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Chinese Grammar Reference

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LEGOO MANDARIN
LEGOO MANDARIN

CIE IGCSE Chinese Grammar (0547 Foreign Language) V2021 国际汉语水平考试规范性语法-The latest and most complete grammar by referring IGCSE and HSK Syllabus V2021 规范性语法等级大纲 (169 Grammatical points, 1445 Illustrations) New Book Launching, More details and Best Price @ https://bit.ly/2YFGe4P CIE IGCSE Chinese (0547) is based examination similar to GCSE and is recognized in the UK as being equivalent to the GCSE for the purposes of recognizing prior attainment. It was developed by University of Cambridge International Examinations. Cambridge programmes and qualifications set the global standard for international education. They are created by subject experts, rooted in academic rigour and reflect the latest educational research. By referring IGCSE and HSK 1-2 (version 2009 and the latest version 2021) Syllabus, we edited a series of Chinese Vocabulary for those who are studying Chinese or preparing international examinations, such as IB, SAT, AP, IGCSE, GCSE Chinese. This book gives students a quick revision for their coming exam! Combining our 26 years’ expertise in Teaching and editing our own materials, here is the “LIFE SAVING” book called by many students for their exams. Grab it! Thanks for your support for us creating better contents for you!

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2 | P a g e Contents Preface - Cambridge IGCSE Chinese.................................................................................................................11 Cambridge IGCSE Mandarin Chinese - Foreign Language (0547) ...............................................................11 Syllabuses ...................................................................................................................................................12 Paper 1 Listening Approximately 35 minutes............................................................................................12 Paper 2 Reading 1 hour 15 minutes ............................................................................................................12 Paper 3 Speaking Approximately 10 minutes............................................................................................12 Paper 4 1 hour 15 minutes Candidates complete one form-filling task, .....................................................12 HSK Version 2021 Preface.................................................................................................................................14 General Table of Vocabulary and Grammar.......................................................................................................20 Preface 1: No Grammar in Chinese Language?..................................................................................................21 About the Author: ...............................................................................................................................................24 Our Story ............................................................................................................................................................25 David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Central page ...............................................................................................26 Comparing with HSK Version 2009...................................................................................................................27 II. Test Levels.................................................................................................................................................27 I. Test Target ..................................................................................................................................................29 Comparing HSK Version 2009 with GCSE, IB, CEF ........................................................................................30 HSK Speaking Test (HSKK) ..............................................................................................................................30 Youth Chinese Test.............................................................................................................................................35 Business Chinese Test ........................................................................................................................................39 ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 Medical Chinese Proficiency Test (MCT) .........................................................................42 Notationsφ.........................................................................................................................................................46 Part 1: CIE IGCSE Minimum Core Grammar....................................................................................................46 PART 1...........................................................................................................................................................47 Verbs ..............................................................................................................................................................47 A Auxiliary verbs ᓊ䈛...............................................................................................................................47 B Future ......................................................................................................................................................47 C Reduplication of verbs ............................................................................................................................49 D Progressive actions..................................................................................................................................49 E Perfective aspect marker Ҽ.....................................................................................................................51 F Experiential aspect marker 䗽 .................................................................................................................51 G Simple directional complements.............................................................................................................52 HSK Version 2021 Preface.................................................................................................................................14 General Table of Vocabulary and Grammar............................... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ....................................................................20 Preface 1: No Grammar in Chinese Language?......... .. .... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .... .. .. ................ .. .. .. .. .........................................................21 About the Author: .............................................. .. .. .. .................. .. .. .... ............ .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. .........................................................24 Our Story ..................................................... .. .. .. .................... .. .............. .. .. .. ................ .. .. .............................................................25 David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Centr tr tr tr tral al al al al page ....... .. ..........................................................................................26 Comparing with HSK Version 2009..... .. .. .................................................. .... .. .. .. ..............................................................27 II. Test Levels................................. .. ........................ .. ................................ .. .. .. ...... ..........................................................27 I. Test Target ................................... .. .. .. ........................ .... .. .. ................ .. .. .. .. .... .. .............. .... .. .. .. ...........................................................29 Comparing HSK Version 2009 with GCS CS CS CS CS CSE, IB, CEF ......................... .. .. .. .. .................................................................30 K HSK Speaking Test (HSKK) ............................. .. .... .. .. .. .... ............ .. .. .... .. .. .. ...................................................................................30 Youth Chinese Test... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ................................35 Business Chinese Tes es es es es est t t t ... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .................................39 ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 Medical Chinese Proficiency Test (MCT) .........................................................................42 Notationsφ......... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. ........ .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ..................46 Part 1: CIE IGCS CS CS CS CSE E E E E E Mi Mi Mi Mi Mi Mini ni ni ni ni nimu mu mu mu mum m m m m m Co Co Co Co Co Core re re re re G G G Gra ra ra ra ra ramm mm mm mm mm mm mmar ar ar ar ar ar ar. . . ... .. .. ........ .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .........................................46 PART 1...........................................................................................................................................................47 Verbs 47
3 | P a g e H Complements of result ............................................................................................................................52 I Complements of degree............................................................................................................................53 J Postverbs ..................................................................................................................................................53 K Verbal measure words.............................................................................................................................54 Nouns and noun phrases.................................................................................................................................54 A Plurals .....................................................................................................................................................54 B Measure words ........................................................................................................................................54 C Possession ...............................................................................................................................................56 D Modification of nouns.............................................................................................................................57 E Noun phrases with Ⲻ..............................................................................................................................58 Prepositions ....................................................................................................................................................59 Adverbs ..........................................................................................................................................................60 Prepositional phrases......................................................................................................................................62 Conjunctive use of adverbs ............................................................................................................................62 B Sentences with an adverbial phrase after a verb......................................................................................63 Complement of time after a verb ................................................................................................................63 Complement of time with the verbal aspect marker Ҽ ..............................................................................63 Complement of time with the verbal aspect marker Ҽ and the sentence particle Ҽ .................................63 Comparisons...................................................................................................................................................64 Use of ∊.....................................................................................................................................................64 Use of 䐕 …… жṭ...................................................................................................................................64 Use of ‫܅‬ …… жṭ...................................................................................................................................65 Use of ∊ …… ᴪ.......................................................................................................................................65 Use of ∊ …… ж⛯‫ݵ‬...............................................................................................................................65 Use of ᴶ.....................................................................................................................................................66 Complement of quantity .............................................................................................................................66 Use of ⋗ᴿ in comparisons........................................................................................................................66 Numbers, dates and times...............................................................................................................................66 A Numbers..................................................................................................................................................66 Approximate numbers.................................................................................................................................71 B Dates and times .......................................................................................................................................71 C Time expressions ........................................................................................................................................73 Sentences........................................................................................................................................................74 A Declarative sentences..............................................................................................................................74 Using ᱥ......................................................................................................................................................74 Using ᴿ......................................................................................................................................................74 E Noun phrases with Ⲻ..............................................................................................................................58 Prepositions ....................................................................................................................................................59 Adverbs .................................................................... .. .... .. .. .. ............................ .. .. .... .. .. ..........................................................60 Prepositional phrases......................................... .. .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .......... ................ .........................................................62 Conjunctive use of adverbs ......................... .. .. .................. .. .. .. .............. .. .. ................ .. ...........................................................62 B Sentences with an adverbial phrase se a a a after a verb b b b b........... .. .. .. .............. .... .. .. .. ...............................................................63 Complement of time after a verb ..... .. .. .................... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. ...............................................................63 Complement of time with the verb rb rb rb rbal aspect marker Ҽ ................. .. .. .. ...............................................................63 Complement of time with the verb rb rb rb rbal aspect ma ma ma mark rk rker er Ҽ Ҽ Ҽ an and d th th th th the e se sent nt nt nt nten en en en ence particle Ҽ .................................63 Comparisons..................................... .. .. .. ........................ .. ................ .... .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ............................................................64 Use of ∊......................................... .. .... ............................................ .. .. .. ..................................................................64 Use of 䐕 …… жṭ................................... .. .. .. .... .. .. .............. .. .. .. .... .. ..................................................................................64 Use of ‫܅‬ …… жṭ жṭ жṭ жṭ жṭ жṭ жṭ жṭ жṭ... .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ............................ .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ........ .. .... .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. ............ .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ........ .... .. .. .. .. ............ .. .. .. .. .. ....................................65 Use of ∊ …… ᴪ ᴪ ᴪ ᴪ ᴪ ᴪ ᴪ ᴪ ᴪ ᴪ. ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ................................65 Use of ∊ …… ж⛯‫ݵ‬...............................................................................................................................65 Use of ᴶ..... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ........ .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .......... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .......... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ..................66 Complement of quanti tity .............................................................................................................................66 Use of ⋗ᴿ ⋗ᴿ ⋗ᴿ ⋗ᴿ ⋗ᴿ ⋗ᴿ ⋗ᴿ in in in in in in in com om om om om ompa pa pa pa pari ri ri ri ri riso so so so so so so sons ns ns ns ns... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .......... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. ...........................................66 Numbers, dates and times...............................................................................................................................66 A Numb 66
4 | P a g e Using stative verbs......................................................................................................................................74 Verbless sentences ......................................................................................................................................75 B Negative statements ................................................................................................................................75 C Interrogative sentences............................................................................................................................76 D Sentence particle Ҽ ................................................................................................................................78 E Topic-comment construction...................................................................................................................79 F The ᱥ……Ⲻ construction .....................................................................................................................79 G Position ...................................................................................................................................................80 PART 2...........................................................................................................................................................81 Verbs ..............................................................................................................................................................81 A Verbal aspect marker ⵶ .........................................................................................................................81 B Compound directional complements.......................................................................................................82 C Potential complements ............................................................................................................................82 Adverbs ..........................................................................................................................................................83 A Adverbs of manner..................................................................................................................................83 Sentences........................................................................................................................................................83 A The ᣀ construction.................................................................................................................................83 B The 㻡 construction.................................................................................................................................84 C The 䇟θֵ construction.........................................................................................................................85 Part 2: Expanded Grammar by Referring HSK 1-2 V2021 (169 Grammar Points)............................................86 Normative grammar level syllabus 㿺㤹ᙝ䈣⌋ㅿ㓝ཝ㓨.................................................................................86 䈃㊱ Cílèi Parts of speech...........................................................................................................................86 1 ੃䈃 míngcí Noun .............................................................................................................................86 ᯯփ੃䈃 )ƗQJZqLPtQJFt/RFDWLRQQRXQV............................................................................................86 2 ࣞ䈃 dòngcí Verb....................................................................................................................................92 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃 Néng yuàn dòngcí modal verbs .............................................................................................92 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃 Auxiliary Verb to express wish..................................................................................................94 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃φ䈛Ƚ ᓊ䈛 Wishful verbs: should, should...............................................................................95 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃φ᝵ᝅ Willing ...........................................................................................................................96 ࣞ䈃䠃ਖφVerb overlap AAȽ A ж AȽ A Ҽ AȽABABȽA ⵶ A ⵶ȽAABBȽ ж A ж BȽ ᘳ A ᘳ B.............................................................................................................................................................96 3 ԙ䈃 dàicí Pronouns...............................................................................................................................97 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Interrogative pronouns ཐȽཐቇȽଠȽଠѠȽଠ䠂ȽଠӑȽӶѾȽ䈷ȽᙄѾȽࠖ...........97 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Interrogative Pronouns ཐѻȽѰӶѾȽᙄѾṭȽᙄṭ ........................................................101 Ӱ〦ԙ䈃 UpQFKƝQJGjLFt3HUVRQDO3URQRXQV .......................................................................................103 Verbs ..............................................................................................................................................................81 A Verbal aspect marker ⵶ ................................................. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ....................................................................81 B Compound directional complements................. .. .. .. .................. .. .... .............. .. .. .. .. ..........................................................82 C Potential complements ............................. .. .. .. .... ................ .. .. ............ .. .. .. ................ .. .........................................................82 Adverbs ...................................................... .. .. .. .. .................. .. .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .. .... .. .. ..........................................................83 A Adverbs of manner......................... .. .. .. .. .................... .. .. .. ............ .... .. ............ .. .. .... .. .. .. .................................................................83 Sentences........................................... .. .. .... .. .. .. ................................................ .. .... .. .. .. .............................................................83 A The ᣀ construction................... .. .. .. .................................................. .. .. ................................................................83 B The 㻡 construction................. ........................ .. .. .. .............................. .. .. .. .. ........ ..........................................................84 C The 䇟θֵ construction........... .. .. .. .......................... .. .. .. .. .......... .. .. .... .. .. .. .................... .. .. ............................................................85 Part 2: Expanded Grammar by Referring ng ng H H H H HSK 1-2 V2021 (169 Gr Gr Gr Gr Gram am am am am ammar Points)............................................86 Normative grammar level syllabus 㿺㤹ᙝ䈣⌋ㅿ ⌋ㅿ ⌋ㅿ ⌋ㅿ ⌋ㅿ ⌋ㅿ㓝ཝ 㓝ཝ 㓝ཝ 㓝ཝ 㓝ཝ 㓝ཝ㓨 㓨 㓨 㓨 㓨 㓨 㓨.................................................................................86 䈃㊱ Cílèi Parts of of of of of of of of of s s s s s spe pe peec ec ec ec ec ec ec ech h h h h h... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. ...... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. ..............................86 1 ੃䈃 míngcí Noun .............................................................................................................................86 ᯯփ੃䈃 )Ɨ )Ɨ )Ɨ )Ɨ )Ɨ )Ɨ )ƗQJZqLPtQJ QJ QJ QJ QJFt/RFDWLRQQRXQV............................................................................................86 2 ࣞ䈃 dòng ng ng ng ng ngcí cí cí cí cí cí V V Ver er er er erb b b b b b............. .... .. ............ .... ...... ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... ........ .. ............ .... ........ .... ...... .... .... .... ........ .......... .......... ...... .. ...... .. .. .... .... ...... ...................92 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃 Né Né Né Né Né Néng ng ng ng ng ng y y y y yuà uà uà uà uàn n n n n dò dò dò dò dò dò dò dòng ng ng ng ngcí cí cí cí cí m m m m m m mod od od od od od od od odal al al al al v v v v v v ver er er er er erbs bs bs bs ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. ..........................................92 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃 Auxiliary Verb to express wish..................................................................................................94 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃φ䈛 ᓊ䈛 Wishful verbs: should should 95
5 | P a g e Ӱ〦ԙ䈃φPersonal pronouns ࡡӰȽ ཝᇬȽ ᆹȽ ᆹԢȽ ૧Ƚ ૧ԢȽ 㠠ᐧ...................................104 ᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative Pronoun 䘏Ƚ䛙Ƚ䛙䠂Ƚ䛙ӑȽ䛙ѠȽࡡⲺȽᴿⲺ...................................108 ᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative pronouns 䛙ѾȽ䛙ṭȽ 䘏ѾȽ 䘏ṭ.......................................................111 5 ᮦ䈃 shù cí Numeral .............................................................................................................................115 6 䠅䈃 liàngcí Classifier; Measure Word (MW)......................................................................................120 ੃䠅䈃 Noun quantifier ᶥȽᵢȽѠȽᇬȽ䰪ȽਙȽඍȽ享................................................................120 ੃䠅䈃φ ቸ ሷ Ԭ ᶗ փ..........................................................................................................................122 ࣞ䠅䈃 Verbal quantifiers : 䚃 ⅗ ൰ ഔ с..............................................................................................125 7 ࢥ䈃 fùcí Adverb .................................................................................................................................129 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Degree 䶔ᑮȽᖾȽའȽⵕȽᴶ...........................................................................129 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of degree: ཐȽཐѾȽ ླȽ ᴪȽ ॷ࠼Ƚ ⢯ࡡȽᥰȽ ᴿδ ж ε⛯‫ݵ‬................130 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Range, synergy adverbs 䜳Ƚжඍ‫ݵ‬Ƚж䎭...............................................................135 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverbs: ‫ޞ‬ȽжާȽਠ......................................................................136 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 6KtMLƗQIFt$GYHUEVRIWLPH 傢рȽ‫ݾ‬Ƚᴿᰬ/ᴿᰬُȽ൞Ƚ↙Ƚ↙൞ ..........................137 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time ࡐȽࡐࡐȽ䘎Ƚ ᘳ❬Ƚж⴪Ƚᐨ㔅..........................................................139 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, Repetitive Adverbs ᑮȽ߃.......................................................................144 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, repetitive adverbs 䠃᯦Ƚ㔅ᑮȽ㘷Ƚ㘷ᱥȽ৾......................................145 ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associative Adverb 䘎.............................................................................................................149 ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associated adverbs: ቧ ............................................................................................................150 ੜᇐࢥ䈃 )ԁXGuQJIFt1HJDWLYH$GYHUEV ࡡȽуȽ⋗Ƚ⋗ᴿ ..........................................................151 ᯯᕅࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Manner ᭻ᝅ .........................................................................................................154 ᛻ᘷࢥ䈃 Modal adverbs ᗻ亱ȽᐤуཐȽླ‫܅‬ȽжᇐȽҕ䇮.............................................................155 䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of tone ᢃȽ䜳ȽቧȽ↙ླ.......................................................................................158 8 ԁ䈃 jiècí Preposition...........................................................................................................................162 ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ᡶ Bring out the time and place ԄȽ൞...........................................................................162 ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪 Lead time ᖉȽᖉ. . .Ⲻᰬُ....................................................................................................163 ᕋ࠰ᯯੇȽ 䐥ᖺ Leading direction and path ᖶȽੇȽԄ.....................................................................164 ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Bring out Objects 䐕ȽૂȽ∊ ................................................................................................170 ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Leading objects ሯȽ㔏Ƚ⿱ ...................................................................................................171 ᕋ࠰ⴤⲺȽ৕ഖ Lead purpose and reason Ѱ.........................................................................................177 9 䘔䈃 liáncí Conjunction........................................................................................................................178 㺞⽰㚊ਾީ㌱ Indicates a joint relationship 䐕Ƚ䘎ᱥȽᡌ㘻Ƚૂ........................................................178 䘔᧛䈃ᡌ⸣䈣φConnective words or phrases ᡌȽᡌ㘻........................................................................179 7 ࢥ䈃 fùcí Adverb .................................................................................................................................129 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Degree 䶔ᑮȽᖾȽའȽⵕȽᴶ...........................................................................129 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of degree: ཐȽཐѾȽ ླȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ॷ࠼Ƚ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡȽᥰȽ ᴿδ ж ж ε⛯‫ݵ‬................130 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Range, synergy adverbs 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚжඍ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭........... ......................................................135 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverb rb rb rb rb rbs: s: s: s: s: s: ‫ޞ‬Ƚжާ жާ жާ жާ жާ жާ жާȽਠ............... .. .. .........................................................136 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 6KtMLƗQIFt$GYHUEVRI I I I IWL WL WL WL WL WL WL WLPH 傢рȽ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿᰬ/ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬُȽ ُȽ ُȽ൞Ƚ↙Ƚ↙൞ ..........................137 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time ࡐȽࡐࡐ ࡐࡐ ࡐࡐ ࡐࡐ ࡐࡐ ࡐࡐȽ䘎Ƚ ᘳ❬ ᘳ❬ ᘳ❬ ᘳ❬ ᘳ❬Ƚж Ƚж Ƚж Ƚж⴪Ƚ ⴪Ƚ ⴪Ƚ ⴪Ƚᐨ㔅 ᐨ㔅 ᐨ㔅 ᐨ㔅 ᐨ㔅 ᐨ㔅 ᐨ㔅. ..........................................................139 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, Repe pe pe pe petitive Adverbs ᑮȽ߃........... .. .. ..............................................................144 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, rep ep epetitive adverb rb rb rb rbs s s 䠃᯦ 䠃᯦ 䠃᯦ 䠃᯦Ƚ㔅 Ƚ㔅 Ƚ㔅ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ㘷Ƚ 㘷Ƚ 㘷Ƚ 㘷Ƚ 㘷Ƚ 㘷Ƚ 㘷Ƚ㘷ᱥȽ৾......................................145 ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associative Adverb 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎. . ......................... .. .. .. .. .. ........ .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .................... .. ..........................................................149 ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associated adverbs: ቧ ..... .. .. ...................................... .. .. .. .... .. .. ...................................................................150 ੜᇐࢥ䈃 )ԁXGuQJIFt1HJDWLYH$GYHUE UE UE UE UE UEV V V V V V ࡡȽ ࡡȽ ࡡȽ ࡡȽ ࡡȽ ࡡȽуȽ уȽ уȽ уȽ уȽ уȽ уȽ⋗Ƚ⋗ᴿ ⋗ᴿ ..........................................................151 ᯯᕅࢥ䈃 Adver er er er er er er erbs bs bs bs bs bs bs bs bs o o of f f f Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Mann nn nn nn nn nn nn nner er er er er er er er er er er ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ . . . ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... ............................154 ᛻ᘷࢥ䈃 Moda da da da da dal l l l l l l ad ad ad ad ad ad ad ad adve ve ve ve ve ve ve verb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rbs s s s s s s ᗻ亱 ᗻ亱 ᗻ亱 ᗻ亱 ᗻ亱 ᗻ亱 ᗻ亱 ᗻ亱 ᗻ亱 ᗻ亱Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤуཐ уཐ уཐ уཐ уཐ уཐ уཐ уཐ уཐ уཐ уཐ уཐ уཐ уཐȽླ Ƚླ Ƚླ Ƚླ Ƚླ Ƚླ Ƚླ Ƚླ Ƚླ Ƚླ‫܅‬Ƚ ‫܅‬Ƚ ‫܅‬Ƚ ‫܅‬Ƚ ‫܅‬Ƚ ‫܅‬Ƚ ‫܅‬Ƚ ‫܅‬Ƚ ‫܅‬Ƚжᇐ жᇐ жᇐ жᇐ жᇐ жᇐ жᇐ жᇐ жᇐ жᇐȽҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ䇮 䇮 䇮 䇮 䇮 䇮 䇮 䇮 䇮 䇮.............................................................155 䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of tone ᢃȽ䜳ȽቧȽ↙ླ.......................................................................................158 8 ԁ䈃 jiècí í í P P P P P Prepo po po po po posi si si si siti ti ti ti ti ti tion on on on on on on.. .. .. ...... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .......... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. ...... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .................162 ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ Ƚ༺ Ƚ༺ Ƚ༺ Ƚ༺ Ƚ༺ Ƚ༺ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ Br Br Br Br Brin in in in ing g g g g ou ou ou ou ou out th th th th the tim im im im im ime e e e e e an an an and d d d d pl pl pl pl place ԄȽ൞.......... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. ...........................................162 ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪 Le Le Lead ad ad ad ad ad ad t t t tim im im im im ime ᖉȽ ᖉȽ ᖉȽ ᖉȽ ᖉȽ ᖉȽᖉ ᖉ ᖉ ᖉ ᖉ ᖉ. . .Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬُ ُ ُ ُ ُ ُ ُ....................................................................................................163 ᕋ࠰ᯯੇȽ 䐥ᖺ Leading direction and path ᖶȽੇȽԄ.....................................................................164
6 | P a g e 䘔᧛࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ Connective clauses or sentences у䗽ȽռȽռᱥȽ㙂ъȽ䛙Ƚྸ᷒Ƚ㲳❬Ƚਠ㾷 ..................................................................................................................................................................180 10 ࣟ䈃 Zhùcí Particle...........................................................................................................................182 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃 Structural particles ⲺȽ൦Ƚᗍ...............................................................................................182 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃φᗍ Dé Structural particle ....................................................................................................183 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic particleφ 䗽.............................................................................................................184 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic: ҼȽ⵶Ƚ.................................................................................................................185 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃φ⵶ Dynamic particle..............................................................................................................186 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ੝ȽҼȽ੍Ƚઘ.........................................................................................187 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ஀ Ƚ੝ȽⲺ................................................................................................189 ެԌࣟ䈃φOther auxiliary words Ⲻ䈓Ƚㅿ...........................................................................................191 11 ਯ䈃 Interjection ஸȽ஀........................................................................................................................193 ⸣䈣 duӽnyԃ Phrase .....................................................................................................................................194 ᮦ䠅⸣䈣 VKOLjQJGXӽQԃ4XDQWLWSKUDVH...........................................................................................194 㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Structure type..........................................................................................................................194 ะᵢ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Basic structure type..........................................................................................................194 ެԌ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Other structure types ........................................................................................................197 ࣕ㜳㊱ශ *ǀQJQpQJOqL[tQ)XQFWLRQWSH+6.9*..........................................................199 ੃䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Noun phrase.........................................................................................................................199 ࣞ䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Verb phrase..........................................................................................................................199 ᖘᇯ䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Adjective phrases.............................................................................................................200 രᇐ⸣䈣 Fixed phrase ................................................................................................................................200 ެԌ Other ...........................................................................................................................................200 രᇐṲᕅ Fixed Pattern....................................................................................................................................203 䘎ᱥ……੝ ..............................................................................................................................................203 ৾... ... ৾... ... ...........................................................................................................................................204 δ൞ε... ... ԛࢃ/ԛ੄/ࢃ/੄...................................................................................................................204 ਛᆆᡆ࠼ jù zӿ chéngfèn Sentence Elements...........................................................................................206 ѱ䈣 ]Kԃԃ6XEMHFW...............................................................................................................................206 䉉䈣 ZqLԃ3UHGLFDWH............................................................................................................................206 䉉䈣 Predicate......................................................................................................................................207 ੃䈃Ƚԙ䈃Ƚᮦ䈃ᡌᮦ䠅⸣䈣Ƚ੃䈃ᙝ⸣䈣֒䉉䈣 Nouns, pronouns, numerals or quantitative phrases, nominal 207 ᇴ䈣 EƯQԃ2EMHFW.................................................................................................................................208 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ੝ȽҼȽ੍Ƚઘ.........................................................................................187 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ஀ Ƚ੝ȽⲺ................................................................................................189 ެԌࣟ䈃φOther auxiliary words Ⲻ䈓Ƚㅿ............. .... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .... .. ............................................................191 11 ਯ䈃 Interjection ஸȽ஀............................... .. .. .. .... .. ................ .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. ................ .. .. .. .......................................................193 ⸣䈣 duӽnyԃ Phrase ..................................... .. .. .................. .. .. .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ........................................................194 ᮦ䠅⸣䈣 VKOLjQJ QJGXӽQԃ ԃ4XDQWLW SK SK SK SK SK SK SKUDVH....... .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .. .... .. ............................................................194 㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Structure type................. .. .. .................... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .............................................................194 ะᵢ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Basic structure type pe pe pe pe............................................... .. .............................................................194 ެԌ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Other structure ty ty ty ty types ................. .. .............................. .. .. .. ...... .........................................................197 ࣕ㜳㊱ශ *ǀQJQpQJOqL[tQ)XQF QF QF QF QF QFWL WL WL WLRQWSH+6. . . . . . .9 * * * * * *. . . ..........................................................199 ੃䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Noun phrase................. .. .. .. .......................................... .. .. .. .... .. ................................................................199 ࣞ䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Verb phrase............................... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. ...................................................................................199 ᖘᇯ䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Ad Ad Ad Ad Ad Ad Ad Ad Adje je je je je je ject ct ct ctiv iv iv iv iv iv iv iv iv iv ive e e e ph ph ph ph ph ph ph phra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra rase se se se se ses s s s s s. . ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ..............................200 രᇐ⸣䈣 Fixed ph ph ph ph ph ph ph phra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra rase se se se se se se se . ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. ...............................200 ެԌ Other ...........................................................................................................................................200 രᇐṲᕅ Fixed Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Patt tt tt tt tter er er ern n n n n. . . ... .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ........ .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .................203 䘎ᱥ……੝ ... .. .. ........ .... .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. ........ .. .. .......... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ................................ .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. ...........................................203 ৾... ... ৾... ... ...........................................................................................................................................204 δ൞ε... ... ԛࢃ/ԛ੄/ࢃ/੄...................................................................................................................204
7 | P a g e ᇐ䈣 GuQJԃ$WWULEXWLYH.......................................................................................................................209 ੃䈃ᙝ䈃䈣Ƚᖘᇯ䈃ᙝ䈃䈣Ƚᮦ䈃⸣䈣֒ᇐ䈣Ⱦ...............................................................................209 ⣬䈣 ]KXjQJԃ$GYHUELDO....................................................................................................................210 㺛䈣 Complement .......................................................................................................................................211 㔉᷒㺛䈣 1 Result Complement 1............................................................................................................211 䏁ੇ㺛䈣 1 Tendency Complement 1 ......................................................................................................213 ᮦ䠅㺛䈣 1: ࣞ䈃ηࣞ䠅㺛䈣 4XDQWLWRPSOHPHQW......................................................................215 ᮦ䠅㺛䈣 2: ᖘᇯ䈃ηᮦ䠅㺛䈣 4XDQWLWRPSOHPHQW..................................................................216 ਛᆆⲺ㊱ශ jùzi de lèixíng Type of sentence ............................................................................................217 ਛශ Jù xíng Sentence pattern ..............................................................................................................217 ঋਛ 'ƗQM6LQJOH6HQWHQFH ................................................................................................................217 ѱ䉉ਛ ]KԃZqLM6XEMHFW-Predicate Sentence ................................................................................217 ᖘᇯ䈃䉉䈣ਛ ;tQJUyQJFtZqLԃM$GMHFWLYH-predicate sentence .....................................................218 䶔ѱ䉉ਛ )ƝL]KԃZqLM1RQ-subject-predicate sentence ...................................................................218 ѱ䉉ਛ 3: ੃䈃䉉䈣ਛ Subject-Predicate Sentence 3: Noun-Predicate Sentence....................................218 䱾䘦ਛ chénshùjù Declarative Sentence ..............................................................................................219 ⯇䰤ਛ Yíwènjù Interrogative sentence ...............................................................................................219 ⽾ֵਛ 4tVKӿM,PSHUDWLYH6HQWHQFH....................................................................................................220 ᝕ਯਛ *ӽQWjQM([FODPDWRU6HQWHQFH.............................................................................................221 ⢯⇀ਛශ 7qVKnjM[tQJ6SHFLDOVHQWHQFHSDWWHUQV ..............................................................................221 “ᴿ”ᆍਛ ³ԁX´]uM+DYHVHQWHQFH ..............................................................................................222 “ᴿ” ᆍਛ 2 “ᴿ Have” sentence 2 ..........................................................................................................222 ᆎ⧦ਛ 1: 㺞⽰ᆎ൞ There is/are …............................................................................................................223 䘔ࣞਛ 1 Double verbs.............................................................................................................................225 ∊䖹ਛ %ӿMLjRMRPSDUDWLYH6HQWHQFH...............................................................................................225 ∊䖹ਛ 2 Comparative sentence 2................................................................................................................226 ∊䖹ਛ 3 Comparative sentence 3................................................................................................................228 “ᱥ... ... Ⲻ” ਛ 1φ,W VRIVHQWHQFHWRHPSKDVL]H...................................................................................229 ਂᇴ䈣ਛ Double object sentence................................................................................................................230 ѱ䈣 + ࣞ䈃 + ᇴ䈣 1 + ᇴ䈣 2................................................................................................................230 ѱ䈣 + ࣞ䈃 + 㔏 + ᇴ䈣 1 + ᇴ䈣 2........................................................................................................231 གྷਛ Fùjù Complex sentences..................................................................................................................232 ᒬࡍགྷਛ EuQJOLqIMRRUGLQDWHRPSOH[6HQWHQFH.........................................................................232 ᢵ᧛གྷਛ Continuation of complex sentences.............................................................................................233 ਛᆆⲺ㊱ශ jùzi de lèixíng Type of sentence ............................................................................................217 ਛශ Jù xíng Sentence pattern ..............................................................................................................217 ঋਛ 'ƗQM6LQJOH6HQWHQFH ............................. .. .............................. .. .. .........................................................217 ѱ䉉 ѱ䉉ਛ ]KԃZqLM6XEMHFW-Predicate Se Se Se Se Se Se Sent nt nt ntence ... .. ............ .. .. ................ .. .......................................................217 ᖘᇯ䈃䉉䈣ਛ ;tQJUyQJFtZqLԃM$G $G $G $G $G $G $G $GMHFWLYH-pr pr pr pr predicat at at at ate e e e e e sentence ce ce ce ce .....................................................218 䶔ѱ䉉ਛ )ƝL]KԃZqLM1RQ-subj bj bj bj bj bj bjec ec ect-predicat at at at ate sent nt nt nt nt nten en en en en ence ... .. .. .. .... ................................................................218 ѱ䉉ਛ 3: ੃䈃䉉䈣ਛ Subject-Pr Pred ed ed ed edicate Sentence 3 3 3: No No Noun-Pr Pr Pred ed ed ed edic ic ic ic icate Sentence....................................218 䱾䘦ਛ chénshùjù Declarative Se Se Sentence ............................... .. .... .. ...............................................................219 ⯇䰤ਛ Yíwènjù Interrogative sentence ....... .. .. .. .......................... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ........ .... .. .. ........................................................219 ⽾ֵਛ 4tVKӿM,PSHUDWLYH6HQ HQ HQ HQ HQ HQWH WH WH WH WHQFH................. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ...................... .. .. ...........................................................220 ᝕ਯਛ *ӽQWjQM([FODPDWRU6H 6H 6H 6H 6H 6HQW QW QW QW QW QWHQFH....................... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ......................................................................221 ⢯⇀ਛශ 7qVKnjM[tQJ6SHFLDOVHQWHQFHSDW DW DW DW DWWH WH WH WH WHUQV ..............................................................................221 “ᴿ”ᆍਛ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ԁX ԁX ԁX ԁX ԁX ԁX ԁX ԁX ԁX ԁX´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´]u ]u ]u ]u ]uM M M M M M M M M M M M +D +D +D +D +D +D +D +D +D +D +D +DYH YH YH YH YH YH YH YH YH YH VH VH VH VH VH VH VH VH VH VHQW QW QW QW QW QW QW QW QW QW QWHQ HQ HQ HQ HQ HQ HQ HQFH FH FH FH FH FH FH FH FH FH . . . ... .. .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... ...... .. .. .. .... ...... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .............................222 “ᴿ” ᆍਛ 2 “ᴿ ᴿ ᴿ ᴿ ᴿ ᴿ ᴿ Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Have ve ve ve ve ve ve” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” se se se se se sent nt nt nt nt nt nt nten en en en en en en ence ce ce ce ce 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ..........................................................................................................222 ᆎ⧦ਛ 1: 㺞⽰ᆎ൞ There is/are …............................................................................................................223 䘔ࣞਛ 1 Do Do Do Do Do Do Doub ub ub ub ub ub uble le le v v v v v ver er er er erbs bs bs bs bs bs. . . . ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. ........ .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ................225 ∊䖹ਛ %ӿ %ӿ %ӿ %ӿ %ӿ %ӿML ML ML ML ML ML MLjR jR jR jR jR jRM M M M M M M     R R R R R RPS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PSDU DU DU DU DUDW DW DW DW DW DWLY LY LY LY LY LYH6H 6H 6H 6H 6H 6H 6H 6HQW QW QW QW QW QW QW QWHQ HQ HQ HQ HQ HQ HQFH FH FH FH FH FH...... .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .............. .. .................................................225 ∊䖹ਛ 2 Comparative sentence 2................................................................................................................226 ∊䖹ਛ 3 Comparative sentence 3................................................................................................................228
8 | P a g e 䙈䘑གྷਛ Progressive Compound Sentence ................................................................................................234 䘿᤟གྷਛ Selective complex sentence ....................................................................................................236 䖢ᣎགྷਛ Transition complex sentence.......................................................................................................237 ‫ٽ‬䇴གྷਛ Supposition complex sentences...................................................................................................238 ᶗԬགྷਛφਠ㾷……θቧ…… Conditional compound sentence: .........................................................240 ㍝㕟གྷਛ Compact complex sentence: once..then...............................................................................240 ᰬᘷ shí tài Tense.....................................................................................................................................242 ਎ौᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰............................................................................................................242 ᇂᡆᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰............................................................................................................243 䘑㺂ᰬᘷ -uQ[tQJVKtWjL3URJUHVVLYH7HQVH........................................................................................243 ᤷ㔣ᰬᘷᘷ Continuous tense: verb + ⵶....................................................................................................245 㺞⽰⣬ᘷⲺᤷ㔣 Indicates the continuation of the state..........................................................................245 㺞⽰ࣞ֒Ⲻᤷ㔣 Indicates the continuation of the action .......................................................................246 㔅়ᰬᘷ The experience state.................................................................................................................246 ⢯⇀㺞䗴⌋ WqVKnjELӽRGiIӽ6SHFLDOH[SUHVVLRQ ......................................................................................248 䫧ᮦ㺞⽰⌋ TLiQVKELӽRVKuIӽ0RQHQXPEHUQRWDWLRQ....................................................................248 ᰬ䰪㺞⽰⌋ 6KtMLƗQELӽRVKuIӽ7LPHQRWDWLRQ......................................................................................248 䫕⛯㺞⽰⌋ ]KǀQJGLӽQELӽRVKuIӽ+RXUQRWDWLRQ.................................................................................249 ᓅᮦ㺞⽰⌋ Ordinal number notation..........................................................................................................249 Ᾰᮦ㺞⽰⌋ Approximate number notation.................................................................................................250 ᮦ䈃 + ཐ + 䠅䈃 Numeral + ཐ + quantifier ...........................................................................................250 ᮦ䈃 + 䠅䈃 + ཐ Numeral + quantifier +ཐ more...................................................................................251 ᕰ䈹Ⲻᯯ⌋ Methods of emphasis ...................................................................................................................252 ⭞ “ቧ” 㺞⽰ᕰ䈹 8VHቧ MXVWWRH[SUHVVHPSKDVLV ................................................................................252 “ᱥ……Ⲻ” 㺞⽰ᕰ䈹 ,W VRIWRHPSKDVL]H...............................................................................................253 “ᱥ... ... Ⲻ” ਛ 1φ ᕰ䈹ᰬ䰪Ƚ൦⛯ȽᯯᕅȽࣞ֒㘻 ..........................................................................253 ᨆ䰤Ⲻᯯ⌋ WtZqQGHIƗQJIӽ Interrogative sentence ................................................................................254 8VH੍WRDVNTXHVWLRQV .........................................................................................................................254 Use “ླ੍Ƚ ਥԛ੍Ƚ㺂੍Ƚ ᙄѾṭ” to ask questions...........................................................................257 ⭞ “ӶѾᰬُȽӶѾṭȽѰӶѾȽ ᙄѾṭȽ ᙄṭ” ᨆ䰤.......................................................................257 ⭞ “ઘ” ᶺᡆⲺⴷ⮛ᕅ⯇䰤ਛ “ԙ䈃λ੃䈃ηઘϋ ” ᨆ䰤 ......................................................................258 ⭞ “ᱥуᱥ”ᨆ䰤 UVHLVLWWRDVNTXHVWLRQV..............................................................................................259 ⭞ “੝ ”ᨆ䰤 8VH੝WRDVNTXHVWLRQV.......................................................................................................259 ᇂᡆᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰............................................................................................................243 䘑㺂ᰬᘷ -uQ[tQJVKtWjL3URJUHVVLYH7HQVH........................................................................................243 ᤷ㔣ᰬᘷᘷ Continuous tense: verb + ⵶................. .. .............................. .. .. .........................................................245 㺞⽰⣬ᘷⲺᤷ Ⲻᤷ㔣 Indicates the continuation on on on on o o of the stat at at at ate e e e e....... .. .. ................ .. .......................................................245 㺞⽰ࣞ֒Ⲻᤷ㔣 Indicates the continua ua ua ua ua uati ti ti ti ti tion of the e e e ac action . . . ............... .. .. .... ........................................................246 㔅়ᰬᘷ The experience state......... .. .. .. .. .... .. .................. .. .. ............ .... .. ............ .. .. .. .... ................................................................246 ⢯⇀㺞䗴⌋ WqVKnjELӽRGiIӽ6SHFLD LD LD LD LD LDOH[SUHVVLRQ ............................. .. .. ...........................................................248 䫧ᮦ㺞⽰⌋ TLiQVKELӽRVKuI I I I I Iӽ0RQHQXPEHUQRWDWLRQ.... .. .. .. .. ..................................................................248 ᰬ䰪㺞⽰⌋ 6KtMLƗQELӽRVKuIӽ Iӽ Iӽ Iӽ Iӽ Iӽ7LPHQRWDWLRQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ................... .... .. .. .. ............ .. .........................................................248 䫕⛯㺞⽰⌋ ]KǀQJGLӽQELӽRVKu u u u uIӽ+RXUQRWDWL WL WL WL WLRQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ...................... .. .. .. .... ...........................................................249 ᓅᮦ㺞⽰⌋ Ordinal number notation...... .. .. .. .... .. .. ............................ .. .. .... .. ........................................................................249 Ᾰᮦ㺞⽰⌋ Approximate number notation.................................................................................................250 ᮦ䈃 + ཐ + 䠅䈃 䠅䈃 䠅䈃 䠅䈃 䠅䈃 䠅䈃 䠅䈃 䠅䈃 䠅䈃 Nu Nu Nu Nu Nu Nu Nume me me me me me me mera ra ra ra ral l l l + + + + + + + + + + ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ + + + + + + + qu qu qu qu qu qu quan an an an an an an anti ti ti ti ti tifi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fier er er er er er ...........................................................................................250 ᮦ䈃 + 䠅䈃 + ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ Numeral l l l l l l + + + + + + quantifier +ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ more...................................................................................251 ᕰ䈹Ⲻᯯ⌋ Meth th thod od od od od ods of emp mp mp mphasis ... .................................... .... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... .... ........ ...... .. .... ...... .... .. ...... .... ..................................252 ⭞ “ቧ” 㺞⽰ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 8V 8V 8V 8V 8V 8V 8VH ቧ ቧ ቧ ቧ ቧ ቧ MX MX MX MX MX MXVW VW VW VW VW VW WRH[S [S [S [S [S [SUH UH UH UH UH UH UHVV VV VV VV VV VV VV VV VVH H H H H H H H HPS PS PS PS PS PS PS PSKD KD KD KD KD KD KD KDVL VL VL VL VL VL VLV ................................................................................252 “ᱥ……Ⲻ” 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ,W ,W ,W ,W ,W ,W V V V V V V VR R R R R R RIW W W W W WRHP HP HP HP HP HP HP HP HPSK SK SK SK SK SK SK SK SKDV DV DV DV DVL] L] L] L] L] L] L]H H H H H........ .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .... .. ...... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .........................................253 “ᱥ ᱥ... ... Ⲻ” ਛ 1φ ᕰ䈹ᰬ䰪Ƚ൦⛯ȽᯯᕅȽࣞ֒㘻 ..........................................................................253 ᨆ䰤Ⲻᯯ⌋
13 | P a g e Chinese or preparing international examinations, such as IB, SAT, AP, IGCSE, GCSE Chinese. This book gives students a quick revision for their coming exam! Combining our 26 years’ expertise in Teaching and editing our own materials, here is the “LIFE SAVING” book called by many students for their exams. Grab it! Thanks for your support for us creating better contents for you! David yao 6(37(0%(5 0 y y y support for us creating better contents for you! David yao 6(37 ( ( ( 7 7 0% ( ( (5 0 5 5
23 | P a g e David YAO, Founder of www.LegooMandarin.com and www.edeo.biz March 27, 2019 (November 10, 2020 Finalized the Version 2020)
33 | P a g e The HSK Speaking Test (Beginner Level) is comprised of three parts, containing 27 items in total. The duration of the test is about 17 minutes (including 7 minutes for preparation). There are 15 items in Part I. For each item, a sentence recording will be played. The test takers should repeat the sentence. The duration of this part is 4 minutes. There are 10 items in Part II. For each item, the recording of a question will be played. The test takers should provide a brief answer. The duration of this part is 3 minutes. There are 2 items in Part III. There will be two questions on the test paper (with pinyin). The test takers should answer these questions using a minimum of 5 sentences per answer. The duration of this part is 3 minutes. The HSK Speaking Test (Intermediate Level) is comprised of three parts, containing 14 items in total. The duration of the test is about 21 minutes (including 10 minutes for preparation). There are 10 items in Part I. For each item, a sentence recording will be played. The test takers should repeat the sentence. The duration of this part is 3 minutes. e test ta e s s ou d epeat t e se te ce. e du at o o t s pa t s utes. There are 10 items in Part II. For eac c c c c ch h h h h h h i i item, t t t t t th h h h h he r r r r recordi i i i ing of a question will be played. The test takers should pro o o o o ov vide a b b b b brief a a a a a an n n n n nswer. T T T T The duration of this part is 3 minutes. There are 2 items in Part III. There will l l l l l b b b b b b be t t t t tw w w w wo o o o o o questi i i i io o o o ons on the test paper (with pinyin). The test takers should a a a a an n n n ns s swer these q q q q qu u u u ue e e e es s s s st t t t tions using a minimum of 5 sentences per an n n ns s s s sw w w w w w w wer r r r r. T T T T T Th h h h h h he duration of f f f f f th h hi i i i is s s s s s p p p p p p p p part t t t t is 3 3 3 min n nu u u u u utes. . . . . The HSK Sp p p p pe e e e e e ea a a a a a ak k k ki i i in n n n n ng g g g g g T T T T T T Te e e e e e es s s s st t t ( ( ( ( (I I I I I In n n n n nter r r r r rm m m m m m m me e e e e e e ed d d d d d d di i i i i ia a a a a a a at t t t t t te e e e e L L L L L Le e e e e e ev v v v ve e e e e el l l l l) ) ) ) ) ) i i i i is s s s s c c c c co o o o o om m m m m mp p p p p pr r r r r r r ri i i i i is s s s s se e e e e ed d d o o o o o of f f f t t t t t th h h h h h h h hr re e e e e ee e e e e e p p p p p p pa a a a ar r r rt t t t ts s s s s s s, , , , , containing 14 4 4 4 4 4 i i i i it t t t tem m m m m ms i i i i in n n n n n n n t t t t tota a a a al l l l. T T T T T T T Th h h h h h h he d d d d d d du u u u u urat ti i i i i io o o o on n n n n o o o o of f f f f t t t t th h h h he e e e e t t t t t te e e e e e es s s s s s st t t t t t i i i i i is s s s s s s a a a a ab b b b bo o o o ou u u u ut t t t t t t t 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 minutes (including 10 minutes for preparation).
43 | P a g e MCT ж㓝φ㜳ཕཝ։⨼䀙фॱ䲘ᰛᑮӚ䱻൰Ქ⴮ީⲺȽะᵢⲺ䈣䀶ᶆᯏȾ㜳 ཕቧ⯻᛻䘑㺂ㆶঋⲺӚ⍷ф⋕䙐θ㜳ሯ⯴⯻Ⲻะᵢ᛻߫䘑㺂ㆶঋᨅ䘦Ⱦ≿䈣 ≪ᒩ㜳ཕะᵢ┗䏩ॱ䲘ᇔҖⲺ㾷≸Ⱦॱᆜщѐ䈃≽䠅Ѱ 400 ᐜ਩Ⱦ MCT Level I: Able to generally understand basic language materials related to the daily communication scenes in the hospital. Be able to carry out simple communication and communication on the condition of the disease, and be able to briefly describe the basic situation of the disease. Chinese level can basically meet the requirements of hospital internship. The medical professional vocabulary is about 400. MCT ӂ㓝φ㜳ཕ⨼䀙фॱ䲘ᰛᑮӚ䱻൰Ქ⴮ީⲺȽ䖹Ѱޭ։Ⲻ䈣䀶ᶆᯏȾ㜳 ཕቧ⯻᛻䘑㺂䖹ѰགྷᵸⲺӚ⍷ф⋕䙐θ㜳ሯ⯴⯻Ⲻѱ㾷᛻߫䘑㺂䖹Ѱޭ։Ⲻ ᨅ䘦Ⱦ≿䈣≪ᒩ㜳ཕᙱ։┗䏩ॱ䲘ᇔҖⲺ㾷≸Ⱦॱᆜщѐ䈃≽䠅Ѱ 800 ᐜ ਩Ⱦ MCT Level 2: Able to understand more specific language materials related to the daily communication scenes in the hospital. Be able to carry out more complex communication and communication about the disease, and be able to describe the main situation of the disease in a more specific manner. The Chinese level can generally meet the requirements of hospital internship. The medical professional vocabulary is about 800. MCT п㓝φ㜳ཕᇂ‫⨼ޞ‬䀙фॱ䲘ᰛᑮӚ䱻൰Ქ⴮ީⲺ㔓ཝ䜞࠼䈣䀶ᶆᯏȾ㜳 ཕቧ⯻᛻䘑㺂གྷᵸⲺӚ⍷ф⋕䙐θ㜳ሯ⯴⯻Ⲻ᮪։᛻߫䘑㺂䈜㓼ᨅ䘦Ⱦ≿䈣 ≪ᒩ㜳ཕᇂ‫┗ޞ‬䏩ॱ䲘ᇔҖⲺ㾷≸Ⱦॱᆜщѐ䈃≽䠅Ѱ 1500 ᐜ਩Ⱦ MCT Level 3: Ability to fully understand most of the language materials related to the daily communication scenes in the hospital. Be able to carry out complex communication and communication on the condition of the disease, and describe the overall condition of the disease in detail. Chinese level can fully meet the requirements of hospital internship. The medical professional vocabulary is about 1500. the requirements of hospital internship. The medical professional vocabulary is about 400. MCT ӂ㓝φ㜳ཕ⨼䀙фॱ䲘ᰛᑮ ᑮ ᑮ ᑮ ᑮ ᑮ ᑮӚ Ӛ Ӛ䱻൰ ൰ ൰ ൰ ൰ ൰ ൰Ქ Ქ Ქ Ქ Ქ Ქ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ީⲺȽ䖹Ѱޭ։Ⲻ䈣䀶ᶆᯏȾ㜳 ཕቧ⯻᛻䘑㺂䖹ѰགྷᵸⲺӚ⍷ ⍷ ⍷ ⍷ ⍷ ⍷ ⍷ ⍷ф ф ф ф ф ф ф⋕䙐 䙐 䙐 䙐 䙐θ㜳ሯ ሯ ሯ ሯ ሯ ሯ ሯ ሯ⯴⯻ ⯻ ⯻ ⯻ ⯻ ⯻ ⯻Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻѱ㾷᛻߫䘑㺂䖹Ѱޭ։Ⲻ ᨅ䘦Ⱦ≿䈣≪ᒩ㜳ཕᙱ։┗ ┗ ┗䏩 䏩 䏩 䏩 䏩 䏩ॱ䲘ᇔ ᇔ ᇔ ᇔ ᇔ ᇔҖ Җ Җ ҖⲺ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷≸ ≸ ≸ ≸ ≸Ⱦॱ ॱ ॱ ॱ ॱᆜщѐ䈃≽䠅Ѱ 800 ᐜ ਩Ⱦ MCT Level 2: Able to under r r r rs s s stand more e e e e e e specif fi i i i ic c c c c l l l l la angu u u u uage materials related to the daily communication scenes i i i i in n n n n n the hospital l. Be abl le e e e e e t t t t to carry out more complex communication and communicat t t t ti i i i io o o o on n n n n about t t t t t th h h h he e e e e d d d d di i i isease, and be able to describe the main situation of f f f f f t t t th h h h h h h he d d di i is s s s s se e e e e e ease in a more e e e e e s s sp p p p pe e e e e ec c c ci i ific c c c c m m m m m m ma a a a anner r r. . . . T T The e e e e e Chin n n n n n nese level can generally meet t t t t t th h h h h h h h h he e e e e e e r r r r r r r re e e e e e eq q q q q q q q qu u u u u u u ui i i i i i i ir r r r r r re e e em m m m m m me e e e e e e e en n n n n n n n n nt t t t t t ts s s s s s s o o o o o o o of f f f f f f f f h h h h h h h ho o o o o o os s s sp p p p p p p pi i i i i it t ta a a a a al l l l l l l i i i i in n n n n n nt t t t te e e e e e er r r r r r r rn n n n n n n n ns s s s sh h h h h h h h hi i i i i ip p p p p p p p p p. . . T T T Th h h h h he e e e e e e e m m m m m m m m m me e e e e e e ed d d d d d d di i i i i i i ic c c c c c c ca a a a a a al professional vocabulary is about 800. MCT п㓝φ㜳 㜳 㜳 㜳 㜳 㜳 㜳ཕ ཕ ཕ ཕ ཕ ཕ ཕ ཕᇂ ᇂ ᇂ ᇂ ᇂ ᇂ ᇂ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬⨼䀙 䀙 䀙 䀙 䀙 䀙 䀙 䀙 䀙ф ф ф ф ф ф ф ф ф фॱ ॱ ॱ ॱ ॱ ॱ䲘 䲘 䲘 䲘 䲘 䲘 䲘ᰛᑮ ᑮ ᑮ ᑮ ᑮ ᑮ ᑮ ᑮӚ Ӛ Ӛ Ӛ Ӛ Ӛ䱻 䱻 䱻 䱻 䱻 䱻 䱻൰ ൰ ൰ ൰ ൰ ൰Ქ Ქ Ქ Ქ Ქ Ქ Ქ Ქ Ქ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ީ ީ ީ ީ ީ ީ ީ ީ ީ ީⲺ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ㔓 㔓 㔓 㔓 㔓 㔓 㔓 㔓 㔓ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ䜞࠼䈣䀶ᶆᯏȾ㜳 ཕቧ⯻᛻䘑㺂གྷᵸⲺӚ⍷ф⋕䙐θ㜳ሯ⯴⯻Ⲻ᮪։᛻߫䘑㺂䈜㓼ᨅ䘦Ⱦ≿䈣
53 | P a g e VKnjGǀXPjLZiQOLӽR The books are all sold out. 䘏Ѡᆍߏ䭏Ҽ =KqJH]u[LČFXzOH This word is wrong I Complements of degree Verbs followed by ᗍ and a complement of degree ྯߏᗍ䶔ᑮᘡȾ WƗ[LČGpIƝLFKiQJNXjL She writes very fast. J Postverbs Use of the postverb ൘ ྯօ൞्ӢȾ WƗ]K]jLEČLMƯQJ She lives in Beijing. =KqJH]u[LČFXzOH This word is wrong I Complements of degree Verbs followed by ᗍ and d d d d a complement of d d d d de e e e egree ྯߏᗍ䶔ᑮᘡȾ WƗ[LČGpIƝLFKiQJNXjL She writes ver r r r r r ry y y y y y y y f f f f f f f fa a a a a a as s s s s s s st t t t t t t t t. . . J Postverbs s s s Use of the postverb ൘
63 | P a g e ྯҕᶛ,ྯᕕᕕҕᶛȾ 7ƗČOiLWƗGuGuČOiL She comes too, and so does her brother. B Sentences with an adverbial phrase after a verb Complement of time after a verb ԌօпཟȾ WƗ]KVƗQWLƗQ He lived for three days. Complement of time with the verbal aspect marker Ҷ ԌօҼпཟȾ WƗ]KOHVƗQWLƗQ He lived for three days. Complement of time with the verbal aspect marker Ҷ and the sentence particle Ҷ Repetition of the verb ྯᆜ⌋䈣ᆜҼњᒪȾ WƗ[XpIӽԃ[XpOHOLӽQJQLiQ B Sentences with an adverbial phrase after a verb Complement of time after a verb ԌօпཟȾ WƗ]KVƗQWLƗQ He lived for three days. Complement of time with t t t t t t t th h h h h h h h h h h h h he e e e e e e e e e e e verbal as sp p p p p p p p p p p p pe e e e e e e e e e e e e ec c c c c c c c c c c c ct t t t t t t t t t t t t m marker Ҷ ԌօҼпཟȾ WƗ]KOHVƗQWLƗ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ ƗQ He lived fo o or r r r r r r t t t t t t th h hr r r re e e e e ee e e e e d d d d d d da a a a ay y y y ys s s s s.
73 | P a g e Twenty-two O’clock fifty (10:50PM) C Time expressions ……Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ ……de shíhòu ……when ྯӊ኷Ⲻᰬُ⿱ᔶҼᰛᵢȾ WƗZԃVXuGHVKtKzXOtNƗLOHUuEČQ She left Japan when she was five years old. Use of ԕࡽ ॷᒪԛࢃԌօ൞ᒵᐔȾ VKtQLiQӿTLiQWƗ]K]jLJXӽQJ]KǀX He lived in Guangzhou ten years ago. Use of ԕਾ ഑ᒪԛ੄ᡇৱҼ㗄ളȾ VuQLiQӿKzXZԁTOHPČLJXy I went to the United States four years later. ……when ྯӊ኷Ⲻᰬُ⿱ᔶҼᰛᵢȾ WƗZԃVXuGHVKtKzXOtNƗLOHUuE E E E E E EČ Č Č Č Č Č ČQ She left Japan when she w w w w was five years ol l ld d d. Use of ԕࡽ ॷᒪԛࢃԌօ൞ᒵᐔȾ VKtQLiQӿTLiQ Q Q Q Q Q Q QW W W WƗ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ] ] ] ] ] ] ]K K K K K K K K K K        ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]j j j j j jL L L L L L L L LJ J J J J J J J J JX X X X X X X X X X X Xӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J J J J] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]K K K K K Kǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀX X X X X X X He lived in n n G G G G G G G G Gua a a a a an n n n n ng g g g g g gz z z z z z zh h h h h ho o o o o o ou u u u u u t t t ten n n n n y y y y y y y ye e e e e e e ea a a a a a ar r r r r rs s s s s s s s s a a a a a a a a a ag g g g g go o o o o o o.
83 | P a g e Ԍ੢ᗍ៸ᡇⲺ䈓Ⱦ WƗWƯQJGpGԁQJZԁGHKXj He understands me. With н to signify non-capability Ԍ੢у៸ᡇⲺ䈓Ⱦ WƗWƯQJEGԁQJZԁGHKXj +HFDQ WXQGHUVWDQGPH Adverbs A Adverbs of manner ྯᖾᘡ൦䐇䗽ᶛȾ WƗKČQNXjLGu SӽRJXzOiL She ran over quickly. Sentences A The ᢺ construction ᡇԢᣀ䛙Ԭ⽲⢟䘷㔏ྯȾ ZԁPHQEӽQjMLjQOӿZVzQJJČLWƗ With н to signify non-capability Ԍ੢у៸ᡇⲺ䈓Ⱦ WƗWƯQJEGԁQJZԁGHKXj +HFDQ WXQGHUVWDQGPH Adverbs A Adverbs of manner ྯᖾᘡ൦䐇䗽ᶛȾ WƗKČQNXjLGu Sӽ ӽ ӽ ӽRJXz z z z z z z z zO O O O O O O O Oi i i i i iL L L L L L She ran ove e e e e e er r r r r q q qu u u u u ui i i i i ic c c c ck k k k k kl l l l l l ly y y y y.
92 | P a g e 2 ࣘ䇽 dòngcí Verb 㜭ᝯࣘ䇽 Néng yuàn dòngcí modal verbs Պ Ր +Xu (ࣞ) 3 can; be able to: ᡇуՐ䈪ѣᮽȾ :ԁEKXuVKXǀ]KǀQJZpQ I can not speak chinese. Ր㤧䈣 KXuƯQJԃ know English Ր⭞ㆭᆆ KXuzQJNXjL]L can use chopsticks. 㜭 㜳 néng (ࣞ) 1 can; be able to: ᱄ཟ֖㜳ᶛ੍ϋ 0tQJWLƗQQӿQpQJOiLPD Can you come tomorrow? ֖᱄ཟ㜳ৱ੍? QӿPtQJWLƗQQpQJTPD Can you go tomorrow? 㜭ᝯࣘ䇽 Néng yuàn dòngcí modal verbs Պ Ր +Xu (ࣞ) 3 can; be able t t t t to o o o o: ᡇуՐ䈪ѣᮽȾ :ԁE E E E E E EKXuV V V V V VK K K K K KXǀ] ] ] ] ] ]K K K K K Kǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀQ Q Q Q Q QJZpQ I can not speak chinese. Ր㤧䈣 KXuƯQJԃ kno o o o ow Englis s s s s s sh h h h h h h Ր⭞ㆭᆆ KXuzQJNXjL]L can use chopsticks. 㜭 㜳 néng ( ( ( ( ( ( (ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ) ) ) ) ) ) 1 1 1 c c c c ca a a a a an n n n n n; ; ; ; ; b b b b b be e e e e e a a a a a ab b b b b b ble e e e e t t t to:
106 | P a g e 䛙ѠҜऻᖾླⵁθ ᡇ௒⅘ᆹⲺ仒㢨Ⱦ 1jJqVKnjEƗRKČQ KӽRNjQZԁ[ӿKXƗQWƗGHiQVq That schoolbag is very nice, I like its color. HSK 2 V2021 G06.03A ᣀᆹᤵࡦ৞ᡵৱ EӽWƗQiGjRFK~IiQJT Take it to the kitchen. HSK 2 V2021 G06.03A YAO ᆹԢ WƗPHQ (ԙ) they HSK 2 V2021 G06.04 ᡇᇬᴿ⥡ᴿ⤍θ ᆹԢ䜳ᱥᡇⲺᵁਁȾ :ԁMLƗԁXPƗRԁX JԁXWƗPHQGǀXVKuZԁGHSpQJԁX I have cats and dogs in my house, and they are all my friends. HSK 2 V2021 G06.04A ૧ zán (ԙ) 1 [including both the speaker and the person or persons spoken to] we; 2 I HSK 2 V2021 G06.05 ૧ж䎭䎦੝Ⱦ =iQƯTӿ]ԁXED /HW VJRWRJHWKHU HSK 2 V2021 G06.05A ૧⨣ ]iQEƗQ (ԙ) our class HSK 2 V2021 G06.05A YAO ૧Ԣ zánmen (ԙ) we, usHSK 2 V2021 G06.05A YAO ֖у䈪૧ҕ⸛䚉 QӿEVKXǀ]iQČ]KƯGjR I know it even if RXGRQ WWHOOPHHSK 2 V2021 G06.05A YAO ᆹԢ WƗ ƗPH HQ ( Q Q ԙ) they H H H H HSK 2 2 2 2 2 2 V V V V V2021 1 1 G06.04 ᡇᇬᴿ⥡ᴿ⤍θ ᆹԢ䜳ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇⲺᵁ ᵁ ᵁ ᵁ ᵁ ᵁਁ ਁ ਁ ਁ ਁ ਁȾ :ԁMLƗԁXPƗRԁX JԁXWƗPHQGǀXVKuZԁGH H H H H HSpQJԁX I have c c c c cats and dogs in my house, and they are all my friend d d d ds. HSK 2 2 2 2 2 V V2 20 02 21 1 1 1 1 G G G G G0 0 0 0 0 06 6 6 6 6. . . .04A ૧ zán n n n n n n ( ( ( n n n n n n n ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ) ) ) ) ) ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 [ [ [i i i i i i in n n n n n n nc c c c c c c c c cl l l l l l l l lu u u u u u u ud d d d d d d d d di i i i i i i i in n n n n n n ng g g g g g g g b b bo o o o o o ot t t t t th h h h h h h h h t th h h h h h h h he e e e e e e e e e s s s s s s s sp p p p p p p pe e e e ea a a a a a a a ak k k k k k k ke e e e e e e er r r r r r r r a a a a a a a an n n n n n n n nd d d d d d d d t t t t t t t th h h h h h h he e e e e e e e person or persons spoken to] we; 2 I HSK K K K K K K 2 V2021 G06.05 ૧ж䎭䎦੝ ੝ ੝ ੝ ੝ ੝ ੝ ੝Ⱦ = = = = = = =iQ Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư ƯT T T T T Tӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁX X X X X X XE E E E E E ED D D D D D D / / / / / / /H H H H H H H HW W W W W W W W V V V V V VJ J J J J J J JR R R R R R RW W W W W W WR R R R RJ J J J J JH H H HW W W W W W W W WK K K K K K K K KH H H H H HU U U U U U U H H H H H H HS S S S SK 2 V2021 G06 6 6 6.0 0 0 0 0 0 05 5 5 5A A A A A A
117 | P a g e Ⲵ EӽL (ᮦ) 1 hundred ॹ TLƗQ (ᮦ) 1 thousand: HSK 2 V2021 G09.00A н wàn (ᮦ) 1 ten thousand HSK 2 V2021 G09.00B жॹпⲴӊॷӂ δ1352ε ƯTLƗQVƗQEӽLZԃVKt qU

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Chinese Grammar Reference

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  • 5. 9(56,211(: 67$1'$5'6)25,17(51$7,21$/+,1(6(/$1*8$*( ('8$7,21 1 http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/202103/t20210329_523304.html 9 1 1250$7 0 0 , 7 7 9 , , ( 9 9 *5$ $ $ $ $ $0 0 0 0 0 0 00$ $ $ $ $ $ $5 5 5 5 5 5/ / / / / / 0 0 ( ( ( ( ( ( / / / / / / / / / / / / 9 ( ( ( 9 9 / / / / / /6 6 6 // $% / / 86 㿺㤹 㤹 㤹 㤹 㤹 㤹 㤹 㤹ᙝ䈣 䈣 䈣 䈣 䈣 䈣⌋ ⌋ ⌋ ⌋ ⌋ㅿ ㅿ ㅿ ㅿ ㅿ ㅿ ㅿ ㅿ㓝 㓝 㓝 㓝 㓝 㓝ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ㓨 㓨 㓨 %$6 $ $ ('21 +6 + + .1- 9(5 ( ( 6, 5 5 5 5 21 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 67$5 5 5 5 5 5 57 7 7 7 7 7) ) ) ) ) ) ) )5 5 5 5 5 52 2 2 2 2 20-8/ / /
  • 6. ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 ⡾ ⡾ ള䱻 䱻 䱻 䱻 䱻 䱻ѣ ѣ ѣ ѣ ѣ ѣᮽᮏ㛨ㅿ㓝᯦ḽ߼ 1 + +6. + + +,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , , ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 35 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 52 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ), , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 67 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
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  • 23. 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 56 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6, , , , , , , , , 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1(: ( ( 67$1'$5' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 25 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5, , , , , , , , , , , ,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 17 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 51 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( ( $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7, , , , , , , , , , , , , 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $/ / / / / / / / / / / / / + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +, , , , , , , ,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( / / / / / / / / / / / /$1 / / *8$*( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7, , , , , , , , , , , , 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
  • 24. 2 | P a g e Contents Preface - Cambridge IGCSE Chinese.................................................................................................................11 Cambridge IGCSE Mandarin Chinese - Foreign Language (0547) ...............................................................11 Syllabuses ...................................................................................................................................................12 Paper 1 Listening Approximately 35 minutes............................................................................................12 Paper 2 Reading 1 hour 15 minutes ............................................................................................................12 Paper 3 Speaking Approximately 10 minutes............................................................................................12 Paper 4 1 hour 15 minutes Candidates complete one form-filling task, .....................................................12 HSK Version 2021 Preface.................................................................................................................................14 General Table of Vocabulary and Grammar.......................................................................................................20 Preface 1: No Grammar in Chinese Language?..................................................................................................21 About the Author: ...............................................................................................................................................24 Our Story ............................................................................................................................................................25 David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Central page ...............................................................................................26 Comparing with HSK Version 2009...................................................................................................................27 II. Test Levels.................................................................................................................................................27 I. Test Target ..................................................................................................................................................29 Comparing HSK Version 2009 with GCSE, IB, CEF ........................................................................................30 HSK Speaking Test (HSKK) ..............................................................................................................................30 Youth Chinese Test.............................................................................................................................................35 Business Chinese Test ........................................................................................................................................39 ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 Medical Chinese Proficiency Test (MCT) .........................................................................42 Notationsφ.........................................................................................................................................................46 Part 1: CIE IGCSE Minimum Core Grammar....................................................................................................46 PART 1...........................................................................................................................................................47 Verbs ..............................................................................................................................................................47 A Auxiliary verbs ᓊ䈛...............................................................................................................................47 B Future ......................................................................................................................................................47 C Reduplication of verbs ............................................................................................................................49 D Progressive actions..................................................................................................................................49 E Perfective aspect marker Ҽ.....................................................................................................................51 F Experiential aspect marker 䗽 .................................................................................................................51 G Simple directional complements.............................................................................................................52 HSK Version 2021 Preface.................................................................................................................................14 General Table of Vocabulary and Grammar............................... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ....................................................................20 Preface 1: No Grammar in Chinese Language?......... .. .... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .... .. .. ................ .. .. .. .. .........................................................21 About the Author: .............................................. .. .. .. .................. .. .. .... ............ .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. .........................................................24 Our Story ..................................................... .. .. .. .................... .. .............. .. .. .. ................ .. .. .............................................................25 David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Centr tr tr tr tral al al al al page ....... .. ..........................................................................................26 Comparing with HSK Version 2009..... .. .. .................................................. .... .. .. .. ..............................................................27 II. Test Levels................................. .. ........................ .. ................................ .. .. .. ...... ..........................................................27 I. Test Target ................................... .. .. .. ........................ .... .. .. ................ .. .. .. .. .... .. .............. .... .. .. .. ...........................................................29 Comparing HSK Version 2009 with GCS CS CS CS CS CSE, IB, CEF ......................... .. .. .. .. .................................................................30 K HSK Speaking Test (HSKK) ............................. .. .... .. .. .. .... ............ .. .. .... .. .. .. ...................................................................................30 Youth Chinese Test... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ................................35 Business Chinese Tes es es es es est t t t ... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .................................39 ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 Medical Chinese Proficiency Test (MCT) .........................................................................42 Notationsφ......... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. ........ .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ..................46 Part 1: CIE IGCS CS CS CS CSE E E E E E Mi Mi Mi Mi Mi Mini ni ni ni ni nimu mu mu mu mum m m m m m Co Co Co Co Co Core re re re re G G G Gra ra ra ra ra ramm mm mm mm mm mm mmar ar ar ar ar ar ar. . . ... .. .. ........ .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .........................................46 PART 1...........................................................................................................................................................47 Verbs 47
  • 25. 3 | P a g e H Complements of result ............................................................................................................................52 I Complements of degree............................................................................................................................53 J Postverbs ..................................................................................................................................................53 K Verbal measure words.............................................................................................................................54 Nouns and noun phrases.................................................................................................................................54 A Plurals .....................................................................................................................................................54 B Measure words ........................................................................................................................................54 C Possession ...............................................................................................................................................56 D Modification of nouns.............................................................................................................................57 E Noun phrases with Ⲻ..............................................................................................................................58 Prepositions ....................................................................................................................................................59 Adverbs ..........................................................................................................................................................60 Prepositional phrases......................................................................................................................................62 Conjunctive use of adverbs ............................................................................................................................62 B Sentences with an adverbial phrase after a verb......................................................................................63 Complement of time after a verb ................................................................................................................63 Complement of time with the verbal aspect marker Ҽ ..............................................................................63 Complement of time with the verbal aspect marker Ҽ and the sentence particle Ҽ .................................63 Comparisons...................................................................................................................................................64 Use of ∊.....................................................................................................................................................64 Use of 䐕 …… жṭ...................................................................................................................................64 Use of ‫܅‬ …… жṭ...................................................................................................................................65 Use of ∊ …… ᴪ.......................................................................................................................................65 Use of ∊ …… ж⛯‫ݵ‬...............................................................................................................................65 Use of ᴶ.....................................................................................................................................................66 Complement of quantity .............................................................................................................................66 Use of ⋗ᴿ in comparisons........................................................................................................................66 Numbers, dates and times...............................................................................................................................66 A Numbers..................................................................................................................................................66 Approximate numbers.................................................................................................................................71 B Dates and times .......................................................................................................................................71 C Time expressions ........................................................................................................................................73 Sentences........................................................................................................................................................74 A Declarative sentences..............................................................................................................................74 Using ᱥ......................................................................................................................................................74 Using ᴿ......................................................................................................................................................74 E Noun phrases with Ⲻ..............................................................................................................................58 Prepositions ....................................................................................................................................................59 Adverbs .................................................................... .. .... .. .. .. ............................ .. .. .... .. .. ..........................................................60 Prepositional phrases......................................... .. .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .......... ................ .........................................................62 Conjunctive use of adverbs ......................... .. .. .................. .. .. .. .............. .. .. ................ .. ...........................................................62 B Sentences with an adverbial phrase se a a a after a verb b b b b........... .. .. .. .............. .... .. .. .. ...............................................................63 Complement of time after a verb ..... .. .. .................... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. ...............................................................63 Complement of time with the verb rb rb rb rbal aspect marker Ҽ ................. .. .. .. ...............................................................63 Complement of time with the verb rb rb rb rbal aspect ma ma ma mark rk rker er Ҽ Ҽ Ҽ an and d th th th th the e se sent nt nt nt nten en en en ence particle Ҽ .................................63 Comparisons..................................... .. .. .. ........................ .. ................ .... .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ............................................................64 Use of ∊......................................... .. .... ............................................ .. .. .. ..................................................................64 Use of 䐕 …… жṭ................................... .. .. .. .... .. .. .............. .. .. .. .... .. ..................................................................................64 Use of ‫܅‬ …… жṭ жṭ жṭ жṭ жṭ жṭ жṭ жṭ жṭ... .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ............................ .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ........ .. .... .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. ............ .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ........ .... .. .. .. .. ............ .. .. .. .. .. ....................................65 Use of ∊ …… ᴪ ᴪ ᴪ ᴪ ᴪ ᴪ ᴪ ᴪ ᴪ ᴪ. ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ................................65 Use of ∊ …… ж⛯‫ݵ‬...............................................................................................................................65 Use of ᴶ..... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ........ .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .......... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .......... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ..................66 Complement of quanti tity .............................................................................................................................66 Use of ⋗ᴿ ⋗ᴿ ⋗ᴿ ⋗ᴿ ⋗ᴿ ⋗ᴿ ⋗ᴿ in in in in in in in com om om om om ompa pa pa pa pari ri ri ri ri riso so so so so so so sons ns ns ns ns... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .......... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. ...........................................66 Numbers, dates and times...............................................................................................................................66 A Numb 66
  • 26. 4 | P a g e Using stative verbs......................................................................................................................................74 Verbless sentences ......................................................................................................................................75 B Negative statements ................................................................................................................................75 C Interrogative sentences............................................................................................................................76 D Sentence particle Ҽ ................................................................................................................................78 E Topic-comment construction...................................................................................................................79 F The ᱥ……Ⲻ construction .....................................................................................................................79 G Position ...................................................................................................................................................80 PART 2...........................................................................................................................................................81 Verbs ..............................................................................................................................................................81 A Verbal aspect marker ⵶ .........................................................................................................................81 B Compound directional complements.......................................................................................................82 C Potential complements ............................................................................................................................82 Adverbs ..........................................................................................................................................................83 A Adverbs of manner..................................................................................................................................83 Sentences........................................................................................................................................................83 A The ᣀ construction.................................................................................................................................83 B The 㻡 construction.................................................................................................................................84 C The 䇟θֵ construction.........................................................................................................................85 Part 2: Expanded Grammar by Referring HSK 1-2 V2021 (169 Grammar Points)............................................86 Normative grammar level syllabus 㿺㤹ᙝ䈣⌋ㅿ㓝ཝ㓨.................................................................................86 䈃㊱ Cílèi Parts of speech...........................................................................................................................86 1 ੃䈃 míngcí Noun .............................................................................................................................86 ᯯփ੃䈃 )ƗQJZqLPtQJFt/RFDWLRQQRXQV............................................................................................86 2 ࣞ䈃 dòngcí Verb....................................................................................................................................92 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃 Néng yuàn dòngcí modal verbs .............................................................................................92 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃 Auxiliary Verb to express wish..................................................................................................94 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃φ䈛Ƚ ᓊ䈛 Wishful verbs: should, should...............................................................................95 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃φ᝵ᝅ Willing ...........................................................................................................................96 ࣞ䈃䠃ਖφVerb overlap AAȽ A ж AȽ A Ҽ AȽABABȽA ⵶ A ⵶ȽAABBȽ ж A ж BȽ ᘳ A ᘳ B.............................................................................................................................................................96 3 ԙ䈃 dàicí Pronouns...............................................................................................................................97 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Interrogative pronouns ཐȽཐቇȽଠȽଠѠȽଠ䠂ȽଠӑȽӶѾȽ䈷ȽᙄѾȽࠖ...........97 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Interrogative Pronouns ཐѻȽѰӶѾȽᙄѾṭȽᙄṭ ........................................................101 Ӱ〦ԙ䈃 UpQFKƝQJGjLFt3HUVRQDO3URQRXQV .......................................................................................103 Verbs ..............................................................................................................................................................81 A Verbal aspect marker ⵶ ................................................. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ....................................................................81 B Compound directional complements................. .. .. .. .................. .. .... .............. .. .. .. .. ..........................................................82 C Potential complements ............................. .. .. .. .... ................ .. .. ............ .. .. .. ................ .. .........................................................82 Adverbs ...................................................... .. .. .. .. .................. .. .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .. .... .. .. ..........................................................83 A Adverbs of manner......................... .. .. .. .. .................... .. .. .. ............ .... .. ............ .. .. .... .. .. .. .................................................................83 Sentences........................................... .. .. .... .. .. .. ................................................ .. .... .. .. .. .............................................................83 A The ᣀ construction................... .. .. .. .................................................. .. .. ................................................................83 B The 㻡 construction................. ........................ .. .. .. .............................. .. .. .. .. ........ ..........................................................84 C The 䇟θֵ construction........... .. .. .. .......................... .. .. .. .. .......... .. .. .... .. .. .. .................... .. .. ............................................................85 Part 2: Expanded Grammar by Referring ng ng H H H H HSK 1-2 V2021 (169 Gr Gr Gr Gr Gram am am am am ammar Points)............................................86 Normative grammar level syllabus 㿺㤹ᙝ䈣⌋ㅿ ⌋ㅿ ⌋ㅿ ⌋ㅿ ⌋ㅿ ⌋ㅿ㓝ཝ 㓝ཝ 㓝ཝ 㓝ཝ 㓝ཝ 㓝ཝ㓨 㓨 㓨 㓨 㓨 㓨 㓨.................................................................................86 䈃㊱ Cílèi Parts of of of of of of of of of s s s s s spe pe peec ec ec ec ec ec ec ech h h h h h... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. ...... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. ..............................86 1 ੃䈃 míngcí Noun .............................................................................................................................86 ᯯփ੃䈃 )Ɨ )Ɨ )Ɨ )Ɨ )Ɨ )Ɨ )ƗQJZqLPtQJ QJ QJ QJ QJFt/RFDWLRQQRXQV............................................................................................86 2 ࣞ䈃 dòng ng ng ng ng ngcí cí cí cí cí cí V V Ver er er er erb b b b b b............. .... .. ............ .... ...... ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... ........ .. ............ .... ........ .... ...... .... .... .... ........ .......... .......... ...... .. ...... .. .. .... .... ...... ...................92 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃 Né Né Né Né Né Néng ng ng ng ng ng y y y y yuà uà uà uà uàn n n n n dò dò dò dò dò dò dò dòng ng ng ng ngcí cí cí cí cí m m m m m m mod od od od od od od od odal al al al al v v v v v v ver er er er er erbs bs bs bs ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. ..........................................92 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃 Auxiliary Verb to express wish..................................................................................................94 㜳᝵ࣞ䈃φ䈛 ᓊ䈛 Wishful verbs: should should 95
  • 27. 5 | P a g e Ӱ〦ԙ䈃φPersonal pronouns ࡡӰȽ ཝᇬȽ ᆹȽ ᆹԢȽ ૧Ƚ ૧ԢȽ 㠠ᐧ...................................104 ᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative Pronoun 䘏Ƚ䛙Ƚ䛙䠂Ƚ䛙ӑȽ䛙ѠȽࡡⲺȽᴿⲺ...................................108 ᤽⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative pronouns 䛙ѾȽ䛙ṭȽ 䘏ѾȽ 䘏ṭ.......................................................111 5 ᮦ䈃 shù cí Numeral .............................................................................................................................115 6 䠅䈃 liàngcí Classifier; Measure Word (MW)......................................................................................120 ੃䠅䈃 Noun quantifier ᶥȽᵢȽѠȽᇬȽ䰪ȽਙȽඍȽ享................................................................120 ੃䠅䈃φ ቸ ሷ Ԭ ᶗ փ..........................................................................................................................122 ࣞ䠅䈃 Verbal quantifiers : 䚃 ⅗ ൰ ഔ с..............................................................................................125 7 ࢥ䈃 fùcí Adverb .................................................................................................................................129 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Degree 䶔ᑮȽᖾȽའȽⵕȽᴶ...........................................................................129 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of degree: ཐȽཐѾȽ ླȽ ᴪȽ ॷ࠼Ƚ ⢯ࡡȽᥰȽ ᴿδ ж ε⛯‫ݵ‬................130 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Range, synergy adverbs 䜳Ƚжඍ‫ݵ‬Ƚж䎭...............................................................135 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverbs: ‫ޞ‬ȽжާȽਠ......................................................................136 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 6KtMLƗQIFt$GYHUEVRIWLPH 傢рȽ‫ݾ‬Ƚᴿᰬ/ᴿᰬُȽ൞Ƚ↙Ƚ↙൞ ..........................137 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time ࡐȽࡐࡐȽ䘎Ƚ ᘳ❬Ƚж⴪Ƚᐨ㔅..........................................................139 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, Repetitive Adverbs ᑮȽ߃.......................................................................144 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, repetitive adverbs 䠃᯦Ƚ㔅ᑮȽ㘷Ƚ㘷ᱥȽ৾......................................145 ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associative Adverb 䘎.............................................................................................................149 ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associated adverbs: ቧ ............................................................................................................150 ੜᇐࢥ䈃 )ԁXGuQJIFt1HJDWLYH$GYHUEV ࡡȽуȽ⋗Ƚ⋗ᴿ ..........................................................151 ᯯᕅࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Manner ᭻ᝅ .........................................................................................................154 ᛻ᘷࢥ䈃 Modal adverbs ᗻ亱ȽᐤуཐȽླ‫܅‬ȽжᇐȽҕ䇮.............................................................155 䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of tone ᢃȽ䜳ȽቧȽ↙ླ.......................................................................................158 8 ԁ䈃 jiècí Preposition...........................................................................................................................162 ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ᡶ Bring out the time and place ԄȽ൞...........................................................................162 ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪 Lead time ᖉȽᖉ. . .Ⲻᰬُ....................................................................................................163 ᕋ࠰ᯯੇȽ 䐥ᖺ Leading direction and path ᖶȽੇȽԄ.....................................................................164 ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Bring out Objects 䐕ȽૂȽ∊ ................................................................................................170 ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Leading objects ሯȽ㔏Ƚ⿱ ...................................................................................................171 ᕋ࠰ⴤⲺȽ৕ഖ Lead purpose and reason Ѱ.........................................................................................177 9 䘔䈃 liáncí Conjunction........................................................................................................................178 㺞⽰㚊ਾީ㌱ Indicates a joint relationship 䐕Ƚ䘎ᱥȽᡌ㘻Ƚૂ........................................................178 䘔᧛䈃ᡌ⸣䈣φConnective words or phrases ᡌȽᡌ㘻........................................................................179 7 ࢥ䈃 fùcí Adverb .................................................................................................................................129 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Degree 䶔ᑮȽᖾȽའȽⵕȽᴶ...........................................................................129 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of degree: ཐȽཐѾȽ ླȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ॷ࠼Ƚ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡȽᥰȽ ᴿδ ж ж ε⛯‫ݵ‬................130 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Range, synergy adverbs 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚжඍ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚ ‫ݵ‬Ƚж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭........... ......................................................135 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverb rb rb rb rb rbs: s: s: s: s: s: ‫ޞ‬Ƚжާ жާ жާ жާ жާ жާ жާȽਠ............... .. .. .........................................................136 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 6KtMLƗQIFt$GYHUEVRI I I I IWL WL WL WL WL WL WL WLPH 傢рȽ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬ Ƚ‫ݾ‬Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿ Ƚᴿᰬ/ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬ ᴿᰬُȽ ُȽ ُȽ൞Ƚ↙Ƚ↙൞ ..........................137 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time ࡐȽࡐࡐ ࡐࡐ ࡐࡐ ࡐࡐ ࡐࡐ ࡐࡐȽ䘎Ƚ ᘳ❬ ᘳ❬ ᘳ❬ ᘳ❬ ᘳ❬Ƚж Ƚж Ƚж Ƚж⴪Ƚ ⴪Ƚ ⴪Ƚ ⴪Ƚᐨ㔅 ᐨ㔅 ᐨ㔅 ᐨ㔅 ᐨ㔅 ᐨ㔅 ᐨ㔅. ..........................................................139 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, Repe pe pe pe petitive Adverbs ᑮȽ߃........... .. .. ..............................................................144 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, rep ep epetitive adverb rb rb rb rbs s s 䠃᯦ 䠃᯦ 䠃᯦ 䠃᯦Ƚ㔅 Ƚ㔅 Ƚ㔅ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ ᑮȽ㘷Ƚ 㘷Ƚ 㘷Ƚ 㘷Ƚ 㘷Ƚ 㘷Ƚ 㘷Ƚ㘷ᱥȽ৾......................................145 ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associative Adverb 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎 䘎. . ......................... .. .. .. .. .. ........ .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .................... .. ..........................................................149 ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associated adverbs: ቧ ..... .. .. ...................................... .. .. .. .... .. .. ...................................................................150 ੜᇐࢥ䈃 )ԁXGuQJIFt1HJDWLYH$GYHUE UE UE UE UE UEV V V V V V ࡡȽ ࡡȽ ࡡȽ ࡡȽ ࡡȽ ࡡȽуȽ уȽ уȽ уȽ уȽ уȽ уȽ⋗Ƚ⋗ᴿ ⋗ᴿ ..........................................................151 ᯯᕅࢥ䈃 Adver er er er er er er erbs bs bs bs bs bs bs bs bs o o of f f f Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Mann nn nn nn nn nn nn nner er er er er er er er er er er ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ . . . ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... ............................154 ᛻ᘷࢥ䈃 Moda da da da da dal l l l l l l ad ad ad ad ad ad ad ad adve ve ve ve ve ve ve verb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rbs s s s s s s ᗻ亱 ᗻ亱 ᗻ亱 ᗻ亱 ᗻ亱 ᗻ亱 ᗻ亱 ᗻ亱 ᗻ亱 ᗻ亱Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤ Ƚᐤуཐ уཐ уཐ уཐ уཐ уཐ уཐ уཐ уཐ уཐ уཐ уཐ уཐ уཐȽླ Ƚླ Ƚླ Ƚླ Ƚླ Ƚླ Ƚླ Ƚླ Ƚླ Ƚླ‫܅‬Ƚ ‫܅‬Ƚ ‫܅‬Ƚ ‫܅‬Ƚ ‫܅‬Ƚ ‫܅‬Ƚ ‫܅‬Ƚ ‫܅‬Ƚ ‫܅‬Ƚжᇐ жᇐ жᇐ жᇐ жᇐ жᇐ жᇐ жᇐ жᇐ жᇐȽҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ䇮 䇮 䇮 䇮 䇮 䇮 䇮 䇮 䇮 䇮.............................................................155 䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of tone ᢃȽ䜳ȽቧȽ↙ླ.......................................................................................158 8 ԁ䈃 jiècí í í P P P P P Prepo po po po po posi si si si siti ti ti ti ti ti tion on on on on on on.. .. .. ...... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .......... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. ...... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .................162 ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ Ƚ༺ Ƚ༺ Ƚ༺ Ƚ༺ Ƚ༺ Ƚ༺ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ Br Br Br Br Brin in in in ing g g g g ou ou ou ou ou out th th th th the tim im im im im ime e e e e e an an an and d d d d pl pl pl pl place ԄȽ൞.......... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. ...........................................162 ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪 Le Le Lead ad ad ad ad ad ad t t t tim im im im im ime ᖉȽ ᖉȽ ᖉȽ ᖉȽ ᖉȽ ᖉȽᖉ ᖉ ᖉ ᖉ ᖉ ᖉ. . .Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬُ ُ ُ ُ ُ ُ ُ....................................................................................................163 ᕋ࠰ᯯੇȽ 䐥ᖺ Leading direction and path ᖶȽੇȽԄ.....................................................................164
  • 28. 6 | P a g e 䘔᧛࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ Connective clauses or sentences у䗽ȽռȽռᱥȽ㙂ъȽ䛙Ƚྸ᷒Ƚ㲳❬Ƚਠ㾷 ..................................................................................................................................................................180 10 ࣟ䈃 Zhùcí Particle...........................................................................................................................182 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃 Structural particles ⲺȽ൦Ƚᗍ...............................................................................................182 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃φᗍ Dé Structural particle ....................................................................................................183 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic particleφ 䗽.............................................................................................................184 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic: ҼȽ⵶Ƚ.................................................................................................................185 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃φ⵶ Dynamic particle..............................................................................................................186 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ੝ȽҼȽ੍Ƚઘ.........................................................................................187 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ஀ Ƚ੝ȽⲺ................................................................................................189 ެԌࣟ䈃φOther auxiliary words Ⲻ䈓Ƚㅿ...........................................................................................191 11 ਯ䈃 Interjection ஸȽ஀........................................................................................................................193 ⸣䈣 duӽnyԃ Phrase .....................................................................................................................................194 ᮦ䠅⸣䈣 VKOLjQJGXӽQԃ4XDQWLWSKUDVH...........................................................................................194 㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Structure type..........................................................................................................................194 ะᵢ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Basic structure type..........................................................................................................194 ެԌ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Other structure types ........................................................................................................197 ࣕ㜳㊱ශ *ǀQJQpQJOqL[tQ)XQFWLRQWSH+6.9*..........................................................199 ੃䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Noun phrase.........................................................................................................................199 ࣞ䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Verb phrase..........................................................................................................................199 ᖘᇯ䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Adjective phrases.............................................................................................................200 രᇐ⸣䈣 Fixed phrase ................................................................................................................................200 ެԌ Other ...........................................................................................................................................200 രᇐṲᕅ Fixed Pattern....................................................................................................................................203 䘎ᱥ……੝ ..............................................................................................................................................203 ৾... ... ৾... ... ...........................................................................................................................................204 δ൞ε... ... ԛࢃ/ԛ੄/ࢃ/੄...................................................................................................................204 ਛᆆᡆ࠼ jù zӿ chéngfèn Sentence Elements...........................................................................................206 ѱ䈣 ]Kԃԃ6XEMHFW...............................................................................................................................206 䉉䈣 ZqLԃ3UHGLFDWH............................................................................................................................206 䉉䈣 Predicate......................................................................................................................................207 ੃䈃Ƚԙ䈃Ƚᮦ䈃ᡌᮦ䠅⸣䈣Ƚ੃䈃ᙝ⸣䈣֒䉉䈣 Nouns, pronouns, numerals or quantitative phrases, nominal 207 ᇴ䈣 EƯQԃ2EMHFW.................................................................................................................................208 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ੝ȽҼȽ੍Ƚઘ.........................................................................................187 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ஀ Ƚ੝ȽⲺ................................................................................................189 ެԌࣟ䈃φOther auxiliary words Ⲻ䈓Ƚㅿ............. .... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .... .. ............................................................191 11 ਯ䈃 Interjection ஸȽ஀............................... .. .. .. .... .. ................ .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. ................ .. .. .. .......................................................193 ⸣䈣 duӽnyԃ Phrase ..................................... .. .. .................. .. .. .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ........................................................194 ᮦ䠅⸣䈣 VKOLjQJ QJGXӽQԃ ԃ4XDQWLW SK SK SK SK SK SK SKUDVH....... .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .. .... .. ............................................................194 㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Structure type................. .. .. .................... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .............................................................194 ะᵢ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Basic structure type pe pe pe pe............................................... .. .............................................................194 ެԌ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Other structure ty ty ty ty types ................. .. .............................. .. .. .. ...... .........................................................197 ࣕ㜳㊱ශ *ǀQJQpQJOqL[tQ)XQF QF QF QF QF QFWL WL WL WLRQWSH+6. . . . . . .9 * * * * * *. . . ..........................................................199 ੃䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Noun phrase................. .. .. .. .......................................... .. .. .. .... .. ................................................................199 ࣞ䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Verb phrase............................... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. ...................................................................................199 ᖘᇯ䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Ad Ad Ad Ad Ad Ad Ad Ad Adje je je je je je ject ct ct ctiv iv iv iv iv iv iv iv iv iv ive e e e ph ph ph ph ph ph ph phra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra rase se se se se ses s s s s s. . ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ..............................200 രᇐ⸣䈣 Fixed ph ph ph ph ph ph ph phra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra rase se se se se se se se . ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. ...............................200 ެԌ Other ...........................................................................................................................................200 രᇐṲᕅ Fixed Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Patt tt tt tt tter er er ern n n n n. . . ... .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ........ .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .................203 䘎ᱥ……੝ ... .. .. ........ .... .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. ........ .. .. .......... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ................................ .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. ...........................................203 ৾... ... ৾... ... ...........................................................................................................................................204 δ൞ε... ... ԛࢃ/ԛ੄/ࢃ/੄...................................................................................................................204
  • 29. 7 | P a g e ᇐ䈣 GuQJԃ$WWULEXWLYH.......................................................................................................................209 ੃䈃ᙝ䈃䈣Ƚᖘᇯ䈃ᙝ䈃䈣Ƚᮦ䈃⸣䈣֒ᇐ䈣Ⱦ...............................................................................209 ⣬䈣 ]KXjQJԃ$GYHUELDO....................................................................................................................210 㺛䈣 Complement .......................................................................................................................................211 㔉᷒㺛䈣 1 Result Complement 1............................................................................................................211 䏁ੇ㺛䈣 1 Tendency Complement 1 ......................................................................................................213 ᮦ䠅㺛䈣 1: ࣞ䈃ηࣞ䠅㺛䈣 4XDQWLWRPSOHPHQW......................................................................215 ᮦ䠅㺛䈣 2: ᖘᇯ䈃ηᮦ䠅㺛䈣 4XDQWLWRPSOHPHQW..................................................................216 ਛᆆⲺ㊱ශ jùzi de lèixíng Type of sentence ............................................................................................217 ਛශ Jù xíng Sentence pattern ..............................................................................................................217 ঋਛ 'ƗQM6LQJOH6HQWHQFH ................................................................................................................217 ѱ䉉ਛ ]KԃZqLM6XEMHFW-Predicate Sentence ................................................................................217 ᖘᇯ䈃䉉䈣ਛ ;tQJUyQJFtZqLԃM$GMHFWLYH-predicate sentence .....................................................218 䶔ѱ䉉ਛ )ƝL]KԃZqLM1RQ-subject-predicate sentence ...................................................................218 ѱ䉉ਛ 3: ੃䈃䉉䈣ਛ Subject-Predicate Sentence 3: Noun-Predicate Sentence....................................218 䱾䘦ਛ chénshùjù Declarative Sentence ..............................................................................................219 ⯇䰤ਛ Yíwènjù Interrogative sentence ...............................................................................................219 ⽾ֵਛ 4tVKӿM,PSHUDWLYH6HQWHQFH....................................................................................................220 ᝕ਯਛ *ӽQWjQM([FODPDWRU6HQWHQFH.............................................................................................221 ⢯⇀ਛශ 7qVKnjM[tQJ6SHFLDOVHQWHQFHSDWWHUQV ..............................................................................221 “ᴿ”ᆍਛ ³ԁX´]uM+DYHVHQWHQFH ..............................................................................................222 “ᴿ” ᆍਛ 2 “ᴿ Have” sentence 2 ..........................................................................................................222 ᆎ⧦ਛ 1: 㺞⽰ᆎ൞ There is/are …............................................................................................................223 䘔ࣞਛ 1 Double verbs.............................................................................................................................225 ∊䖹ਛ %ӿMLjRMRPSDUDWLYH6HQWHQFH...............................................................................................225 ∊䖹ਛ 2 Comparative sentence 2................................................................................................................226 ∊䖹ਛ 3 Comparative sentence 3................................................................................................................228 “ᱥ... ... Ⲻ” ਛ 1φ,W VRIVHQWHQFHWRHPSKDVL]H...................................................................................229 ਂᇴ䈣ਛ Double object sentence................................................................................................................230 ѱ䈣 + ࣞ䈃 + ᇴ䈣 1 + ᇴ䈣 2................................................................................................................230 ѱ䈣 + ࣞ䈃 + 㔏 + ᇴ䈣 1 + ᇴ䈣 2........................................................................................................231 གྷਛ Fùjù Complex sentences..................................................................................................................232 ᒬࡍགྷਛ EuQJOLqIMRRUGLQDWHRPSOH[6HQWHQFH.........................................................................232 ᢵ᧛གྷਛ Continuation of complex sentences.............................................................................................233 ਛᆆⲺ㊱ශ jùzi de lèixíng Type of sentence ............................................................................................217 ਛශ Jù xíng Sentence pattern ..............................................................................................................217 ঋਛ 'ƗQM6LQJOH6HQWHQFH ............................. .. .............................. .. .. .........................................................217 ѱ䉉 ѱ䉉ਛ ]KԃZqLM6XEMHFW-Predicate Se Se Se Se Se Se Sent nt nt ntence ... .. ............ .. .. ................ .. .......................................................217 ᖘᇯ䈃䉉䈣ਛ ;tQJUyQJFtZqLԃM$G $G $G $G $G $G $G $GMHFWLYH-pr pr pr pr predicat at at at ate e e e e e sentence ce ce ce ce .....................................................218 䶔ѱ䉉ਛ )ƝL]KԃZqLM1RQ-subj bj bj bj bj bj bjec ec ect-predicat at at at ate sent nt nt nt nt nten en en en en ence ... .. .. .. .... ................................................................218 ѱ䉉ਛ 3: ੃䈃䉉䈣ਛ Subject-Pr Pred ed ed ed edicate Sentence 3 3 3: No No Noun-Pr Pr Pred ed ed ed edic ic ic ic icate Sentence....................................218 䱾䘦ਛ chénshùjù Declarative Se Se Sentence ............................... .. .... .. ...............................................................219 ⯇䰤ਛ Yíwènjù Interrogative sentence ....... .. .. .. .......................... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ........ .... .. .. ........................................................219 ⽾ֵਛ 4tVKӿM,PSHUDWLYH6HQ HQ HQ HQ HQ HQWH WH WH WH WHQFH................. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ...................... .. .. ...........................................................220 ᝕ਯਛ *ӽQWjQM([FODPDWRU6H 6H 6H 6H 6H 6HQW QW QW QW QW QWHQFH....................... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ......................................................................221 ⢯⇀ਛශ 7qVKnjM[tQJ6SHFLDOVHQWHQFHSDW DW DW DW DWWH WH WH WH WHUQV ..............................................................................221 “ᴿ”ᆍਛ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ԁX ԁX ԁX ԁX ԁX ԁX ԁX ԁX ԁX ԁX´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´]u ]u ]u ]u ]uM M M M M M M M M M M M +D +D +D +D +D +D +D +D +D +D +D +DYH YH YH YH YH YH YH YH YH YH VH VH VH VH VH VH VH VH VH VHQW QW QW QW QW QW QW QW QW QW QWHQ HQ HQ HQ HQ HQ HQ HQFH FH FH FH FH FH FH FH FH FH . . . ... .. .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... ...... .. .. .. .... ...... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .............................222 “ᴿ” ᆍਛ 2 “ᴿ ᴿ ᴿ ᴿ ᴿ ᴿ ᴿ Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Have ve ve ve ve ve ve” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” se se se se se sent nt nt nt nt nt nt nten en en en en en en ence ce ce ce ce 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ..........................................................................................................222 ᆎ⧦ਛ 1: 㺞⽰ᆎ൞ There is/are …............................................................................................................223 䘔ࣞਛ 1 Do Do Do Do Do Do Doub ub ub ub ub ub uble le le v v v v v ver er er er erbs bs bs bs bs bs. . . . ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. ........ .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ................225 ∊䖹ਛ %ӿ %ӿ %ӿ %ӿ %ӿ %ӿML ML ML ML ML ML MLjR jR jR jR jR jRM M M M M M M     R R R R R RPS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PSDU DU DU DU DUDW DW DW DW DW DWLY LY LY LY LY LYH6H 6H 6H 6H 6H 6H 6H 6HQW QW QW QW QW QW QW QWHQ HQ HQ HQ HQ HQ HQFH FH FH FH FH FH...... .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .............. .. .................................................225 ∊䖹ਛ 2 Comparative sentence 2................................................................................................................226 ∊䖹ਛ 3 Comparative sentence 3................................................................................................................228
  • 30. 8 | P a g e 䙈䘑གྷਛ Progressive Compound Sentence ................................................................................................234 䘿᤟གྷਛ Selective complex sentence ....................................................................................................236 䖢ᣎགྷਛ Transition complex sentence.......................................................................................................237 ‫ٽ‬䇴གྷਛ Supposition complex sentences...................................................................................................238 ᶗԬགྷਛφਠ㾷……θቧ…… Conditional compound sentence: .........................................................240 ㍝㕟གྷਛ Compact complex sentence: once..then...............................................................................240 ᰬᘷ shí tài Tense.....................................................................................................................................242 ਎ौᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰............................................................................................................242 ᇂᡆᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰............................................................................................................243 䘑㺂ᰬᘷ -uQ[tQJVKtWjL3URJUHVVLYH7HQVH........................................................................................243 ᤷ㔣ᰬᘷᘷ Continuous tense: verb + ⵶....................................................................................................245 㺞⽰⣬ᘷⲺᤷ㔣 Indicates the continuation of the state..........................................................................245 㺞⽰ࣞ֒Ⲻᤷ㔣 Indicates the continuation of the action .......................................................................246 㔅়ᰬᘷ The experience state.................................................................................................................246 ⢯⇀㺞䗴⌋ WqVKnjELӽRGiIӽ6SHFLDOH[SUHVVLRQ ......................................................................................248 䫧ᮦ㺞⽰⌋ TLiQVKELӽRVKuIӽ0RQHQXPEHUQRWDWLRQ....................................................................248 ᰬ䰪㺞⽰⌋ 6KtMLƗQELӽRVKuIӽ7LPHQRWDWLRQ......................................................................................248 䫕⛯㺞⽰⌋ ]KǀQJGLӽQELӽRVKuIӽ+RXUQRWDWLRQ.................................................................................249 ᓅᮦ㺞⽰⌋ Ordinal number notation..........................................................................................................249 Ᾰᮦ㺞⽰⌋ Approximate number notation.................................................................................................250 ᮦ䈃 + ཐ + 䠅䈃 Numeral + ཐ + quantifier ...........................................................................................250 ᮦ䈃 + 䠅䈃 + ཐ Numeral + quantifier +ཐ more...................................................................................251 ᕰ䈹Ⲻᯯ⌋ Methods of emphasis ...................................................................................................................252 ⭞ “ቧ” 㺞⽰ᕰ䈹 8VHቧ MXVWWRH[SUHVVHPSKDVLV ................................................................................252 “ᱥ……Ⲻ” 㺞⽰ᕰ䈹 ,W VRIWRHPSKDVL]H...............................................................................................253 “ᱥ... ... Ⲻ” ਛ 1φ ᕰ䈹ᰬ䰪Ƚ൦⛯ȽᯯᕅȽࣞ֒㘻 ..........................................................................253 ᨆ䰤Ⲻᯯ⌋ WtZqQGHIƗQJIӽ Interrogative sentence ................................................................................254 8VH੍WRDVNTXHVWLRQV .........................................................................................................................254 Use “ླ੍Ƚ ਥԛ੍Ƚ㺂੍Ƚ ᙄѾṭ” to ask questions...........................................................................257 ⭞ “ӶѾᰬُȽӶѾṭȽѰӶѾȽ ᙄѾṭȽ ᙄṭ” ᨆ䰤.......................................................................257 ⭞ “ઘ” ᶺᡆⲺⴷ⮛ᕅ⯇䰤ਛ “ԙ䈃λ੃䈃ηઘϋ ” ᨆ䰤 ......................................................................258 ⭞ “ᱥуᱥ”ᨆ䰤 UVHLVLWWRDVNTXHVWLRQV..............................................................................................259 ⭞ “੝ ”ᨆ䰤 8VH੝WRDVNTXHVWLRQV.......................................................................................................259 ᇂᡆᰬᘷφ⭞ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 “Ҽ” 㺞⽰............................................................................................................243 䘑㺂ᰬᘷ -uQ[tQJVKtWjL3URJUHVVLYH7HQVH........................................................................................243 ᤷ㔣ᰬᘷᘷ Continuous tense: verb + ⵶................. .. .............................. .. .. .........................................................245 㺞⽰⣬ᘷⲺᤷ Ⲻᤷ㔣 Indicates the continuation on on on on o o of the stat at at at ate e e e e....... .. .. ................ .. .......................................................245 㺞⽰ࣞ֒Ⲻᤷ㔣 Indicates the continua ua ua ua ua uati ti ti ti ti tion of the e e e ac action . . . ............... .. .. .... ........................................................246 㔅়ᰬᘷ The experience state......... .. .. .. .. .... .. .................. .. .. ............ .... .. ............ .. .. .. .... ................................................................246 ⢯⇀㺞䗴⌋ WqVKnjELӽRGiIӽ6SHFLD LD LD LD LD LDOH[SUHVVLRQ ............................. .. .. ...........................................................248 䫧ᮦ㺞⽰⌋ TLiQVKELӽRVKuI I I I I Iӽ0RQHQXPEHUQRWDWLRQ.... .. .. .. .. ..................................................................248 ᰬ䰪㺞⽰⌋ 6KtMLƗQELӽRVKuIӽ Iӽ Iӽ Iӽ Iӽ Iӽ7LPHQRWDWLRQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ................... .... .. .. .. ............ .. .........................................................248 䫕⛯㺞⽰⌋ ]KǀQJGLӽQELӽRVKu u u u uIӽ+RXUQRWDWL WL WL WL WLRQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ...................... .. .. .. .... ...........................................................249 ᓅᮦ㺞⽰⌋ Ordinal number notation...... .. .. .. .... .. .. ............................ .. .. .... .. ........................................................................249 Ᾰᮦ㺞⽰⌋ Approximate number notation.................................................................................................250 ᮦ䈃 + ཐ + 䠅䈃 䠅䈃 䠅䈃 䠅䈃 䠅䈃 䠅䈃 䠅䈃 䠅䈃 䠅䈃 Nu Nu Nu Nu Nu Nu Nume me me me me me me mera ra ra ra ral l l l + + + + + + + + + + ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ + + + + + + + qu qu qu qu qu qu quan an an an an an an anti ti ti ti ti tifi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fier er er er er er ...........................................................................................250 ᮦ䈃 + 䠅䈃 + ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ Numeral l l l l l l + + + + + + quantifier +ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ more...................................................................................251 ᕰ䈹Ⲻᯯ⌋ Meth th thod od od od od ods of emp mp mp mphasis ... .................................... .... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... .... ........ ...... .. .... ...... .... .. ...... .... ..................................252 ⭞ “ቧ” 㺞⽰ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 8V 8V 8V 8V 8V 8V 8VH ቧ ቧ ቧ ቧ ቧ ቧ MX MX MX MX MX MXVW VW VW VW VW VW WRH[S [S [S [S [S [SUH UH UH UH UH UH UHVV VV VV VV VV VV VV VV VVH H H H H H H H HPS PS PS PS PS PS PS PSKD KD KD KD KD KD KD KDVL VL VL VL VL VL VLV ................................................................................252 “ᱥ……Ⲻ” 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ,W ,W ,W ,W ,W ,W V V V V V V VR R R R R R RIW W W W W WRHP HP HP HP HP HP HP HP HPSK SK SK SK SK SK SK SK SKDV DV DV DV DVL] L] L] L] L] L] L]H H H H H........ .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .... .. ...... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .........................................253 “ᱥ ᱥ... ... Ⲻ” ਛ 1φ ᕰ䈹ᰬ䰪Ƚ൦⛯ȽᯯᕅȽࣞ֒㘻 ..........................................................................253 ᨆ䰤Ⲻᯯ⌋
  • 31. 13 | P a g e Chinese or preparing international examinations, such as IB, SAT, AP, IGCSE, GCSE Chinese. This book gives students a quick revision for their coming exam! Combining our 26 years’ expertise in Teaching and editing our own materials, here is the “LIFE SAVING” book called by many students for their exams. Grab it! Thanks for your support for us creating better contents for you! David yao 6(37(0%(5 0 y y y support for us creating better contents for you! David yao 6(37 ( ( ( 7 7 0% ( ( (5 0 5 5
  • 32. 23 | P a g e David YAO, Founder of www.LegooMandarin.com and www.edeo.biz March 27, 2019 (November 10, 2020 Finalized the Version 2020)
  • 33. 33 | P a g e The HSK Speaking Test (Beginner Level) is comprised of three parts, containing 27 items in total. The duration of the test is about 17 minutes (including 7 minutes for preparation). There are 15 items in Part I. For each item, a sentence recording will be played. The test takers should repeat the sentence. The duration of this part is 4 minutes. There are 10 items in Part II. For each item, the recording of a question will be played. The test takers should provide a brief answer. The duration of this part is 3 minutes. There are 2 items in Part III. There will be two questions on the test paper (with pinyin). The test takers should answer these questions using a minimum of 5 sentences per answer. The duration of this part is 3 minutes. The HSK Speaking Test (Intermediate Level) is comprised of three parts, containing 14 items in total. The duration of the test is about 21 minutes (including 10 minutes for preparation). There are 10 items in Part I. For each item, a sentence recording will be played. The test takers should repeat the sentence. The duration of this part is 3 minutes. e test ta e s s ou d epeat t e se te ce. e du at o o t s pa t s utes. There are 10 items in Part II. For eac c c c c ch h h h h h h i i item, t t t t t th h h h h he r r r r recordi i i i ing of a question will be played. The test takers should pro o o o o ov vide a b b b b brief a a a a a an n n n n nswer. T T T T The duration of this part is 3 minutes. There are 2 items in Part III. There will l l l l l b b b b b b be t t t t tw w w w wo o o o o o questi i i i io o o o ons on the test paper (with pinyin). The test takers should a a a a an n n n ns s swer these q q q q qu u u u ue e e e es s s s st t t t tions using a minimum of 5 sentences per an n n ns s s s sw w w w w w w wer r r r r. T T T T T Th h h h h h he duration of f f f f f th h hi i i i is s s s s s p p p p p p p p part t t t t is 3 3 3 min n nu u u u u utes. . . . . The HSK Sp p p p pe e e e e e ea a a a a a ak k k ki i i in n n n n ng g g g g g T T T T T T Te e e e e e es s s s st t t ( ( ( ( (I I I I I In n n n n nter r r r r rm m m m m m m me e e e e e e ed d d d d d d di i i i i ia a a a a a a at t t t t t te e e e e L L L L L Le e e e e e ev v v v ve e e e e el l l l l) ) ) ) ) ) i i i i is s s s s c c c c co o o o o om m m m m mp p p p p pr r r r r r r ri i i i i is s s s s se e e e e ed d d o o o o o of f f f t t t t t th h h h h h h h hr re e e e e ee e e e e e p p p p p p pa a a a ar r r rt t t t ts s s s s s s, , , , , containing 14 4 4 4 4 4 i i i i it t t t tem m m m m ms i i i i in n n n n n n n t t t t tota a a a al l l l. T T T T T T T Th h h h h h h he d d d d d d du u u u u urat ti i i i i io o o o on n n n n o o o o of f f f f t t t t th h h h he e e e e t t t t t te e e e e e es s s s s s st t t t t t i i i i i is s s s s s s a a a a ab b b b bo o o o ou u u u ut t t t t t t t 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 minutes (including 10 minutes for preparation).
  • 34. 43 | P a g e MCT ж㓝φ㜳ཕཝ։⨼䀙фॱ䲘ᰛᑮӚ䱻൰Ქ⴮ީⲺȽะᵢⲺ䈣䀶ᶆᯏȾ㜳 ཕቧ⯻᛻䘑㺂ㆶঋⲺӚ⍷ф⋕䙐θ㜳ሯ⯴⯻Ⲻะᵢ᛻߫䘑㺂ㆶঋᨅ䘦Ⱦ≿䈣 ≪ᒩ㜳ཕะᵢ┗䏩ॱ䲘ᇔҖⲺ㾷≸Ⱦॱᆜщѐ䈃≽䠅Ѱ 400 ᐜ਩Ⱦ MCT Level I: Able to generally understand basic language materials related to the daily communication scenes in the hospital. Be able to carry out simple communication and communication on the condition of the disease, and be able to briefly describe the basic situation of the disease. Chinese level can basically meet the requirements of hospital internship. The medical professional vocabulary is about 400. MCT ӂ㓝φ㜳ཕ⨼䀙фॱ䲘ᰛᑮӚ䱻൰Ქ⴮ީⲺȽ䖹Ѱޭ։Ⲻ䈣䀶ᶆᯏȾ㜳 ཕቧ⯻᛻䘑㺂䖹ѰགྷᵸⲺӚ⍷ф⋕䙐θ㜳ሯ⯴⯻Ⲻѱ㾷᛻߫䘑㺂䖹Ѱޭ։Ⲻ ᨅ䘦Ⱦ≿䈣≪ᒩ㜳ཕᙱ։┗䏩ॱ䲘ᇔҖⲺ㾷≸Ⱦॱᆜщѐ䈃≽䠅Ѱ 800 ᐜ ਩Ⱦ MCT Level 2: Able to understand more specific language materials related to the daily communication scenes in the hospital. Be able to carry out more complex communication and communication about the disease, and be able to describe the main situation of the disease in a more specific manner. The Chinese level can generally meet the requirements of hospital internship. The medical professional vocabulary is about 800. MCT п㓝φ㜳ཕᇂ‫⨼ޞ‬䀙фॱ䲘ᰛᑮӚ䱻൰Ქ⴮ީⲺ㔓ཝ䜞࠼䈣䀶ᶆᯏȾ㜳 ཕቧ⯻᛻䘑㺂གྷᵸⲺӚ⍷ф⋕䙐θ㜳ሯ⯴⯻Ⲻ᮪։᛻߫䘑㺂䈜㓼ᨅ䘦Ⱦ≿䈣 ≪ᒩ㜳ཕᇂ‫┗ޞ‬䏩ॱ䲘ᇔҖⲺ㾷≸Ⱦॱᆜщѐ䈃≽䠅Ѱ 1500 ᐜ਩Ⱦ MCT Level 3: Ability to fully understand most of the language materials related to the daily communication scenes in the hospital. Be able to carry out complex communication and communication on the condition of the disease, and describe the overall condition of the disease in detail. Chinese level can fully meet the requirements of hospital internship. The medical professional vocabulary is about 1500. the requirements of hospital internship. The medical professional vocabulary is about 400. MCT ӂ㓝φ㜳ཕ⨼䀙фॱ䲘ᰛᑮ ᑮ ᑮ ᑮ ᑮ ᑮ ᑮӚ Ӛ Ӛ䱻൰ ൰ ൰ ൰ ൰ ൰ ൰Ქ Ქ Ქ Ქ Ქ Ქ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ީⲺȽ䖹Ѱޭ։Ⲻ䈣䀶ᶆᯏȾ㜳 ཕቧ⯻᛻䘑㺂䖹ѰགྷᵸⲺӚ⍷ ⍷ ⍷ ⍷ ⍷ ⍷ ⍷ ⍷ф ф ф ф ф ф ф⋕䙐 䙐 䙐 䙐 䙐θ㜳ሯ ሯ ሯ ሯ ሯ ሯ ሯ ሯ⯴⯻ ⯻ ⯻ ⯻ ⯻ ⯻ ⯻Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻѱ㾷᛻߫䘑㺂䖹Ѱޭ։Ⲻ ᨅ䘦Ⱦ≿䈣≪ᒩ㜳ཕᙱ։┗ ┗ ┗䏩 䏩 䏩 䏩 䏩 䏩ॱ䲘ᇔ ᇔ ᇔ ᇔ ᇔ ᇔҖ Җ Җ ҖⲺ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷≸ ≸ ≸ ≸ ≸Ⱦॱ ॱ ॱ ॱ ॱᆜщѐ䈃≽䠅Ѱ 800 ᐜ ਩Ⱦ MCT Level 2: Able to under r r r rs s s stand more e e e e e e specif fi i i i ic c c c c l l l l la angu u u u uage materials related to the daily communication scenes i i i i in n n n n n the hospital l. Be abl le e e e e e t t t t to carry out more complex communication and communicat t t t ti i i i io o o o on n n n n about t t t t t th h h h he e e e e d d d d di i i isease, and be able to describe the main situation of f f f f f t t t th h h h h h h he d d di i is s s s s se e e e e e ease in a more e e e e e s s sp p p p pe e e e e ec c c ci i ific c c c c m m m m m m ma a a a anner r r. . . . T T The e e e e e Chin n n n n n nese level can generally meet t t t t t th h h h h h h h h he e e e e e e r r r r r r r re e e e e e eq q q q q q q q qu u u u u u u ui i i i i i i ir r r r r r re e e em m m m m m me e e e e e e e en n n n n n n n n nt t t t t t ts s s s s s s o o o o o o o of f f f f f f f f h h h h h h h ho o o o o o os s s sp p p p p p p pi i i i i it t ta a a a a al l l l l l l i i i i in n n n n n nt t t t te e e e e e er r r r r r r rn n n n n n n n ns s s s sh h h h h h h h hi i i i i ip p p p p p p p p p. . . T T T Th h h h h he e e e e e e e m m m m m m m m m me e e e e e e ed d d d d d d di i i i i i i ic c c c c c c ca a a a a a al professional vocabulary is about 800. MCT п㓝φ㜳 㜳 㜳 㜳 㜳 㜳 㜳ཕ ཕ ཕ ཕ ཕ ཕ ཕ ཕᇂ ᇂ ᇂ ᇂ ᇂ ᇂ ᇂ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬ ‫ޞ‬⨼䀙 䀙 䀙 䀙 䀙 䀙 䀙 䀙 䀙ф ф ф ф ф ф ф ф ф фॱ ॱ ॱ ॱ ॱ ॱ䲘 䲘 䲘 䲘 䲘 䲘 䲘ᰛᑮ ᑮ ᑮ ᑮ ᑮ ᑮ ᑮ ᑮӚ Ӛ Ӛ Ӛ Ӛ Ӛ䱻 䱻 䱻 䱻 䱻 䱻 䱻൰ ൰ ൰ ൰ ൰ ൰Ქ Ქ Ქ Ქ Ქ Ქ Ქ Ქ Ქ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ ⴮ީ ީ ީ ީ ީ ީ ީ ީ ީ ީⲺ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ Ⲻ㔓 㔓 㔓 㔓 㔓 㔓 㔓 㔓 㔓ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ ཝ䜞࠼䈣䀶ᶆᯏȾ㜳 ཕቧ⯻᛻䘑㺂གྷᵸⲺӚ⍷ф⋕䙐θ㜳ሯ⯴⯻Ⲻ᮪։᛻߫䘑㺂䈜㓼ᨅ䘦Ⱦ≿䈣
  • 35. 53 | P a g e VKnjGǀXPjLZiQOLӽR The books are all sold out. 䘏Ѡᆍߏ䭏Ҽ =KqJH]u[LČFXzOH This word is wrong I Complements of degree Verbs followed by ᗍ and a complement of degree ྯߏᗍ䶔ᑮᘡȾ WƗ[LČGpIƝLFKiQJNXjL She writes very fast. J Postverbs Use of the postverb ൘ ྯօ൞्ӢȾ WƗ]K]jLEČLMƯQJ She lives in Beijing. =KqJH]u[LČFXzOH This word is wrong I Complements of degree Verbs followed by ᗍ and d d d d a complement of d d d d de e e e egree ྯߏᗍ䶔ᑮᘡȾ WƗ[LČGpIƝLFKiQJNXjL She writes ver r r r r r ry y y y y y y y f f f f f f f fa a a a a a as s s s s s s st t t t t t t t t. . . J Postverbs s s s Use of the postverb ൘
  • 36. 63 | P a g e ྯҕᶛ,ྯᕕᕕҕᶛȾ 7ƗČOiLWƗGuGuČOiL She comes too, and so does her brother. B Sentences with an adverbial phrase after a verb Complement of time after a verb ԌօпཟȾ WƗ]KVƗQWLƗQ He lived for three days. Complement of time with the verbal aspect marker Ҷ ԌօҼпཟȾ WƗ]KOHVƗQWLƗQ He lived for three days. Complement of time with the verbal aspect marker Ҷ and the sentence particle Ҷ Repetition of the verb ྯᆜ⌋䈣ᆜҼњᒪȾ WƗ[XpIӽԃ[XpOHOLӽQJQLiQ B Sentences with an adverbial phrase after a verb Complement of time after a verb ԌօпཟȾ WƗ]KVƗQWLƗQ He lived for three days. Complement of time with t t t t t t t th h h h h h h h h h h h h he e e e e e e e e e e e verbal as sp p p p p p p p p p p p pe e e e e e e e e e e e e ec c c c c c c c c c c c ct t t t t t t t t t t t t m marker Ҷ ԌօҼпཟȾ WƗ]KOHVƗQWLƗ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ ƗQ He lived fo o or r r r r r r t t t t t t th h hr r r re e e e e ee e e e e d d d d d d da a a a ay y y y ys s s s s.
  • 37. 73 | P a g e Twenty-two O’clock fifty (10:50PM) C Time expressions ……Ⲵᰦ‫ى‬ ……de shíhòu ……when ྯӊ኷Ⲻᰬُ⿱ᔶҼᰛᵢȾ WƗZԃVXuGHVKtKzXOtNƗLOHUuEČQ She left Japan when she was five years old. Use of ԕࡽ ॷᒪԛࢃԌօ൞ᒵᐔȾ VKtQLiQӿTLiQWƗ]K]jLJXӽQJ]KǀX He lived in Guangzhou ten years ago. Use of ԕਾ ഑ᒪԛ੄ᡇৱҼ㗄ളȾ VuQLiQӿKzXZԁTOHPČLJXy I went to the United States four years later. ……when ྯӊ኷Ⲻᰬُ⿱ᔶҼᰛᵢȾ WƗZԃVXuGHVKtKzXOtNƗLOHUuE E E E E E EČ Č Č Č Č Č ČQ She left Japan when she w w w w was five years ol l ld d d. Use of ԕࡽ ॷᒪԛࢃԌօ൞ᒵᐔȾ VKtQLiQӿTLiQ Q Q Q Q Q Q QW W W WƗ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ] ] ] ] ] ] ]K K K K K K K K K K        ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]j j j j j jL L L L L L L L LJ J J J J J J J J JX X X X X X X X X X X Xӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J J J J] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]K K K K K Kǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀX X X X X X X He lived in n n G G G G G G G G Gua a a a a an n n n n ng g g g g g gz z z z z z zh h h h h ho o o o o o ou u u u u u t t t ten n n n n y y y y y y y ye e e e e e e ea a a a a a ar r r r r rs s s s s s s s s a a a a a a a a a ag g g g g go o o o o o o.
  • 38. 83 | P a g e Ԍ੢ᗍ៸ᡇⲺ䈓Ⱦ WƗWƯQJGpGԁQJZԁGHKXj He understands me. With н to signify non-capability Ԍ੢у៸ᡇⲺ䈓Ⱦ WƗWƯQJEGԁQJZԁGHKXj +HFDQ WXQGHUVWDQGPH Adverbs A Adverbs of manner ྯᖾᘡ൦䐇䗽ᶛȾ WƗKČQNXjLGu SӽRJXzOiL She ran over quickly. Sentences A The ᢺ construction ᡇԢᣀ䛙Ԭ⽲⢟䘷㔏ྯȾ ZԁPHQEӽQjMLjQOӿZVzQJJČLWƗ With н to signify non-capability Ԍ੢у៸ᡇⲺ䈓Ⱦ WƗWƯQJEGԁQJZԁGHKXj +HFDQ WXQGHUVWDQGPH Adverbs A Adverbs of manner ྯᖾᘡ൦䐇䗽ᶛȾ WƗKČQNXjLGu Sӽ ӽ ӽ ӽRJXz z z z z z z z zO O O O O O O O Oi i i i i iL L L L L L She ran ove e e e e e er r r r r q q qu u u u u ui i i i i ic c c c ck k k k k kl l l l l l ly y y y y.
  • 39. 92 | P a g e 2 ࣘ䇽 dòngcí Verb 㜭ᝯࣘ䇽 Néng yuàn dòngcí modal verbs Պ Ր +Xu (ࣞ) 3 can; be able to: ᡇуՐ䈪ѣᮽȾ :ԁEKXuVKXǀ]KǀQJZpQ I can not speak chinese. Ր㤧䈣 KXuƯQJԃ know English Ր⭞ㆭᆆ KXuzQJNXjL]L can use chopsticks. 㜭 㜳 néng (ࣞ) 1 can; be able to: ᱄ཟ֖㜳ᶛ੍ϋ 0tQJWLƗQQӿQpQJOiLPD Can you come tomorrow? ֖᱄ཟ㜳ৱ੍? QӿPtQJWLƗQQpQJTPD Can you go tomorrow? 㜭ᝯࣘ䇽 Néng yuàn dòngcí modal verbs Պ Ր +Xu (ࣞ) 3 can; be able t t t t to o o o o: ᡇуՐ䈪ѣᮽȾ :ԁE E E E E E EKXuV V V V V VK K K K K KXǀ] ] ] ] ] ]K K K K K Kǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀQ Q Q Q Q QJZpQ I can not speak chinese. Ր㤧䈣 KXuƯQJԃ kno o o o ow Englis s s s s s sh h h h h h h Ր⭞ㆭᆆ KXuzQJNXjL]L can use chopsticks. 㜭 㜳 néng ( ( ( ( ( ( (ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ ࣞ) ) ) ) ) ) 1 1 1 c c c c ca a a a a an n n n n n; ; ; ; ; b b b b b be e e e e e a a a a a ab b b b b b ble e e e e t t t to:
  • 40. 106 | P a g e 䛙ѠҜऻᖾླⵁθ ᡇ௒⅘ᆹⲺ仒㢨Ⱦ 1jJqVKnjEƗRKČQ KӽRNjQZԁ[ӿKXƗQWƗGHiQVq That schoolbag is very nice, I like its color. HSK 2 V2021 G06.03A ᣀᆹᤵࡦ৞ᡵৱ EӽWƗQiGjRFK~IiQJT Take it to the kitchen. HSK 2 V2021 G06.03A YAO ᆹԢ WƗPHQ (ԙ) they HSK 2 V2021 G06.04 ᡇᇬᴿ⥡ᴿ⤍θ ᆹԢ䜳ᱥᡇⲺᵁਁȾ :ԁMLƗԁXPƗRԁX JԁXWƗPHQGǀXVKuZԁGHSpQJԁX I have cats and dogs in my house, and they are all my friends. HSK 2 V2021 G06.04A ૧ zán (ԙ) 1 [including both the speaker and the person or persons spoken to] we; 2 I HSK 2 V2021 G06.05 ૧ж䎭䎦੝Ⱦ =iQƯTӿ]ԁXED /HW VJRWRJHWKHU HSK 2 V2021 G06.05A ૧⨣ ]iQEƗQ (ԙ) our class HSK 2 V2021 G06.05A YAO ૧Ԣ zánmen (ԙ) we, usHSK 2 V2021 G06.05A YAO ֖у䈪૧ҕ⸛䚉 QӿEVKXǀ]iQČ]KƯGjR I know it even if RXGRQ WWHOOPHHSK 2 V2021 G06.05A YAO ᆹԢ WƗ ƗPH HQ ( Q Q ԙ) they H H H H HSK 2 2 2 2 2 2 V V V V V2021 1 1 G06.04 ᡇᇬᴿ⥡ᴿ⤍θ ᆹԢ䜳ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥ ᱥᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇ ᡇⲺᵁ ᵁ ᵁ ᵁ ᵁ ᵁਁ ਁ ਁ ਁ ਁ ਁȾ :ԁMLƗԁXPƗRԁX JԁXWƗPHQGǀXVKuZԁGH H H H H HSpQJԁX I have c c c c cats and dogs in my house, and they are all my friend d d d ds. HSK 2 2 2 2 2 V V2 20 02 21 1 1 1 1 G G G G G0 0 0 0 0 06 6 6 6 6. . . .04A ૧ zán n n n n n n ( ( ( n n n n n n n ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ ԙ) ) ) ) ) ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 [ [ [i i i i i i in n n n n n n nc c c c c c c c c cl l l l l l l l lu u u u u u u ud d d d d d d d d di i i i i i i i in n n n n n n ng g g g g g g g b b bo o o o o o ot t t t t th h h h h h h h h t th h h h h h h h he e e e e e e e e e s s s s s s s sp p p p p p p pe e e e ea a a a a a a a ak k k k k k k ke e e e e e e er r r r r r r r a a a a a a a an n n n n n n n nd d d d d d d d t t t t t t t th h h h h h h he e e e e e e e person or persons spoken to] we; 2 I HSK K K K K K K 2 V2021 G06.05 ૧ж䎭䎦੝ ੝ ੝ ੝ ੝ ੝ ੝ ੝Ⱦ = = = = = = =iQ Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư Ư ƯT T T T T Tӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ ӿ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁX X X X X X XE E E E E E ED D D D D D D / / / / / / /H H H H H H H HW W W W W W W W V V V V V VJ J J J J J J JR R R R R R RW W W W W W WR R R R RJ J J J J JH H H HW W W W W W W W WK K K K K K K K KH H H H H HU U U U U U U H H H H H H HS S S S SK 2 V2021 G06 6 6 6.0 0 0 0 0 0 05 5 5 5A A A A A A
  • 41. 117 | P a g e Ⲵ EӽL (ᮦ) 1 hundred ॹ TLƗQ (ᮦ) 1 thousand: HSK 2 V2021 G09.00A н wàn (ᮦ) 1 ten thousand HSK 2 V2021 G09.00B жॹпⲴӊॷӂ δ1352ε ƯTLƗQVƗQEӽLZԃVKt qU
  • 42. One Thousand Three Hundred and Fifty Two (1352) HSK 2 V2021 G09.01 пॹδ3000ε VƗQTLƗQ
  • 43. Three thousand (3000) HSK 2 V2021 G09.02 пॹӊδ3500ε VƗQTLƗQZԃ
  • 44. Three Thousand Five (3500) HSK 2 V2021 G09.03 пॹӊⲴδ3500ε VƗQTLƗQZԃEӽL
  • 45. Three thousand five hundred (3500) HSK 2 V2021 G09.04 пॹ䴬ӊॷδ3050ε VƗQTLƗQOtQJZԃVKt
  • 46. Three thousand and fifty (3050) HSK 2 V2021 G09.05 жнδ10000ε ƯZjQ
  • 47. Ten thousand (10000) HSK 2 V2021 G09.06 њнδ20000ε OLӽQJZjQ
  • 48. Twenty thousand (20000) HSK 2 V2021 G09.07 One Thousand Three Hundred and Fifty Two (1352) HSK 2 V2021 G09.01 пॹδ3000ε VƗQTLƗQ
  • 49.
  • 50.
  • 51.
  • 52.
  • 53.
  • 54.
  • 55. Th h h h hr r r r ree tho o o o ousand (3000) HSK 2 V2021 G09.02 пॹӊδ3500ε VƗQTLƗQZԃ
  • 56. Three Thousand Five (3500) HSK 2 V2021 1 1 1 1 G09.03 пॹӊⲴδ3500ε VƗ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ ƗQ Q Q Q Q QT T T T T TL L L L LƗ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ ƗQ Q Q Q QZ Z Z Z Z Z Zԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃE E E E E Eӽ ӽ ӽ ӽL
  • 57. Three thousand five hundred (3500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) H H H H H HS S S S S S S S S SK K K K K K K 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 V V V V V V V V V2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 G G G G G G G G0 0 0 0 09 9 9 9 9.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 4 4 4 4 4 4 пॹ䴬ӊॷ ॷ ॷ ॷ ॷ ॷ ॷδ3 3 3 3 30 0 0 0 05 5 5 50 0 0ε V V V V VƗ Ɨ ƗQT T T T T TL L L L LƗ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ ƗQ Q Q Q Q QO O O OtQ Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J JZ Z Z Z Z Z Zԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃ ԃVK K K K K Kt t t t t t
  • 58.
  • 59.
  • 60.
  • 61. Three thousand and d d d d d d fi if f f f ft t t t ty y y ( ( ( ( ( (3 3 3 3 3 305 5 5 5 50) ) ) ) ) H H H H HS S S S S S SK 2 V2021 G G G G G0 0 0 0 09.05 жнδ10000ε ƯZjQ
  • 63. 127 | P a g e ж൰ཝ⚡ ƯFKӽQJGjKXԁ A fire HSK 2 V2021 G11.03B YAO ഔ huí (䠅) 2 [used to indicate frequency of action]: HSK 2 V2021 G11.04 ᶛњഔ OiLOLӽQJKXt come twice HSK 2 V2021 G11.04A ᶛ䗽жഔ OiLJXzƯKXt have been here once HSK 2 V2021 G11.04A YAO с xià (䠅) 14 [ for the frequency of an action] : HSK 2 V2021 G11.05 ᢉжс‫ݵ‬ GӽƯ[LjHU Hit it once ; have a beat HSK 2 V2021 G11.05A ⵁҼжс‫ݵ‬ .jQOHƯ[LjHU Took a look HSK 2 V2021 G11.05A YAO ‫ڒ‬Ҽжс‫ݵ‬ WtQJOHƯ[LjHU Stopped for a while HSK 2 V2021 G11.05A YAO ᶛњഔ OiLOLӽQJKXt come t t t t tw w w w wi i i i ic c c c ce e e e e HSK 2 V2021 G11.04A ᶛ䗽жഔ OiLJXzƯK K K K K K K KX X X X X X Xt h h h ha a a a ave b b b b b be een h h h h h he e e e ere once HSK 2 V2021 G11.04A YAO с xià ( à 䠅) 14 [ f f f f fo o o o or r r r r t the freq q q q q qu u u u ue e e e en n n n nc c c c cy of an action] : HSK 2 V2021 G11.05 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ᢉжс‫ݵ‬ GӽƯ[LjHU Hit it once ; have a beat HSK 2 V2021 G11.05A ⵁҼжс‫ݵ‬ .jQOHƯ[LjHU Took a look HSK 2 V2021
  • 64. 136 | P a g e ᱄ཟԌԢж䎭ৱഴҜ侼Ⱦ 0tQJWLƗQWƗPHQƯTӿTW~VKnjJXӽQ Tomorrow they will go to the library together. 㤳തǃॿ਼࢟䇽 Scope, synergy adverbs: ‫ޞ‬ȽжާȽਠ 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃φ‫ޞ‬ȽжާȽਠ IjQZpL[LpWyQJIFt4XiQ ƯJzQJ]KӿScope, synergy adverbs: full, total, only HSK 2 V2021 G14.00 ‫ޞ‬ quán (ࢥ) 4 completely; entirely: HSK 2 V2021 G14.01 ੂᆜԢ‫ޞ‬ᶛҼȾ tóngxuémen quán láile. All the students are here. HSK 2 V2021 G14.01A ‫ޞ‬䭏Ҽ quán cuòle,W VDOOZURQJ HSK 2 V2021 G14.01A YAO 㺙ᵃ‫ޞ‬⒵Ҽ ƯI~TXiQVKƯOH be wet through HSK 2 V2021 G14.01A YAO жާ ƯJzQJ (ࢥ) altogether; in all; all told: HSK 2 V2021 G14.02 ᡇԢ⨣жާᴿӂॷӰȾ :ԁPHQEƗQƯJzQJԁXqUVKtUpQ There are twenty people in our class. HSK 2 V2021 G14.02A J 4 ƯJzQJ]KӿScope, synergy adverbs: full, total, only HSK 2 V2021 G14.00 ‫ޞ‬ quán ( n ࢥ) 4 comp p p p p pl l l l l letely; e e e e entir r r re e e e e e ely: H H H H HS S S S SK 2 V2021 G14.01 ੂᆜԢ‫ޞ‬ᶛҼȾ tóngxuémen quán n n n n n l l l láile. All the students are here. HSK 2 V2021 1 1 1 1 G14.01A A A A A ‫ޞ‬䭏Ҽ quán cuòl l le e e e e, , , , , ,W VDOOZURQJ J J J J J HSK 2 V2021 G14.01A YAO 㺙ᵃ‫ޞ‬⒵Ҽ ƯI~TXiQVKƯOH be wet through HSK 2 V2021 G14.01A Y Y Y Y Y Y YA A A A A A A AO O O O O
  • 65. 147 | P a g e 䘏Ѡ≿ᆍᴿ⛯‫ݵ‬䳴θᡇ㘷ߏ䭏Ⱦ =KqJHKjQ]uԁXGLӽQHU QiQZԁOӽR[LČFXz This Chinese character is a bit difficult, I always make mistakes. HSK 2 V2021 G16.03A 㘷᜜䇦⵶䘏ԬӁ OӽRGLjQMu]KH]KqMLjQVKu +HFRXOGQ WJHW his mind off the matter HSK 2 V2021 G16.03A YAO 㘷ᱥ OӽRVKL (ࢥ) always HSK 2 V2021 G16.04 䘏Ѡᴾ्Ӣ㘷ᱥс䴞Ⱦ =KqJHXqEČLMƯQJOӽRVKu[Ljԃ It always rains in Beijing this month. HSK 2 V2021 G16.04A ֖ᙄѾ㘷ᱥ傸Ӱθཐ䳴੢! Qӿ]ČQPHOӽRVKuPjUpQGXǀQjQ WƯQJ 'RQ WEHVRIRXO-PRXWKHG,W VGLVJXVWLQJ HSK 2 V2021 G16.04A YAO Ԍ㘷ᱥ੯⢑ȾⵕᱥѠ㠠䍕ⲺᇬՏέ 7ƗOӽRVKuFKXƯQL~=KƝQVKL Jq]uIGHMLƗKXR +H VDOZDVERDVWLQJ+H VVXFKDELJKHDG HSK 2 V2021 G16.04A YAO Ԍр䈴㘷ᱥ䎦⾔‫ݵ‬Ⱦ WƗVKjQJNqOӽRVKu]ԁXVKpQHU He is always absent-minded in class HSK 2 V2021 G16.04A YAO ଲθ 㘷ᱥ䘏ṭέ +ƝQJOӽRVKu]KqjQJ Well, always like this! HSK 2 V2021 G16.04A YAO 㘷ᱥ Oӽ ӽR RV VKL (ࢥ ࢥ) ) ) ) a a a a al l l l lway y y y ys s s s s s HS S S S S SK K K K K 2 V2021 G16.04 䘏Ѡᴾ्Ӣ㘷ᱥс䴞Ⱦ = = = = = =K K K K K KqJH H H H H H HXqE E E E E E EČ Č Č Č Č ČLMƯQJOӽRVKu[Ljԃ It always rains in Beijing th h h h hi i i i is month. HSK 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 V2021 G16.04A ֖ᙄѾ㘷ᱥ傸Ӱθཐ䳴 䳴 䳴 䳴 䳴 䳴੢ ੢ ੢ ੢! Qӿ ӿ ӿ ] ] ] ] ]Č Č Č Č Č Č Č ČQP P P P P PH H H H H HOӽRVKuPjUpQGXǀQjQ WƯQJ 'RQ WEHVRIRXO-PRXW W W W W WK K K K K KHG,W VGLVJ J J J JX X X XV V V V V VW W W W W WL L L L L LQ Q Q Q Q QJ HSK 2 V2021 G16.04A YAO O O O Ԍ㘷ᱥ੯⢑ȾⵕᱥѠ Ѡ Ѡ Ѡ Ѡ Ѡ Ѡ Ѡ㠠䍕Ⲻᇬ ᇬ ᇬ ᇬ ᇬ ᇬ ᇬ ᇬՏ Տ Տ Տ Տ Տέ 7ƗOӽRVKuFKXƯQL~=KƝQVKL Jq]uIGHM M ML L L L L L L LƗ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ ƗK K K K K K KX X X X X XR R R R R R R + + + + + + + +H V V V V V V V V D D D D D D D DO O O O O O O O OZ Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z ZD D D D D D D D V V V V V V V V V V VE E E E E E E E E ER R R R R RD D D D D D D D DV V V V V V V VW W W W W W WL L L L L L L L LQ Q Q Q Q Q Q QJ J J J J J J J J + + + + + + + + +H H H H H H H H V V V V V V VV V V V V V VX X X X X XF F F F F F F F FK K K K K K K KD D D D D D D D D D E E E E E E EL L L L L L L LJ J J J J J J JK K K K K K K KH H H H H HD D D D D D D DG G G G G G G HSK 2 V2021 G G G G G G1 1 1 1 1 1 16 6 6 6 6 6 6.0 0 0 0 0 0 04 4 4 4 4A A A A A A A Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y YA A A A AO O O O O O O O Ԍр䈴㘷ᱥ䎦⾔‫ݵ‬ WƗ K K K Kj j j j N N N Nq q q q O O O Oӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ K K K Ku u u u ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ K K K Kp p p p H H H i i i
  • 66. 156 | P a g e ⯻Ӱᗻ亱൞ࠖཟ޻ࣞᢁᵥ EuQJUpQEu[nj]jLMӿWLƗQQqLGzQJ VKԁXVK The patient will have to undergo an operation in a few days HSK 2 V2021 G19.01A YAO ᡇԢᗻ亱䇚ⵕ‫∅ླڐ‬жԬӁ᛻Ⱦ ZԁPHQEu[njUqQ]KƝQ]Xz hӽRPČLƯMLjQVKuTtQJ We must do everything perfectly HSK 2 V2021 G19.01A YAO ᐤуཐ FKjEGXǀ (ࢥ) 1 almost; nearly: (ᖘ) 2 about the same; similar: HSK 2 V2021 G19.02 ᵰ⾞ᐤуཐ㾷њॹඍ䫧Ⱦ -ƯSLjRFKjEGXǀjROLӽQJTLƗQNXjL qián. The ticket costs almost two thousand yuan. HSK 2 V2021 G19.02A Ԍ䎦ҼᐤуཐњᒪҼ WƗ]ԁXOLӽRFKjEGXǀOLӽQJQLiQOH ,W V nearly two years since he left. HSK 2 V2021 G19.02A YAO ླ‫܅‬ KӽR[LjQJ (ࣞȽࢥ)) seem; be like: HSK 2 V2021 G19.03 Ԁཟླ‫܅‬㾷с䴞Ⱦ -ƯQWLƗQKӽR[LjQJjR[LjԃIt seems to be raining today. HSK 2 V2021 G19.03A V2021 G19.01A YAO ᐤуཐ FKjEGXǀ ǀ ( ( ( ( ( (ࢥ ࢥ ࢥ ࢥ ࢥ ࢥ ࢥ ࢥ) 1 a a a a al l l l lm m most t t t t t; near r r r rl l l l ly: (ᖘ) 2 about the same; similar: HSK 2 V2021 G G G G G19.02 ᵰ⾞ᐤуཐ㾷њॹඍ䫧Ⱦ - - - - - -Ư Ư Ư ƯS S SL L Lj j jR R RF F FK K K K K Kj j j j j jE E E E E E      G G G G G GX X XǀjROLӽQJTLƗQNXjL qián. The ticket costs alm m m mo o o o o ost two th h h h h h ho o ou u usand y y yu u u u ua a a a an. a a HSK 2 V2021 G19.02A Ԍ䎦Ҽᐤуཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐ ཐњ њ њ њ њ њ њ њ њ њᒪ ᒪ ᒪ ᒪ ᒪ ᒪ ᒪ ᒪ ᒪ ᒪ ᒪ ᒪҼ Ҽ Ҽ Ҽ Ҽ Ҽ Ҽ Ҽ Ҽ W W W W W W WƗ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ Ɨ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁ ԁX X X X X X X XO O O O O O O O O OL L L L L L L L L L Lӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽR R R R R R R R R R RF F F F F F F F F FK K K K K K K K K Kj j j j j j j j j j jE E E E E E E E E        G G G G G G G G G GX X X X X X X X X Xǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀ ǀO O O O O O O O OL L L L L L L L L Lӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q QJQLiQOH ,W V nearly two y y y y y y y ye e e e ea ar r r r rs s s s s s si i i i in n n n n nc c c ce e e e e h h h h h he le e e e e ef f f f f ft t t t t t. . . . . H H H H H H HS S S S S S SK K K K K 2 2 2 2 2 V V V V V V2 2 2 2 20 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 21 1 1 1 1 1 G G G G G G1 1 1 1 19 9 9 9 9 9 9. . .0 0 0 0 0 02 2 2 2 2 2A A A A A A Y Y Y Y YA A A A AO O O O O ླ‫܅‬ K KӽR[L LjQJ ( J J ࣞ ࢥ)) seem; be like: HSK 2 V2021 G19 03