⑆
⑆⑆
⑆⑆
⑆⑆
⑆⑆Ƚታᘡ
ᘡ
ᘡ
ᘡ.
............................................................147
ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time уᰬȽ ሼȽ
ሼȽ
ሼȽ
ሼȽ
ሼȽ
ሼȽ ሼ㾷
ሼ㾷
ሼ㾷
ሼ㾷
ሼ㾷
ሼ㾷Ƚ ԃᰝ
ԃᰝ
ԃᰝ
ԃᰝ
ԃᰝ
ԃᰝȽᰬ
Ƚᰬ
Ƚᰬ
Ƚᰬ
Ƚᰬ
ȽᰬᑮȽ
ᑮȽ
ᑮȽᰬࡱȽ‫ד‬ᰝȽ жੇ ...........................150
ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adver
erbs
bs
bs
bs
bs of
of
of
of
of t
t
t
t
tim
im
im
im
ime
e
e
e
e ᰬᰬ
ᰬᰬ
ᰬᰬ
ᰬᰬ
ᰬᰬ
ᰬᰬȽ жᰬȽ ᰟᲐ
ᰟᲐ
ᰟᲐ
ᰟᲐ
ᰟᲐ
ᰟᲐ
ᰟᲐ.
.
...
..
..
..
....
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..
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............
..
..
..
..
..
..................................152
仇⦽
仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃
䈃
䈃
䈃
䈃
䈃
䈃
䈃 F
F
F
F
F
F
Fre
re
re
re
re
re
re
requ
qu
qu
qu
qu
qu
qu
qu
quen
en
en
en
en
en
en
en
en
ency
cy
cy
cy
cy
cy
cy
cy,
,
, Re
Re
Re
Re
Re
Re
Repe
pe
pe
pe
pe
pe
pe
pe
pe
pe
pe
peti
ti
ti
ti
ti
ti
ti
ti
titi
ti
ti
ti
ti
ti
tive
ve
ve
ve
ve
ve
ve
ve
ve A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Adv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dv
dver
er
er
er
erbs
bs
bs
bs
bs
bs ᑮȽ
ᑮȽ
ᑮȽ
ᑮȽ
ᑮȽ
ᑮȽ
ᑮȽ
ᑮȽ
ᑮȽ
ᑮȽ߃
߃
߃
߃
߃
߃
߃
߃
߃.
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..
....
..
..
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..............................153
仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, repetitive adverbs: 䙐ᑮȽᖶᖶȽᙱȽᙱᱥ ............................................154
仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ
གྷࢥ
གྷࢥ
གྷࢥ
གྷࢥ
གྷࢥ
གྷࢥ
གྷࢥ
གྷࢥ䈃
䈃
䈃
䈃
䈃 Fr
Fr
Fr
Fr
Fr
Freq
eq
eq
eq
eq
eq
eque
ue
ue
ue
ue
ue
uenc
nc
nc
nc
ncy,
y,
y,
y,
y,
y,
y, r
r
r
r
r
rep
ep
ep
ep
ep
epetit
it
it
it
itiv
iv
iv
iv
iv
iv
iv
ive
e
e
e
e
e
e
e ad
ad
ad
ad
ad
ad
adve
ve
ve
ve
ve
ve
verb
rb
rb
rb
rb
rb
rbs
s
s
s
s 䠃᯦
䠃᯦
䠃᯦
䠃᯦
䠃᯦
䠃᯦
䠃᯦
䠃᯦
䠃᯦
䠃᯦Ƚ㔅
Ƚ㔅
Ƚ㔅
Ƚ㔅
Ƚ㔅
Ƚ㔅
Ƚ㔅ᑮȽ
ᑮȽ
ᑮȽ
ᑮȽ
ᑮȽ
ᑮȽ
ᑮȽ㘷Ƚ
㘷Ƚ
㘷Ƚ
㘷Ƚ
㘷Ƚ
㘷Ƚ
㘷Ƚ㘷ᱥ
㘷ᱥ
㘷ᱥ
㘷ᱥ
㘷ᱥ
㘷ᱥ
㘷ᱥ
㘷ᱥȽ৾
Ƚ৾
Ƚ৾
Ƚ৾
Ƚ৾
Ƚ৾
Ƚ৾
Ƚ৾...
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
......
..
..
..
......
..
..
......
..
..
..
....
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
.................155
仇⦽Ƚ 䠃གྷ
䠃གྷ
䠃གྷ
䠃གྷ
䠃གྷࢥ䈃
ࢥ䈃
ࢥ䈃
ࢥ䈃
ࢥ䈃
ࢥ䈃
ࢥ䈃
ࢥ䈃 Ad
Ad
Ad
Ad
Adve
ve
ve
ve
verb
rb
rb
rb
rb
rb
rbs of
of
of
of
of frequ
qu
qu
qu
qu
qu
quen
en
en
en
en
en
en
ency
cy
cy
cy
cy
cy,
,
,
, re
re
re
re
repetition ж߃Ƚ ߃п
߃п
߃п
߃п
߃п
߃п
߃п...........
..
..
....
..
..
..
......
............................................159
仇⦽Ƚ 䠃གྷ
䠃གྷ
䠃གྷࢥ䈃
ࢥ䈃
ࢥ䈃
ࢥ䈃
ࢥ䈃
ࢥ䈃
ࢥ䈃φ‫ڬ‬
φ‫ڬ‬
φ‫ڬ‬ቊȽ
ቊȽ
ቊȽ
ቊȽ
ቊȽ
ቊȽ
ቊȽ ߃⅗
߃⅗
߃⅗.............................................................................................................160
ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associative Adverb 䘎
䘎 161

ᯯᕅࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Manner ᭻ᝅ .........................................................................................................167
ᯯᕅࢥ䈃 Adverbs of manner ӈ⴮Ƚታ䠅ȽӨ㠠Ƚ⴮ӈ......................................................................167
ᯯᕅࢥ䈃φ‫ڭڭ‬ ......................................................................................................................................169
ᯯᕅࢥ䈃 Adverbs of way ⾷Ƚ䎬ᘏȽӨ⵲Ƚ⢯൦Ƚ⢯ᝅ ...................................................................169
᛻ᘷࢥ䈃 Modal adverbs ᗻ亱ȽᐤуཐȽླ‫܅‬ȽжᇐȽҕ䇮.............................................................172
᛻ᘷࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Modality ཝᾸȽᚆᙋ ...........................................................................................174
᛻ᘷࢥ䈃 Modal adverbsφࠖ҄Ƚղ҄..................................................................................................175
᛻ᘷࢥ䈃 Modal adverbs Ե֑.................................................................................................................176
䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of tone ᢃȽ䜳ȽቧȽ↙ླ.......................................................................................177
䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Modal adverbs ⲳȽ ᒬȽᖉ❬Ƚ ࡦᓋȽ ਃ↙Ƚ ṯᵢȽ ᷒❬Ƚ ㆶ⴪Ƚ 㔓ሯȽ 䳴䚉Ƚ ެ
ᇔȽ ॹнȽ ⺤ᇔȽ ਠླȽ㓾ӄ............................................................................................................180
䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Modal adverbs Ⲻ⺤Ƚਃ㙂Ƚ䘎Ƚㄕ❬Ƚガㄕ.....................................................................185
䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Modal adverbs: ∋ㄕȽ у‫ރ‬Ƚ ᐤδ ж ε⛯‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫و‬ᱥȽ ᒨ㜼ȽቧȽቻ❬ȽਥȽ᱄᱄Ƚᙱ
㇍ ..............................................................................................................................................................187
䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of tone ᢃȽࡐླȽ ‫څ‬Ƚᚦླ..................................................................................190
8 ԁ䈃 jiècí Preposition...........................................................................................................................193
ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ᡶ Bring out the time and place ԄȽ൞...........................................................................193
ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪 Lead time ᖉȽᖉ. . .Ⲻᰬُ....................................................................................................193
ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ᡶ Bring out time and place ⭧Ƚ㠠ԄȽ .........................................................................194
ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ᡶ Leading time and place 㠠Ƚ .......................................................................................195
ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ᡶ Elicit time and place 䳅⵶Ƚ....................................................................................196
ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ᡶ Elicit time and place ӄ................................................................................................197
ᕋ࠰ᯯੇȽ 䐥ᖺ Leading direction and path ᖶȽੇȽԄ.....................................................................197
ᕋ࠰ᯯੇȽ䐥ᖺ Leading direction, path ᵓȽ........................................................................................202
ᕋ࠰ᯯੇȽ䐥ᖺ Leading direction, path ⋵............................................................................................202
ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Bring out Objects 䐕ȽૂȽ∊ ................................................................................................203
ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Leading objects ሯȽ㔏Ƚ⿱ ...................................................................................................204
ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Leading object ѰȽੇ.............................................................................................................209
ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Leading object ሯӄȽީӄ Ƚᴵ.........................................................................................212
ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Lead object ੂȽ㠩ӄ..............................................................................................................213
ᕋ࠰ⴤⲺȽ৕ഖ Lead purpose and reason Ѱ.........................................................................................215
᛻ᘷࢥ䈃 Modal adverbs Ե֑.................................................................................................................176
䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of tone ᢃȽ䜳ȽቧȽ↙ླ.......................................................................................177
䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Modal adverbs ⲳȽ ᒬȽᖉ❬Ƚ ࡦᓋ
ࡦᓋ
ࡦᓋȽ
Ƚ
Ƚ
Ƚ
Ƚ
Ƚ ਃ↙
ਃ↙
ਃ↙
ਃ↙
ਃ↙
ਃ↙Ƚ ṯᵢ
ṯᵢ
ṯᵢ
ṯᵢ
ṯᵢ
ṯᵢ
ṯᵢȽ
Ƚ
Ƚ
Ƚ
Ƚ
Ƚ ᷒❬Ƚ ㆶ⴪Ƚ 㔓ሯȽ 䳴䚉Ƚ ެ
ᇔȽ ॹнȽ ⺤ᇔȽ ਠླȽ㓾ӄ.................
....
..
..
..................
..
..
..
........
..
..
................
..
.......................................................180
䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Modal adverbs Ⲻ⺤Ƚਃ㙂Ƚ䘎Ƚ
䘎Ƚ
䘎Ƚ
䘎Ƚ
䘎Ƚ
䘎Ƚㄕ❬
ㄕ❬
ㄕ❬
ㄕ❬
ㄕ❬
ㄕ❬Ƚガ
Ƚガ
Ƚガ
Ƚガ
Ƚガ
Ƚガ
Ƚガㄕ
ㄕ
ㄕ
ㄕ
ㄕ
ㄕ...............
..
..
..
........................................................185
䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Modal adverbs: ∋ㄕȽ у‫ރ‬
у‫ރ‬
у‫ރ‬
у‫ރ‬
у‫ރ‬
у‫ރ‬
у‫ރ‬
у‫ރ‬Ƚ ᐤδ ж ε⛯
ε⛯
ε⛯
ε⛯
ε⛯
ε⛯
ε⛯
ε⛯‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫و‬ᱥ
‫و‬ᱥ
‫و‬ᱥ
‫و‬ᱥ
‫و‬ᱥ
‫و‬ᱥ
‫و‬ᱥȽ ᒨ㜼ȽቧȽቻ❬ȽਥȽ᱄᱄Ƚᙱ
㇍ .....................................................
..
..
..
....................
..
..
....
..
....
..
....
..
....
..
....
..
....
..
....
..
....
..
....
..
....
..
....
..
....
..
....
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
...........................................................187
䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of tone ᢃȽࡐླ
ࡐླ
ࡐླ
ࡐླ
ࡐླ
ࡐླȽ ‫څ‬Ƚᚦླ.....................
..
..
...............................................................190
8 ԁ䈃 jiècí Preposition..............
..
........................
..
..
..........................
..
..
..
..
..........
..
..
.........................................................193
ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ᡶ Bring out the ti
ti
ti
ti
time
me
me
me
me and place ԄȽ
ԄȽ
ԄȽ
ԄȽ
ԄȽ
ԄȽ
ԄȽ
ԄȽ
ԄȽ൞
൞
൞
൞
൞
൞................
..
....
..
..
..
...........................................................193
ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪 Lead time ᖉȽᖉ. . .Ⲻᰬ
Ⲻᰬ
Ⲻᰬ
Ⲻᰬ
Ⲻᰬُ
ُ
ُ
ُ
ُ
ُ.
.
.
...........................
..
..
....
..
..
..
.........................................................................193
ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ᡶ Bring out time and place ⭧Ƚ㠠ԄȽ .........................................................................194
ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ᡶ
ᡶ
ᡶ
ᡶ
ᡶ
ᡶ
ᡶ
ᡶ
ᡶ Le
Le
Le
Le
Le
Le
Le
Le
Lead
ad
ad
ad
ad
ad
ad
adin
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
ing
g
g
g
g
g
g
g ti
ti
ti
time
me
me
me
me a
a
and
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd p
p
p
p
p
p
p
pla
la
la
la
la
la
lace
ce
ce
ce
ce
ce
ce
ce 㠠Ƚ
㠠Ƚ
㠠Ƚ
㠠Ƚ
㠠Ƚ
㠠Ƚ
㠠Ƚ
㠠Ƚ .
.
.
...
..
..
..
....
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
....
....
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
....
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..............................195
ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ᡶ Elicit time and place 䳅⵶Ƚ....................................................................................196
ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺
Ƚ༺
Ƚ༺
Ƚ༺
Ƚ༺
Ƚ༺
Ƚ༺
Ƚ༺
Ƚ༺ᡶ
ᡶ
ᡶ
ᡶ
ᡶ El
El
El
El
El
Elic
ic
ic
icit
it
it
it
it
it
it t
t
t
t
t
tim
im
im
im
im
ime
e
e
e
e
e
e an
an
an
an
an
an
and
d plac
ac
ac
ac
ac
ac
ace
e
e
e
e
e
e ӄ
ӄ
ӄ
ӄ
ӄ
ӄ
ӄ
ӄ
ӄ.
.
.
.
...
..
..
..
..
..
....
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
....
..
..
......
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
....
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
....
..
..
....
..
..
......
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
......
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
......
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
....
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
.................197
ᕋ࠰ᯯੇȽ 䐥ᖺ
䐥ᖺ
䐥ᖺ
䐥ᖺ
䐥ᖺ
䐥ᖺ
䐥ᖺ Leadin
in
in
in
ing
g
g
g
g dire
re
rectio
io
io
io
ion
n
n
n
n
n and
d
d
d
d pa
pa
pa
pa
path ᖶȽੇȽԄ...........
............................................................197
ᕋ࠰ᯯੇȽ䐥
Ƚ䐥
Ƚ䐥
Ƚ䐥
Ƚ䐥
Ƚ䐥
Ƚ䐥
Ƚ䐥ᖺ
ᖺ
ᖺ
ᖺ
ᖺ Le
Le
Le
Le
Le
Lead
ad
ad
ad
ad
ad
ading
g
g
g
g
g di
di
di
di
dire
rect
ct
ct
ct
ct
ctio
io
io
io
io
io
ion,
n,
n, p
p
p
p
p
pat
at
at
ath
h
h
h
h
h ᵓȽ........................................................................................202
ᕋ࠰ᯯੇȽ䐥ᖺ Leading direction, path ⋵............................................................................................202

ᕋ࠰ⴤⲺȽ ৕ഖ Indicating the purpose and reason ⭧ӄȽѰҼȽഖѰ..............................................216
ᕋ࠰ⴤⲺȽ৕ഖ Elicit the purpose and reason ഖ...................................................................................217
ᕋ࠰᯳ӁȽ ਍Ӂ Indicating the agent and recipient ᣀȽ㻡ȽਡȽ䇟...................................................218
ᕋ࠰᯳ӁȽ ਍Ӂ Elicit agent and recipient ሼȽ⭧................................................................................219
㺞⽰ᧈ䲚 Express exclusion 䲚Ҽ............................................................................................................220
㺞⽰ᧈ䲚 Means exclusion 䲚 .............................................................................................................221
ᕋ࠰ٕࠣȽ‫ᦤד‬ Derives the basis ᤿Ƚ ᤿➝.........................................................................................222
ᕋ࠰ٕࠣȽ‫ᦤד‬ Derives the basis ṯᦤȽ֒Ѱ......................................................................................223
ᕋ࠰ٕࠣȽ‫ᦤד‬ Derives the basis ࠣȽ‫ᦤד‬Ƚ‫➝ד‬..............................................................................224
ᕋ࠰ٕࠣȽ‫ᦤד‬ Derives the basis ᦤ......................................................................................................225
9 䘔䈃 liáncí Conjunction........................................................................................................................227
㺞⽰㚊ਾީ㌱ Indicates a joint relationship 䐕Ƚ䘎ᱥȽᡌ㘻Ƚૂ........................................................227
䘔᧛䈃ᡌ⸣䈣φConnective words or phrases ᡌȽᡌ㘻........................................................................228
䘔᧛䈃ᡌ䈃㓺 Connective words or phrases: ᒬȽԛ਀ .........................................................................229
䘔᧛䈃ᡌ䈃㓺φ㙂ȽੂȽф...................................................................................................................229
䘔᧛࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ Connective clauses or sentences у䗽ȽռȽռᱥȽ㙂ъȽ䛙Ƚྸ᷒Ƚ㲳❬Ƚਠ㾷
..................................................................................................................................................................231
䘔᧛࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ Connective clauses or sentences ᒬъȽ у‫ݿ‬Ƚ уӻȽ ਜཌȽ 㾷ᱥȽ ഖ↚Ƚ ⭧
ӄȽਠᴿ ..................................................................................................................................................232
䘔᧛࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ Connecting clauses or sentences ↚ཌȽ㙂Ƚ㙂ᱥȽᰘ❬Ƚਥ㿷Ƚ⭐㠩Ƚ‫ྸٽ‬Ƚᙱҁ
..................................................................................................................................................................233
䘔᧛࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ Connective clauses or sentencesφԄ㙂ȽࣖрȽᇂҼȽжᰜ...................................234
䘔᧛࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ Connective clauses or sentencesφуᯏȽਥȽ㤛 ......................................................235
10 ࣟ䈃 Zhùcí Particle...........................................................................................................................238
㔉ᶺࣟ䈃 Structural particles ⲺȽ൦Ƚᗍ...............................................................................................238
㔉ᶺࣟ䈃φᗍ Dé Structural particle ....................................................................................................239
㔉ᶺࣟ䈃φᡶ ..........................................................................................................................................239
ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic particleφ 䗽.............................................................................................................240
ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic: ҼȽ⵶Ƚ.................................................................................................................241
ࣞᘷࣟ䈃φ⵶ Dynamic particle..............................................................................................................241
䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ੝ȽҼȽ੍Ƚઘ.........................................................................................242
䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ஀ Ƚ੝ȽⲺ................................................................................................244
ᕋ࠰ٕࠣȽ‫ᦤד‬ Derives the basis ṯᦤȽ֒Ѱ......................................................................................223
ᕋ࠰ٕࠣȽ‫ᦤד‬ Derives the basis ࠣȽ‫ᦤד‬Ƚ‫➝ד‬..............................................................................224
ᕋ࠰ٕࠣȽ‫ᦤד‬ Derives the basis ᦤ....................
..
..
..
....
..........................
..
..
..
..........................................................225
9 䘔䈃 liáncí Conjunction...........................
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
................
....
..
..
..
..........
..
..
................
.......................................................227
㺞⽰㚊ਾީ㌱ Indicates a joint relation
on
on
on
on
onsh
sh
sh
sh
sh
ship 䐕Ƚ䘎ᱥ
䘎ᱥ
䘎ᱥ
䘎ᱥ
䘎ᱥ
䘎ᱥȽᡌ
Ƚᡌ
Ƚᡌ
Ƚᡌ
Ƚᡌ
Ƚᡌ
Ƚᡌ
Ƚᡌ㘻Ƚૂ
ૂ
ૂ
ૂ
ૂ
ૂ........................................................227
䘔᧛䈃ᡌ⸣䈣φConnective words o
o
o
o
o
or phrases ᡌȽ
ᡌȽ
ᡌȽ
ᡌȽ
ᡌȽ
ᡌȽᡌ㘻
ᡌ㘻
ᡌ㘻
ᡌ㘻
ᡌ㘻
ᡌ㘻
ᡌ㘻
ᡌ㘻.....
..
..
....
..
..
..
...................................................................228
䘔᧛䈃ᡌ䈃㓺 Connective words o
o
o
o
or phrases: ᒬȽԛ਀ ...............
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䘔᧛䈃ᡌ䈃㓺φ㙂ȽੂȽф......
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䘔᧛࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ Connective cla
la
la
laus
us
us
us
uses or senten
ence
ce
ce
ce
ce
ce
ces у䗽Ƚռ
Ƚռ
Ƚռ
Ƚռ
Ƚռ
ȽռȽռ
Ƚռ
Ƚռ
Ƚռ
Ƚռ
Ƚռ
ȽռᱥȽ
ᱥȽ
ᱥȽ
ᱥȽ
ᱥȽ
ᱥȽ㙂ъȽ䛙Ƚྸ᷒Ƚ㲳❬Ƚਠ㾷
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䘔᧛࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ Connective clauses o
o
o
o
or
r
r
r
r se
se
se
se
sentences ᒬъ
ᒬъ
ᒬъ
ᒬъ
ᒬъ
ᒬъȽ у‫ݿ‬
у‫ݿ‬
у‫ݿ‬
у‫ݿ‬
у‫ݿ‬
у‫ݿ‬Ƚ уӻȽ ਜཌȽ 㾷ᱥȽ ഖ↚Ƚ ⭧
ӄȽਠᴿ ..................................................................................................................................................232
䘔᧛࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ
ᆆ
ᆆ
ᆆ
ᆆ
ᆆ
ᆆ
ᆆ
ᆆ
ᆆ Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Conn
nn
nn
nnec
ec
ec
ec
ec
ecti
ti
ti
ting
ng
ng
ng
ng
ng
ng cla
la
la
lauses o
o
o
o
o
o
or
r
r
r
r se
se
sent
nt
nt
nt
nten
en
en
en
ences ↚ཌ
↚ཌ
↚ཌ
↚ཌ
↚ཌ
↚ཌ
↚ཌ
↚ཌ
↚ཌ
↚ཌȽ㙂
Ƚ㙂
Ƚ㙂
Ƚ㙂
Ƚ㙂
Ƚ㙂
Ƚ㙂
Ƚ㙂
Ƚ㙂
Ƚ㙂
Ƚ㙂Ƚ㙂
Ƚ㙂
Ƚ㙂
Ƚ㙂
Ƚ㙂
Ƚ㙂
Ƚ㙂
Ƚ㙂
Ƚ㙂
Ƚ㙂
Ƚ㙂ᱥȽ
ᱥȽ
ᱥȽ
ᱥȽ
ᱥȽ
ᱥȽ
ᱥȽ
ᱥȽ
ᱥȽ
ᱥȽ
ᱥȽᰘ❬
ᰘ❬
ᰘ❬
ᰘ❬
ᰘ❬
ᰘ❬
ᰘ❬
ᰘ❬
ᰘ❬
ᰘ❬
ᰘ❬
ᰘ❬Ƚਥ
Ƚਥ
Ƚਥ
Ƚਥ
Ƚਥ
Ƚਥ
Ƚਥ
Ƚਥ
Ƚਥ
Ƚਥ㿷Ƚ
㿷Ƚ
㿷Ƚ
㿷Ƚ
㿷Ƚ
㿷Ƚ
㿷Ƚ
㿷Ƚ
㿷Ƚ
㿷Ƚ
㿷Ƚ
㿷Ƚ⭐㠩Ƚ‫ྸٽ‬Ƚᙱҁ
..................................................................................................................................................................233
䘔᧛࠼ਛᡌਛ
ᡌਛ
ᡌਛ
ᡌਛ
ᡌਛ
ᡌਛ
ᡌਛᆆ Connective clauses or sentencesφԄ㙂ȽࣖрȽᇂ
Ƚᇂ
ȽᇂҼȽ
ҼȽ
ҼȽ
ҼȽжᰜ...................................234
䘔᧛࠼ਛᡌਛ
ᡌਛ
ᡌਛ
ᡌਛ
ᡌਛ
ᡌਛ
ᡌਛ
ᡌਛ
ᡌਛᆆ
ᆆ
ᆆ
ᆆ Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Conn
nn
nn
nn
nn
nnec
ec
ecti
ti
ti
ti
tive
ve
ve
ve
ve c
c
c
c
c
cla
la
la
la
lauses
es
es
es
es
es o
o
o
o
or
r
r
r
r se
se
se
se
se
se
se
se
sent
nt
nt
nt
nt
nt
nt
nt
nten
en
en
en
en
en
ence
ce
ce
ce
ce
ces
s
s
s
s
sφу
φу
φу
φу
φу
φу
φу
φуᯏȽ
ᯏȽ
ᯏȽ
ᯏȽ
ᯏȽ
ᯏȽ
ᯏȽ
ᯏȽ
ᯏȽਥȽ
ਥȽ
ਥȽ
ਥȽ
ਥȽ
ਥȽ
ਥȽ
ਥȽ
ਥȽ㤛
㤛
㤛
㤛
㤛
㤛
㤛
㤛 ......................................................235
10 ࣟ䈃 Zh
Zh
Zh
Zh
Zh
Zh
Zhùc
ùc
ùc
ùc
ùcí Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Part
rt
rt
rtic
ic
ic
ic
icle
le
le
le
le
le
le
le...
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㔉ᶺࣟ䈃 Structural particles ⲺȽ൦Ƚᗍ...............................................................................................238

䈣≊ࣟ䈃φModal particles 㖘ҼȽஜȽ౑.............................................................................................245
ެԌࣟ䈃φOther auxiliary words Ⲻ䈓Ƚㅿ...........................................................................................247
ެԌࣟ䈃 Other auxiliary words ղⲺ......................................................................................................248
ެԌࣟ䈃 Other auxiliary wordsφҕླ...................................................................................................249
11 ਯ䈃 Interjection ஸȽ஀........................................................................................................................250
12 ᤕ༦䈃 Onomatopoeiaφ૾૾ ...............................................................................................................251
䈣㍖ Yԃsù Morphemes ..........................................................................................................................252
ࢃ㔶 Prefix ㅢЊȽ㘷ЊȽቅЊ..........................................................................................................252
ㅢЊȽ㘷ЊȽቅЊ ..................................................................................................................................252
੄㔶 Suffix Њ‫ݵ‬ȽЊᇬȽЊԢȽЊཪȽЊᆆ..................................................................................252
Њ‫ݵ‬ȽЊᇬȽЊԢȽЊཪȽЊᆆ...........................................................................................................253
More phrase with suffix “ᆆ” from HSK Vocabulary Version 2021........................................................255
㊱ࢃ㔶 Class prefix 䎻ЊȽཐЊȽਃЊȽᰖЊȽӐЊȽ߼Њ..............................................................263
㊱੄㔶 Class suffix ЊौȽЊᕅȽЊශȽЊᙝȽ.................................................................................265
⸣䈣 duӽnyԃ Phrase .....................................................................................................................................267
ᮦ䠅⸣䈣 VKOLjQJGXӽQԃ4XDQWLWSKUDVH...........................................................................................267
㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Structure type..........................................................................................................................267
ะᵢ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Basic structure type..........................................................................................................267
ެԌ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Other structure types ........................................................................................................270
㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Structure Type.............................................................................................................................271
ެԌ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ 2 Other structure type 2....................................................................................................271
ᮦ䠅䠃ਖ Number overlap .......................................................................................................................273
㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Structure type ..............................................................................................................................274
ᮦ䈃ηᖘᇯ䈃η䠅䈃 ..............................................................................................................................274
ࣕ㜳㊱ශ *ǀQJQpQJOqL[tQ)XQFWLRQWpe HSK 2 V2021 G39.00..........................................................275
੃䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Noun phrase.........................................................................................................................275
ࣞ䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Verb phrase..........................................................................................................................275
ᖘᇯ䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Adjective phrases.............................................................................................................276
രᇐ⸣䈣 Fixed phrase ................................................................................................................................276
ެԌ Other ...........................................................................................................................................276
ࢃ㔶 Prefix ㅢЊȽ㘷ЊȽቅЊ..........................................................................................................252
ㅢЊȽ㘷ЊȽቅЊ ..................................................................................................................................252
੄㔶 Suffix Њ‫ݵ‬ȽЊᇬȽЊԢȽЊཪȽЊᆆ
Њᆆ
Њᆆ
Њᆆ
Њᆆ
Њᆆ...........................
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Њ‫ݵ‬ȽЊᇬȽЊԢȽЊཪȽЊᆆ.............
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More phrase with suffix “ᆆ” from HSK
SK
SK
SK
SK
SK Vocabul
ul
ul
ul
ular
ar
ar
ar
ary Vers
rs
rs
rs
rs
rsio
io
io
io
ion 2021
21
21
21
21........................................................255
㊱ࢃ㔶 Class prefix 䎻ЊȽཐЊȽਃЊ
ਃЊ
ਃЊ
ਃЊ
ਃЊ
ਃЊ
ਃЊȽᰖЊȽ
ЊȽ
ЊȽ
ЊȽ
ЊȽ
ЊȽӐЊ
ӐЊ
ӐЊ
ӐЊ
ӐЊ
ӐЊ
ӐЊȽ߼
Ƚ߼
Ƚ߼
Ƚ߼
Ƚ߼
Ƚ߼Њ
Њ
Њ
Њ
Њ
Њ..............................................................263
㊱੄㔶 Class suffix ЊौȽЊᕅȽ
ᕅȽ
ᕅȽ
ᕅȽ
ᕅȽ
ᕅȽЊශȽЊᙝȽ.......................
..
..
..
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..
..
............................................................265
⸣䈣 duӽnyԃ Phrase .......................
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......
........................................................267
ᮦ䠅⸣䈣 VKOLjQJGXӽQԃ4XD
XD
XDQW
QW
QW
QW
QW
QWLWSKUDVH.......
..
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..........................................................267
㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Structure type...................
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..
..
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ะᵢ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Basic structure type..........................................................................................................267
ެԌ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Ot
Ot
Ot
Ot
Ot
Ot
Ot
Othe
he
he
he
he
he
he
her st
st
st
st
st
stru
ru
ru
ru
ru
ru
ru
ruct
ct
ct
ct
ct
ctur
ur
ur
ur
ur
ur
ure
e
e
e
e ty
ty
ty
ty
type
pe
pe
pe
pe
pe
pes
s
s
s ........................................................................................................270
㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Structure Type.............................................................................................................................271
ެԌ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ
㊱ශ
㊱ශ
㊱ශ
㊱ශ
㊱ශ
㊱ශ 2
2 Ot
Ot
Ot
Ot
Ot
Othe
he
her
r
r
r st
st
st
st
st
stru
ru
ru
ru
ruct
ct
ct
ct
ctur
ur
ur
ur
ur
ure type
pe
pe
pe
pe
pe 2
2
2
2.
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.
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.
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...................................271
ᮦ䠅䠃ਖ Nu
Nu
Numb
mb
mb
mb
mber overlap .......................................................................................................................273
㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Stru
ru
ru
ru
ruct
ct
ct
ct
ct
ct
ct
ctur
ur
ur
ure
e
e
e ty
ty
ty
ty
ty
type
pe
pe
pe
pe .....
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ᮦ䈃ηᖘᇯ䈃η䠅䈃 ..............................................................................................................................274

രᇐ⸣䈣 Fixed phrase ................................................................................................................................277
഑ᆍṲ Four-character Fixed pattern........................................................................................................278
ެԌ other ............................................................................................................................................278
഑ᆍṲ..........................................................................................................................................................281
ཝ A ཝ B..................................................................................................................................................281
ж A ж B..................................................................................................................................................281
഑ᆍṲ Four-character phrase......................................................................................................................281
ެԌ other .............................................................................................................................................284
ⵁᶛ it seems (or appears) ........................................................................................................................284
ᶛᗍ਀ / ᶛу਀ have time to / too late to do...........................................................................................284
䈪уᇐ perhaps; maybe ............................................................................................................................285
ж㡢ᶛ䈪 generally speaking ...................................................................................................................286
ެԌ..............................................................................................................................................................287
уᗍҼ ......................................................................................................................................................287
уᮘᖉ ......................................................................................................................................................288
ᗍҼ ..........................................................................................................................................................288
⭞у⵶ ......................................................................................................................................................289
രᇐ⸣䈣 Fixed phrase ................................................................................................................................289
഑ᆍṲ..........................................................................................................................................................289
ᡌ A ᡌ B..................................................................................................................................................289
ᰖ A ᰖ B..................................................................................................................................................290
A 䘏 A 䛙..................................................................................................................................................290
ᐜ A ਩ B..................................................................................................................................................291
ެԌ other ............................................................................................................................................291
уᙄѾ ......................................................................................................................................................291
ླδуεᇯ᱉ ..........................................................................................................................................292
䛙‫و‬δҕεᱥ ..........................................................................................................................................294
ቧᱥ䈪 / 䘏ቧᱥ䈪 ...................................................................................................................................295
㇍Ҽ ..........................................................................................................................................................297
രᇐṲᕅ Fixed Pattern....................................................................................................................................298
䘎ᱥ……੝ ..............................................................................................................................................298
ެԌ other .............................................................................................................................................284
ⵁᶛ it seems (or appears) ........................................................................................................................284
ᶛᗍ਀ / ᶛу਀ have time to / too late to do.........
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䈪уᇐ perhaps; maybe ...............................
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ж㡢ᶛ䈪 generally speaking ...............
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ެԌ.......................................................
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уᗍҼ ...........................................
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уᮘᖉ .........................................
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ᗍҼ .............................................
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⭞у⵶ .............................................
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രᇐ⸣䈣 Fixed phrase .......................................
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഑ᆍṲ...................
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ᡌ A ᡌ B...........................
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ᰖ A ᰖ B..................................................................................................................................................290
A 䘏 A 䛙.......
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ᐜ A ਩ B.....
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.........................................291
ެԌ other ............................................................................................................................................291

ᒬࡍགྷਛ Compound sentence ....................................................................................................................377
уᱥ……θ㙂ᱥ…… ..............................................................................................................................377
ᰘ……θ৾ / ҕ…… ...............................................................................................................................378
ᰬ㙂... ...θᰬ㙂... ... ................................................................................................................................379
жᰬ... ...θжᰬ... ... ................................................................................................................................379
ᢵ᧛གྷਛ Continuation of complex sentences.............................................................................................380
俌‫……ݾ‬θ❬੄…… ..............................................................................................................................381
俌‫……ݾ‬θެ⅗…… ..............................................................................................................................382
……θӄᱥ…… ......................................................................................................................................383
......‫׵‬...... ..................................................................................................................................................384
䙈䘑གྷਛ Progressive Compound Sentence ................................................................................................385
䙈䘑གྷਛ Progressive compound sentences.........................................................................................386
……, ᒬъ…… ........................................................................................................................................386
уӻ / у‫……ݿ‬θ䘎 / 㙂ъ…… ............................................................................................................387
䙈䘑གྷਛ Progressive Complex Sentence ...................................................................................................387
……θ⭐㠩…… ......................................................................................................................................387
䙈䘑གྷਛ Progressive Complex Sentence ...................................................................................................388
уռу / уռ⋗ᴿ... ...θ ਃ㙂... .. .........................................................................................................388
уᱥ... ...θ 䘎 / 䘎ᱥ... ... ........................................................................................................................389
䘔... ... ҕ / 䜳... ...θ... ... ᴪ... ... .............................................................................................................389
䘿᤟གྷਛ Selective complex sentence ....................................................................................................390
䘿᤟གྷਛ Select compound sentence...................................................................................................391
уᱥ……θቧᱥ…… ..............................................................................................................................391
䘿᤟གྷਛ Select complex sentence..............................................................................................................392
ᡌ㘻……θᡌ㘻…… ..............................................................................................................................392
䘿᤟གྷਛ Select complex sentence..............................................................................................................393
俌‫……ݾ‬θ❬੄…… .............................................
..
..
..
..........................
....
..
..
..
.........................................................381
ᢵ᧛གྷਛ Continuation of complex sentences
s.
.
.
.
.
.................
..
..
..
..........
..
..
....
..
..
................
......................................................382
俌‫……ݾ‬θެ⅗…… ...........................
..
..
..
..................
..
....
..............
..
................
..
..
..
.........................................................382
……θӄᱥ…… ...............................
....................
..
............
..
..........
..
..
....
..
..
..
...................................................................383
ᢵ᧛གྷਛ Continuation of complex se
se
se
se
sentences...................................
..
..
............................................................384
......‫׵‬...... .....................................
..
..
..
............................................
..
..
....
..
..
..
..........
....
..
..
..
.........................................................384
䙈䘑གྷਛ Progressive Compound Se
Se
Se
Se
Sentence .........
....
..
..
................
..
..
..
....
..
................
..
..
..
.........................................................385
䙈䘑གྷਛ Progressive compound
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd sentences..........................
..
..
....
...............................................................386
……, ᒬъ…… ...............................................
..
....
..
..
....
..
..
....
.....................................................................................386
уӻ / у‫……ݿ‬
……
……
……
……
……θ䘎
θ䘎
θ䘎
θ䘎
θ䘎
θ䘎
θ䘎
θ䘎
θ䘎
θ䘎 /
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ 㙂ъ
㙂ъ
㙂ъ
㙂ъ
㙂ъ
㙂ъ
㙂ъ
㙂ъ
㙂ъ……
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
…… .
.
.
.
.
...
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
........
..
..
..
....
..
..
....
..
..
....
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
....
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
....
..
....
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
....
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
...............................387
䙈䘑གྷਛ Progress
ss
ss
ss
ss
ss
ssiv
iv
ive
e
e Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Comp
mp
mp
mp
mp
mp
mp
mp
mple
le
le
le
le
le
le
lex
x
x
x
x
x
x
x Se
Se
Se
Se
Se
Sent
nt
nt
nt
nt
nt
nt
nt
nten
en
en
en
en
en
ence
ce
ce
ce
ce
ce
ce
ce
ce
ce
ce .......
..
..
..
....
..
..
........................
..
....
..
..
..
..
....................................................................387
……θ⭐㠩…… ......................................................................................................................................387
䙈䘑གྷਛ Prog
og
og
og
og
ogre
re
re
re
re
ress
ss
ssiv
iv
iv
iv
iv
ive
e
e
e
e
e Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Comp
mp
mp
mp
mp
mple
le
le
le
lex
x
x
x
x Se
Se
Se
Se
Se
Senten
en
en
en
en
en
en
ence
ce
ce
ce
ce
ce ...
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
....
......
..
....
............
..........
......
....
....
......
......
..........
..........
....
....
..
....
....
..
....
....
........
................388
уռу / уռ
уռ
уռ
уռ
уռ
уռ
уռ
уռ⋗ᴿ
⋗ᴿ
⋗ᴿ
⋗ᴿ
⋗ᴿ
⋗ᴿ
⋗ᴿ... ..
..
..
...
.
.
.θ
θ
θ
θ
θ
θ
θ
θ ਃ㙂
ਃ㙂
ਃ㙂
ਃ㙂
ਃ㙂
ਃ㙂...
.
. ..
..
..
..
..
.. .......
..
..
....
..
..
..
..........
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
....
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
....
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
........................................388
уᱥ
уᱥ... ...θ 䘎 / 䘎ᱥ
䘎ᱥ... ... ........................................................................................................................389

HSK Version 2021 Preface
The HSK (Chinese Proficiency Test) is an international standardized exam that
tests and rates Chinese language proficiency. It assesses non-native Chinese
speakers’ abilities in using the Chinese language in their daily, academic and
professional lives. HSK consists of six levels in version 2009.
2009 ᒪሼ HSK Ⲻሼ㘹䈋㓝ࡡԄ 3 ㅿ 11 㓝਎Ѱ ᯦ HKS ‫ޣ‬㓝ȾćৱᦿࠖѠ
ᴶ儎࠼Ĉθሼ৕ᶛйࡦғ㓝਌⎾θᒬሼ৕ᶛⲺж㓝᭯Ѱ ć᯦ HSK1-3 㓝Ĉθ
㗄ެ੃ᴦć㔏㘹⭕жѠ䀜᪮ਥ਀ⲺⴤḽĈȾԛ⧦൞Ⲻ HSK ‫ޣ‬㓝Ⲻḽ߼䈪ཌ
ളᆜ⭕ਥԛᓊԎѣളཝᆜⲺᆜҖθᡇਠ㜳ѰѣളཝᆜⲺᮏ㛨㍖䍞⽾⾭ҼȾ৕
ᶛҼⲺпㅿ 11 㓝ቧуᓊ䈛㕟≪θ㠠ᦿ䓡ԭᶛᘳᛖ㘷ཌέ ⧦൞↙ᵢ␻Ⓠθ৾
਎ᡆғ㓝Ҽέ䘏⅗䍝ⵕԭᇔⲺ㘹䈋у⸛䚉㾷䇟ཐቇ㘷ཌ㾷唎ᘫпᆍ㔅Ҽέ
In 2009, the HSK test level was changed from 3 classes, 11 OHYHOVWR1HZ+6.
/HYHO5HPRYHVRPHRIWKHKLJKHVWOHYHOVFDQFHOWKHRULJLQDOOHYHOVWR
DQGFKDQJHWKHRULJLQDOOHYHORQHWR1HZ+6.-DQGJLYHDILQH-sounding
QDPHRIJLYHFDQGLGDWHVDWRXFKDEOHJRDO$FFRUGLQJWRWKHFXUUHQW+6./HYHO
standard, it states that foreign students can cope with the study of Chinese
universities with HSK 6. I can only pray for the educational quality of Chinese
XQLYHUVLWLHV7KHRULJLQDOFODVVHVDQGOHYHOVVKRXOGQ
WEHVKUXQNDQGGHYDOXH
itself to fool around foreigners! Now overhaul thoroughly, it has become a ninth
levels again! I don’t know how many foreigners have to recite the Three-Character
Sutra in this authentic exam!
Ʌള䱻ѣᮽᮏ㛨ѣᮽ≪ᒩㅿ㓝ḽ߼Ɇਇᐹ 2
2
2021-03-31 ᶛⓆφѣളᮏ㛨䜞
http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/202103/t20210329_523304.html
2009 ᒪሼ HSK Ⲻሼ㘹䈋㓝ࡡԄ 3 ㅿ 11 㓝਎Ѱ ᯦ HKS ‫ޣ‬㓝ȾćৱᦿࠖѠ
ᴶ儎࠼Ĉθሼ৕ᶛйࡦғ㓝਌⎾θᒬሼ৕ᶛⲺж㓝᭯Ѱ ć᯦
᯦ HSK1-3 㓝Ĉθ
㗄ެ੃ᴦć㔏㘹⭕жѠ䀜᪮ਥ਀Ⲻⴤḽ
ḽ
ḽ
ḽ
ḽ
ḽĈ
Ĉ
Ĉ
Ĉ
ĈȾԛ⧦
⧦
⧦൞
൞
൞
൞
൞
൞
൞
൞Ⲻ HSK ‫ޣ‬㓝Ⲻḽ߼䈪ཌ
ളᆜ⭕ਥԛᓊԎѣളཝᆜⲺᆜҖθ
θ
θ
θ
θ
θᡇ
ᡇ
ᡇ
ᡇ
ᡇਠ㜳
㜳
㜳
㜳
㜳
㜳Ѱ
Ѱ
Ѱ
Ѱ
Ѱ
Ѱѣ
ѣ
ѣ
ѣ
ѣ
ѣളཝ
ཝ
ཝ
ཝᆜⲺᮏ㛨㍖䍞⽾⾭ҼȾ৕
ᶛҼⲺпㅿ 11 㓝ቧуᓊ䈛㕟≪
≪
≪
≪
≪
≪
≪θ㠠ᦿ
ᦿ
ᦿ
ᦿ
ᦿ
ᦿ䓡
䓡
䓡
䓡
䓡
䓡ԭᶛ
ᶛ
ᶛ
ᶛ
ᶛ
ᶛ
ᶛ
ᶛ
ᶛᘳᛖ
ᛖ
ᛖ
ᛖ
ᛖ
ᛖ㘷
㘷
㘷
㘷
㘷
㘷ཌέ ⧦൞↙ᵢ␻Ⓠθ৾
਎ᡆғ㓝Ҽέ䘏⅗䍝ⵕԭᇔⲺ
Ⲻ
Ⲻ
Ⲻ
Ⲻ
Ⲻ
Ⲻ㘹䈋у
у
у
у
у
у⸛䚉
䚉
䚉
䚉
䚉
䚉㾷
㾷
㾷
㾷
㾷
㾷
㾷䇟
䇟
䇟
䇟
䇟
䇟ཐ
ཐ
ཐ
ཐ
ཐ
ཐ
ཐቇ㘷ཌ㾷唎ᘫпᆍ㔅Ҽέ
In 2009, the HSK test level w
w
w
w
was changed from 3 cla
a
a
a
as
s
s
s
sses, 11 OHYHOVWR1HZ+6.
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W
WKHKLJKHVW
W
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OHYHO
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O
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WKHRULJLQDOOHYHOVWR
DQGFKDQJHWKHRULJLQDOOHYHO
O
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ORQHWR1H
H
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+
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6
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6.
.
.
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.
.
.-

DQGJLYHDILQH-sounding
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K
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R
R
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standard, it states that foreign studen
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n cope with the study of Chinese
f
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universities with
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F
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G
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O
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H
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K
K
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K
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R
R
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X
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G
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W
W
W
W
W
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E
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E
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EH
H
H
H
H
H
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V
V
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UX
X
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QNDQGGHYDOXH
itself to fool around foreigners! Now overhaul thoroughly, it has become a ninth
levels again! I
I
I
I
I
I
I d
d
d
d
d
do
o
o
o
on
n
n
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w
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h
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w
w
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C
C
Character
Sutra in this a
a
au
u
u
u
u
ut
t
the
e
e
e
en
n
n
n
ntic
c
c
c
c e
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e
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exa
a
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am
m
m
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David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Central page
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KWWSVZZZDPD]RQFRMSaH%35/704 (Japan)
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Preview and download books by David YAO at Apple Book Store:
https://books.apple.com/us/author/david-yao/id584331956
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http://www.amazon.fr/-H%35/7
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Test takers who are able to pass the YCT (Level III), having reached an excellent
level in basic Chinese, can communicate on familiar daily topics in a simple
manner.
Test takers who are able to pass the YCT (Level IV) can communicate in Chinese
at a basic level in their daily, academic and professional lives. When travelling in
China, they can manage most forms of communication in Chinese.
III. Test Principles
The new YCT aims to improve Chinese language learners’ self-confidence and
follows the principle of “test-teaching correlation”. It bases the design of the test
on current trends in international Chinese language training and is closely related
to textbook learning procedures. The purpose of the test is to “promote training
through testing” and “promote learning through testing”.
IV. Test Purposes
The YCT is intended for students whose mother tongue is not Chinese. The
results of the test can serve various purposes:
1. A method for Chinese language learners to assess and improve their
proficiency in Chinese.
2. A reference for Chinese language training in schools.
3. A method for Chinese language training institutions to evaluate training
results.
4. A benchmark for students who want to participate in the HSK test.
V. Results Certificate
Test takers will receive their test results for the new YCT issued by Hanban
within three weeks after the test.
III. Test Principles
The new YCT aims to improve Chinese la
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was more empty. HSK 6 V2021 G04.07.3 YAO
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K
K
K
K
K
K
Kӽ
ӽ
ӽRKjRFKƯIjQD
No matter how busy you are you have to eat well!HSK 4 V2021

֖ླθ ᡇ㾷њѠᵢᆆȾ 1ӿKӽRZԁjROLӽQJJqEČQ]L Hello, I
want two books.
֖Ԣ QӿPen (ԙ) you [second person plural]
ᛞ nín (ԙ) ( ᮢ) you (respect way)
ᛞླ! QtQKӽR How are you?
䉘䉘ᛞ! Xièxiè nín! Thank you!
ᖾ儎ު൞䘏䠂㿷ࡦᛞȾ +ČQJƗR[uQJ]jL]KqOӿMLjQGjRQtQ I am
very glad to meet you here
Ԍ WƗ (ԙ) 1 he; him
Ԍᜩ௓≪Ⱦ 7Ɨ[LӽQJKƝVKXӿ He wants to drink water.
ԌԢ WƗPHQ (ԙ) they; them
ᡇԢৱҜᓍθ֖Ԣৱଠ‫ݵ‬ϋ ZԁPHQTVKǌGLjQQӿPHQTQӽ
HU
We are going to the bookstore, where are you going?
ԌԢᱥᆜ⭕Ⱦ 7ƗPHQVKu[XpVKƝQJ They are students.
ԌԢ‫؟‬ WƗPHQOLӽ the two of them.
ྯ WƗ (ԙ) she; her
ྯԢ WƗPHQ (ԙ) [ indicating the female sex] they
ྯᖾ儎Ⱦ 7ƗKČQJƗR She is very tall.
ྯԢᱥᡇⲺੂᆜȾ 7ƗPHQVKuZԁGHWyQJ[Xp They are my
classmates.
ࢃ䗯 qiánbian (੃) in front
䉘䉘ᛞ! Xièxiè nín! Thank you!
ᖾ儎ު൞䘏䠂㿷ࡦᛞȾ +ČQJƗR
R
R
R
R
R[
[
[
[
[
[u
u
u
u
u
uQ
Q
Q
QJ]jL
L
L
L
L
L]
]
]
]
]
]K
K
K
K
K
K
KqOӿMLjQGjRQtQ I am
very glad to meet you here
Ԍ WƗ (
Ɨ
Ɨ ԙ) 1 he; him
Ԍᜩ௓≪Ⱦ 7Ɨ[LӽQJ
J
J
J
J
JKƝVKXӿ He wan
n
n
n
n
n
n
nts to drink water.
ԌԢ WƗPHQ
Q (
Q
Q ԙ) they
y
y
y
y; them
ᡇԢৱҜᓍθ֖Ԣৱଠ‫ݵ‬
‫ݵ‬
‫ݵ‬
‫ݵ‬
‫ݵ‬
‫ݵ‬
‫ݵ‬ϋ
ϋ
ϋ
ϋ ZԁPHQT
T
T
T
T
T

V
V
V
V
V
VK
K
KǌGLjQQӿPHQTQӽ
HU
We are going to the book
k
k
k
kst
t
t
t
to
o
or
r
re
e
e
e, where are you going?
ԌԢᱥᆜ⭕Ⱦ 7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7Ɨ
Ɨ
Ɨ
Ɨ
Ɨ
Ɨ
Ɨ
Ɨ
Ɨ
Ɨ
ƗP
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
PH
H
H
H
H
H
H
HQ
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q

V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
VK
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
Ku
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u

[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Xp
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
pV
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
VK
K
K
K
K
K
KƝ
Ɲ
Ɲ
Ɲ
Ɲ
Ɲ
ƝQ
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
QJ
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J

T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
Th
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
he
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
ey
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
ar
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
re
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e s
s
s
s
st
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
tu
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
ud
d
d
d
d
d
d
de
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
en
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
nt
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
ts
s
s
s
s
s
s
s.
.
ԌԢ‫؟‬ WƗ
Ɨ
Ɨ
Ɨ
Ɨ
Ɨ
ƗP
P
P
P
P
PH
H
H
H
H
H
HQ
Q
Q
Q
Q
QO
O
O
O
OL
L
L
L
Lӽ
ӽ
ӽ
ӽ
ӽ
ӽ t
t
t
t
th
h
h
h
h
he tw
w
w
w
w
wo
o
o
o
o
o o
o
o
o
o
o
of
f
f
f
f t
t
t
t
t
t
th
h
h
h
h
he
e
e
e
e
e
em
m
m
m
m
m.
.
.
.
.
ྯ WƗ (
(
(
(
(
(
Ɨ
Ɨ ԙ
ԙ
ԙ
ԙ
ԙ
ԙ
ԙ
ԙ)
)
)
)
)
) s
s
s
s
sh
h
he
e
e
e
e;
;
;
;
;
;
; he
e
e
e
er
r
r
r
r
ྯԢ WƗPHQ
Q (
Q
Q ԙ) [ indicating the female sex] they

ᤷ⽪ԓ䇽 Demonstrative pronouns:˖਴ǃ਴սǃ਴⿽ǃ⇿ǃԫօ
᤽⽰ԙ䈃φ਺Ƚ਺փȽ਺〃Ƚ∅ȽԱ֋ ]KӿVKuGjLFt*q
JqZqLJq]KԁQJPČLUqQKp Demonstrative pronouns: each,
everybody, various, every, any HSK 3 V2021 G08.00
ᡇԢ⨣Ⲻੂᆜᶛ㠠ь⮂਺ളȾ ZԁPHQEƗQGHWyQJ[XpOiL]u
VKuMLqJqJXy Our classmates come from all over the world. HSK
3 V2021 G08.01
਺փᵁਁθсॾླέ *qZqLSpQJԁX[LjZԃKӽR Good
afternoon, friends! HSK 3 V2021 G08.02
䘏‫ݵ‬ᴿ਺〃仒㢨Ⲻ㣧Ⱦ =Kq
HUԁXJq]KԁQJiQVqGHKXƗ
There are flowers of various colors here. HSK 3 V2021 G08.03
ᡇ∅Ѡ᱕ᵕཟ䜳ৱ⡢ኧȾ :ԁPČLJq[ƯQJTtWLƗQGǌTSiVKƗQ
I go hiking every Sunday. HSK 3 V2021 G08.04
ᡇԢԱ֋ᰬُ䜳㾷⌞ᝅؓᣚ⧥ູȾ :ԁPHQUqQKpVKtKzXGǀX
jR]KuEӽRKKXiQMuQJ We must pay attention to protecting the
environment at all times. HSK 3 V2021 G08.05
ᤷ⽪ԓ䇽 Demonstrative pronouns˖ᖬ↔ǃ ྲ↔
᤽⽰ԙ䈃φᖲ↚Ƚ ྸ↚ ]KӿVKuGjLFt%ӿFӿU~Fӿ
Demonstrative pronouns: each other, so HSK 5 V2021 G01.00
ᖲ↚ EӿFӿ (੃) 1 each other; one another HSK 5 V2021
G01.001
ྸ↚ U~Fӿ (ԙ) so; such; in this way: HSK 5 V2021 G01.003
3 V2021 G08.01
਺փᵁਁθсॾླέ *qZ
Z
Zq
q
q
q
q
qL
L
L
L
LS
S
S
S
S
Sp
p
p
p
p
pQ
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
QJ
J
J
J
J
J

ԁX[LjZԃKӽR Good
afternoon, friends! HSK 3 V20
0
0
0
02
2
2
2
21 G0
0
0
0
08
8
8
8
8.0
0
0
0
02
䘏‫ݵ‬ᴿ਺〃仒㢨Ⲻ㣧Ⱦ =K
K
K
K
K
Kq
q
q
q
q
q
HU

ԁXJ
J
J
J
J
Jq
q
q
q
q
q]KԁQJiQVqGHKXƗ
There are flowers of v
v
v
v
various c
c
c
c
color
r
r
r
rs
s
s
s
s h
h
h
h
he
e
e
e
ere. HSK 3 V2021 G08.03
ᡇ∅Ѡ᱕ᵕཟ䜳ৱ⡢ኧȾ :ԁPČLJ
J
J
J
J
Jq
q
q
q
q
q
q[
[
[ƯQJTtWLƗQGǌTSiVKƗQ
I go hiking every Su
u
u
u
unday. H
H
H
H
H
HSK 3 V
V
V
V2
2
2
2
2
2
20
0
0
0
0
021
1
1
1
1 G08.04
ᡇԢԱ֋ᰬُ䜳㾷⌞ᝅؓ
ؓ
ؓ
ؓ
ؓ
ؓ
ؓᣚ
ᣚ
ᣚ
ᣚ
ᣚ
ᣚ⧥ູȾ :
:
:
:
:ԁPHQUqQKpVKtKzXGǀX
jR]KuEӽRKKXiQMuQJ We must pay attention to protecting the
environment a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
at
t
t
t
t
t a
a
a
a
al
ll
l
l
l t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
ti
i
i
i
i
im
m
m
m
m
m
m
me
e
e
e
e
e
es
s. H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
HS
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
SK
K
K
K
K
K
K
K 3
3
3
3
3 V
V
V
V
V
V
V2
2
2
2
2
2
2
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
02
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
21
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G0
0
0
0
0
0
0
08
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8.
.
.
.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
05
5
5
5
5
5
5
ᤷ⽪ԓ䇽 D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
De
e
e
e
e
e
em
m
m
mo
on
ns
s
st
t
t
t
tr
ra
a
a
at
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
ti
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
iv
v
v
ve
e p
p
p
p
pr
r
r
ro
o
o
on
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
no
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
ou
u
u
u
un
n
n
ns
s
s
s
s˖
˖
˖ᖬ
ᖬ
ᖬ
ᖬ
ᖬ
ᖬ
ᖬ
ᖬ
ᖬ
ᖬ
ᖬ
ᖬ
ᖬ
ᖬ
ᖬ
ᖬ
ᖬ
ᖬ↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔ǃ
ǃ
ǃ ྲ
ྲ
ྲ
ྲ
ྲ
ྲ
ྲ
ྲ
ྲ
ྲ
ྲ
ྲ
ྲ
ྲ
ྲ
ྲ
ྲ
ྲ
ྲ
ྲ↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
↔
᤽⽰ԙ䈃φᖲ
ᖲ
ᖲ
ᖲ
ᖲ
ᖲ
ᖲ
ᖲ↚
↚
↚
↚
↚
↚
↚
↚Ƚ ྸ
ྸ
ྸ
ྸ
ྸ
ྸ↚
↚
↚
↚
↚
↚
↚
↚
↚
↚ ]
]
]
]
]
]
]K
K
K
K
K
K
Kӿ
ӿ
ӿ
ӿ
ӿ
ӿ
ӿV
V
V
V
V
VK
K
K
K
K
K
Ku
u
u
u
u
u
u
uG
G
G
G
G
G
Gj
j
j
j
j
j
j
jL
L
L
L
L
L
LF
F
F
F
F
Ft
t
t
t
t
t
t

%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%ӿ
ӿ
ӿ
ӿ
ӿ
ӿ
ӿ
ӿF
F
F
F
F
Fӿ
ӿ
ӿ
ӿ
ӿU
U
U
U
U
U
U~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~F
F
F
F
Fӿ
Demonstrative pronouns: each other, so HSK 5 V2021 G01.00

HSK Grammar Quick Reference

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