CIE IGCSE Chinese Grammar (0523 Second Language) 2021 Edition 国际汉语水平考试规范性语法 sample
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CIE IGCSE Chinese Grammar (0523 Second Language) 2021 Edition 国际汉语水平考试规范性语法-(286 Grammatical points, 3010 Illustrations) New Book Launching, More details and Best Price @ https://1salesforce.com/buPl4I3kJtQPYwM
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CIE IGCSE Chinese Grammar (0523 Second Language) 2021 Edition 国际汉语水平考试规范性语法 sample
- 3. 1 | P a g e E D E O & L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s r e s e r v e d . &,(,*6(+,1(6(*5$00$5 (05236(21'/$1*8$*(
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- 17. 2 | P a g e E D E O L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s r e s e r v e d . Contents Preface- CIE IGCSE Chinese for exams in 2022, 2023 and 2024......................................................................16 Chinese Grammar Version 2021.........................................................................................................................20 HSK Version 2021 Preface.................................................................................................................................22 General Table of Vocabulary and Grammar.......................................................................................................27 Preface 1: No Grammar in Chinese Language?..................................................................................................28 About the Author: ...............................................................................................................................................30 Our Story ............................................................................................................................................................31 David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Central page ...............................................................................................32 Comparing with HSK Version 2009...................................................................................................................33 II. Test Levels.................................................................................................................................................33 I. Test Target ..................................................................................................................................................34 Comparing HSK Version 2009 with GCSE, IB, CEF ........................................................................................35 HSK Speaking Test (HSKK) ..............................................................................................................................36 Youth Chinese Test.............................................................................................................................................40 Business Chinese Test ........................................................................................................................................43 ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 Medical Chinese Proficiency Test (MCT) .........................................................................46 Notationsφ.........................................................................................................................................................50 Part 1: CIE IGCSE Minimum Core Grammar (Bonus Section for 0523)...........................................................50 PART 1...........................................................................................................................................................51 Verbs ..............................................................................................................................................................51 A Auxiliary verbs ᓊ䈛...............................................................................................................................51 B Future ......................................................................................................................................................51 C Reduplication of verbs ............................................................................................................................53 D Progressive actions..................................................................................................................................53 E Perfective aspect marker Ҽ.....................................................................................................................55 F Experiential aspect marker 䗽 .................................................................................................................55 G Simple directional complements.............................................................................................................56 H Complements of result ............................................................................................................................57 I Complements of degree............................................................................................................................57 J Postverbs ..................................................................................................................................................57 K Verbal measure words.............................................................................................................................58 Nouns and noun phrases.................................................................................................................................58 Our Story ............................................................................................................................................................31 David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Central page ...............................................................................................32 Comparing with HSK Version 2009................................. .. .. .. .......................... .. .. .. .. ............................................................33 II. Test Levels................................................... .. .... .. ................ .. .... .. .. .. .......... .. ................ ........................................................33 I. Test Target ............................................... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .............. .. ................ ...........................................................34 Comparing HSK Version 2009 with GCSE, E, E, E, E, E, IB, CEF . . . . ............. .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. .. ...............................................................35 HSK Speaking Test (HSKK) ................... .. .. .. .................... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .............................................................36 Youth Chinese Test............................... .. .. .. .................................................. .. .. ................................................................40 Business Chinese Test ......................... .. ........................ .. .. .. ............................ .. .. .. ........ .. ...........................................................43 ॱᆜ≿䈣≪ᒩ㘹䈋 Medical Chinese Pr Pr Pr Pr Proficiency Test st st st st st st st ( ( ( ( (MC MC MC MC MCT) T) T) T) T) ............. .. .. ..............................................................46 Notationsφ................................................... .. .. .. .... .. .. ............................ .. .. .... .. ..........................................................................50 Part 1: CIE IGCSE Minimum Core Grammar (Bonus Section for 0523)...........................................................50 PART 1................ .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. ........ .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .................................51 Verbs ..............................................................................................................................................................51 A Auxiliary ve ve ve ve ve verbs ᓊ䈛 ᓊ䈛 ᓊ䈛 ᓊ䈛 ᓊ䈛 ᓊ䈛 ᓊ䈛......... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .................................... .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... ...... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ....................................51 B Future ..................................................... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .................................................................................................51 C Reduplicat at at at atio io io io io ion n n n n of of of of of of v v v ver er erbs bs bs bs bs bs . . . . ....... .. .. .. ........ .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ........ .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .......... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .........................................53 D Progressive actions..................................................................................................................................53 E Perfective aspect marker Ҽ.....................................................................................................................55
- 18. 3 | P a g e E D E O L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s r e s e r v e d . A Plurals .....................................................................................................................................................58 B Measure words ........................................................................................................................................59 C Possession ...............................................................................................................................................60 D Modification of nouns.............................................................................................................................61 E Noun phrases with Ⲻ..............................................................................................................................62 Prepositions ....................................................................................................................................................63 Adverbs ..........................................................................................................................................................64 Prepositional phrases......................................................................................................................................66 Conjunctive use of adverbs ............................................................................................................................66 B Sentences with an adverbial phrase after a verb......................................................................................67 Complement of time after a verb ................................................................................................................67 Complement of time with the verbal aspect marker Ҽ ..............................................................................67 Complement of time with the verbal aspect marker Ҽ and the sentence particle Ҽ .................................67 Comparisons...................................................................................................................................................68 Use of ∊.....................................................................................................................................................68 Use of 䐕 …… жṭ...................................................................................................................................69 Use of ܅ …… жṭ...................................................................................................................................69 Use of ∊ …… ᴪ.......................................................................................................................................69 Use of ∊ …… ж⛯ݵ...............................................................................................................................69 Use of ᴶ.....................................................................................................................................................70 Complement of quantity .............................................................................................................................70 Use of ⋗ᴿ in comparisons........................................................................................................................70 Numbers, dates and times...............................................................................................................................70 A Numbers..................................................................................................................................................70 Approximate numbers.................................................................................................................................75 B Dates and times .......................................................................................................................................75 C Time expressions ........................................................................................................................................77 Sentences........................................................................................................................................................78 A Declarative sentences..............................................................................................................................78 Using ᱥ......................................................................................................................................................78 Using ᴿ......................................................................................................................................................78 Using stative verbs......................................................................................................................................78 Verbless sentences ......................................................................................................................................79 B Negative statements ................................................................................................................................79 C Interrogative sentences............................................................................................................................80 D Sentence particle Ҽ ................................................................................................................................82 B Sentences with an adverbial phrase after a verb......................................................................................67 Complement of time after a verb ................................................................................................................67 Complement of time with the verbal aspect mark rker er er er er Ҽ Ҽ Ҽ Ҽ ..................... .. .. ...........................................................67 Complement of time with the verbal aspect t ma ma ma ma ma marker Ҽ Ҽ Ҽ Ҽ Ҽ an an an an and th th th th the senten en ence particle Ҽ Ҽ .................................67 Comparisons............................................... .. .. .. .. .................. .. .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .. .... .. .. ..........................................................68 Use of ∊........................................... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .................. .............. .. .. .. .. ............ .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ..................................................................68 Use of 䐕 …… жṭ....................... .. .. .................................................... .. .. ............................................................69 Use of ܅ …… жṭ..................... .. .. ................................................ .. .. .. ..................................................................69 Use of ∊ …… ᴪ....................... .. ........................ .. .. .. ............................ .. .. .......... .. .. ..........................................................69 Use of ∊ …… ж⛯ݵ................. .......................... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .................... ..............................................................69 Use of ᴶ............................................. .. .. .. .................................... .. .. .. .... ......................................................................70 Complement of quantity .............................................................................................................................70 Use of ⋗ᴿ in c c c c com om om om om om om om ompa pa pa pa pa pari ri ri ri ri ri ri ri riso so so so so so so so sons ns ns ns ns ns ns ns. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... ...............................70 Numbers, dates and nd nd nd nd nd nd t t t t tim im im im im im im im imes es es es es es es. . . ... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ................................70 A Numbers..................................................................................................................................................70 Approximat at ate e e e e e nu nu nu nu numb mb mb mb mb mber er er er ers s s s. . . . ... .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .......... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ..................75 B Dates and times .......................................................................................................................................75 C Time express ss ss ss ss ss ssio io io io io ions ns ns . . . . ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .......... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .........................................77 Sentences........................................................................................................................................................78 A Decl ativ nt 78
- 19. 4 | P a g e E D E O L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s r e s e r v e d . E Topic-comment construction...................................................................................................................83 F The ᱥ……Ⲻ construction .....................................................................................................................83 G Position ...................................................................................................................................................84 PART 2...........................................................................................................................................................85 Verbs ..............................................................................................................................................................85 A Verbal aspect marker .........................................................................................................................85 B Compound directional complements.......................................................................................................86 C Potential complements ............................................................................................................................86 Adverbs ..........................................................................................................................................................87 A Adverbs of manner..................................................................................................................................87 Sentences........................................................................................................................................................87 A The ᣀ construction.................................................................................................................................87 B The 㻡 construction.................................................................................................................................88 C The 䇟θֵ construction.........................................................................................................................89 Part 2: Expanded Grammar by Referring HSK 1-4 V2021 (286 Grammar Points)............................................90 Normative grammar level syllabus 㿺㤹ᙝ䈣⌋ㅿ㓝ཝ㓨.................................................................................90 䈃㊱ Cílèi Parts of speech.........................................................................................................................90 1 䈃 míngcí Noun .............................................................................................................................90 ᯯփ䈃 )ƗQJZqLPtQJFt/RFDWLRQQRXQV............................................................................................90 2 ࣞ䈃 dòngcí Verb....................................................................................................................................96 㜳ࣞ䈃 Néng yuàn dòngcí modal verbs .............................................................................................96 㜳ࣞ䈃 Auxiliary Verb to express wish..................................................................................................98 㜳ࣞ䈃φ䈛Ƚ ᓊ䈛 Wishful verbs: should, should...............................................................................99 㜳ࣞ䈃φᝅ Willing .........................................................................................................................100 㜳ࣞ䈃φᮘ ..........................................................................................................................................100 㜳ࣞ䈃φ䴶㾷 ......................................................................................................................................101 ࣞ䈃䠃ਖφVerb overlap AAȽ A ж AȽ A Ҽ AȽABABȽA A ȽAABBȽ ж A ж BȽ ᘳ A ᘳ B...........................................................................................................................................................102 㜳ࣞ䈃φᗍ must; have to....................................................................................................................105 ࣞᇴᕅ⿱ਾ䈃 Verb-Object: ....................................................................................................................106 ࣞ㺛ᕅ⿱ਾ䈃 Verb-complement ............................................................................................................107 3 ԙ䈃 dàicí Pronouns.............................................................................................................................108 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Interrogative pronouns ཐȽཐቇȽଠȽଠѠȽଠ䠂ȽଠӑȽӶѾȽ䈷ȽᙄѾȽࠖ.........108 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃 Interrogative Pronouns ཐѻȽѰӶѾȽᙄѾṭȽᙄṭ ........................................................112 ⯇䰤ԙ䈃Ⲻ䶔⯇䰤⭞⌋ Non-interrogative usage of interrogative pronouns..........................................114 A Adverbs of manner..................................................................................................................................87 Sentences................................................................................... .......................................................................87 A The ᣀ construction........................................... .. .. .. ................................ .. .. .. ..........................................................87 B The 㻡 construction................................. .... .. .. ................ .. .. .. .... .. .......... .. .. .................. .. ........................................................88 C The 䇟θֵ construction................... .. .. .... .................. .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ............................................................89 Part 2: Expanded Grammar by Referring HS HS HS HS HS HS HSK 1-4 V V20 20 20 20 2021 (28 28 28 28 28 28 286 Gr Gr Gr Gr Gram am am am am ammar Points)............................................90 Normative grammar level syllabus 㿺㤹 㿺㤹 㿺㤹 㿺㤹 㿺㤹 㿺㤹ᙝ䈣⌋ㅿ㓝ཝ㓨...................... .. .............................................................90 䈃㊱ Cílèi Parts of speech......... .. .. .............................................. .. .. .. ............ .. .. .. .... .. ..........................................................90 h 1 䈃 míngcí Noun ............... .. .. ........................ .. .. .................. .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. ............................................................90 ᯯփ䈃 )ƗQJZqLPtQJFt/RFDW DW DW DW DW DW DWLR LR LRQQRXQV........................... .... .. .. .. .. .................................................................90 2 ࣞ䈃 dòngcí Verb................................... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .................................................................................96 㜳ࣞ䈃 Néng ng ng ng ng ng ng ng y y y y y y y yuà uà uàn n n n n dò dò dò dò dò dòng ng ng ng ng ng ng ngcí modal verbs . . . . ... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ........ .. .... .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. ............ .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ........ .... .. .. .. .. ............ .. .. .. .. .. ....................................96 㜳ࣞ䈃 Auxili li li li li liar ar ar ar ar ar ar ary y y y y y y y y Ve Ve Ve Ve Ve Ve Ve Verb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb t t t t t t t to o o o o o o ex ex expr pr pr pr pr pr pr pr pres es es es es es es es es ess s s s s s s wi wi wi wi wi wi wi wi wish sh sh sh sh sh sh sh. . . . . ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .................................98 㜳ࣞ䈃φ䈛Ƚ ᓊ䈛 Wishful verbs: should, should...............................................................................99 㜳ࣞ䈃φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φᝅ ᝅ ᝅ ᝅ ᝅ Wi Wi Wi Wi Wi Willin in in in in ing g g g g ....... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .......... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... ................100 㜳ࣞ䈃φᮘ φᮘ φᮘ φᮘ φᮘ φᮘ φᮘ ..........................................................................................................................................100 㜳ࣞ䈃φ䴶 φ䴶 φ䴶 φ䴶 φ䴶 φ䴶 φ䴶 φ䴶 φ䴶㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 㾷 . . . . . ... .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. ...... .. .......... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .......................................101 ࣞ䈃䠃ਖφVerb overlap AAȽ A ж AȽ A Ҽ AȽABABȽA A ȽAABBȽ ж A ж BȽ ᘳ A ᘳ ᘳ B 102
- 20. 5 | P a g e E D E O L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s r e s e r v e d . Ӱ〦ԙ䈃 UpQFKƝQJGjLFt3HUVRQDO3URQRXQV .......................................................................................116 Ӱ〦ԙ䈃φPersonal pronouns ࡡӰȽ ཝᇬȽ ᆹȽ ᆹԢȽ ૧Ƚ ૧ԢȽ 㠠ᐧ...................................118 Ӱ〦ԙ䈃φ Personal pronouns Ӱᇬ.......................................................................................................122 ⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative Pronoun 䘏Ƚ䛙Ƚ䛙䠂Ƚ䛙ӑȽ䛙ѠȽࡡⲺȽᴿⲺ...................................124 ⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative pronouns 䛙ѾȽ䛙ṭȽ 䘏ѾȽ 䘏ṭ.......................................................126 ⽰ԙ䈃 Demonstrative pronouns:φȽփȽ〃Ƚ∅ȽԱ .....................................................129 4 ᖘᇯ䈃 Adjectives....................................................................................................................................131 5 ᮦ䈃 shù cí Numeral .............................................................................................................................132 6 䠅䈃 liàngcí Classifier; Measure Word (MW)......................................................................................137 䠅䈃 Noun quantifier ᶥȽᵢȽѠȽᇬȽ䰪ȽਙȽඍȽ享................................................................137 䠅䈃φ ቸ ሷ Ԭ ᶗ փ..........................................................................................................................139 䠅䈃 Nominal quantifiers: ᣀȽ㺂ȽᷬȽ㗚ȽᶕȽਂȽਦȽᕖȽ᭥ȽਠȽ〃................................142 䠅䈃: ᢉȽ㻁Ƚ䐕ȽভȽਥȽ.........................................................................................................151 ࣞ䠅䈃 Verbal quantifiers : 䚃 ⅗ ൰ ഔ с..............................................................................................154 ࣞ䠅䈃 Verbal quantifiers.........................................................................................................................157 ࣞ䠅䈃φ࠶Ƚ䪾 V knife; cut, needle; stitches ........................................................................................159 ᰬ䠅䈃 Measure words of timeφ࠼䫕ȽᒪȽ ཟȽ ઞ...........................................................................160 ٕ⭞䠅䈃 Borrowed measure words ...................................................................................................161 䠅䈃䠃ਖ Overlapping: AA......................................................................................................................163 7 ࢥ䈃 fùcí Adverb .................................................................................................................................165 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Degree 䶔ᑮȽᖾȽའȽⵕȽᴶ...........................................................................165 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of degree: ཐȽཐѾȽ ླȽ ᴪȽ ॷ࠼Ƚ ⢯ࡡȽᥰȽ ᴿδ ж ε⛯ݵ................166 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of degree ∊䖹ȽᴪࣖȽ䘎 Ƚᖉ ..........................................................................171 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of degree ṲཌȽᶷȽᶷެ .......................................................................................173 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Range, synergy adverbs 䜳ȽжඍݵȽж䎭...............................................................174 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverbs: ޞȽжާȽਠ......................................................................175 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverbs ݿȽӻȽӻӻȽቧȽ㠩ቇ...................................................176 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverbs ާ...........................................................................................179 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 6KtMLƗQIFt$GYHUEVRf time 傢рȽݾȽᴿᰬ/ᴿᰬُȽ൞Ƚ↙Ƚ↙൞ ..........................180 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time ࡐȽࡐࡐȽ䘎Ƚ ᘳ❬ȽжȽᐨ㔅..........................................................181 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time ᵢᶛȽ ᢃȽᴴ㔅ȽԄᶛȽ䎬㍝Ƚ䎬ᘡȽ ࡱȽ 䘔ᘏȽခ㓾Ƚ ᐨȽ ᰟᐨ ..................................................................................................................................................................186 ᰬ䰪ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of time: ᰬȽ ሼȽᙛᘏȽ ⑆⑆Ƚታᘡ............................................................192 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, Repetitive Adverbs ᑮȽ߃.......................................................................195 6 䠅䈃 liàngcí Classifier; Measure Word (MW)......................................................................................137 䠅䈃 Noun quantifier ᶥȽᵢȽѠȽᇬȽ䰪ȽਙȽඍȽ享................................................................137 䠅䈃φ 䈃φ ቸ ሷ Ԭ ᶗ փ........................................ .. .. .. .... .......................... .. .. .. ..........................................................139 䠅䈃 Nominal quantifiers: ᣀȽ㺂ȽᷬȽ㗚Ƚ 㗚Ƚ 㗚Ƚ 㗚Ƚ 㗚Ƚ 㗚Ƚ 㗚ȽᶕȽਂȽ ਂȽ ਂȽ ਂȽ ਂȽ ਂȽ ਂȽਦȽ ਦȽ ਦȽ ਦȽ ਦȽ ਦȽᕖȽ᭥ȽਠȽ〃................................142 䠅䈃: ᢉȽ㻁Ƚ䐕ȽভȽਥȽ...... .... .. .. .. .................. .. .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .. .........................................................151 ࣞ䠅䈃 Verbal quantifiers : 䚃 ⅗ ൰ ഔ ഔ ഔ ഔ ഔ ഔ ഔ с.................... .. .. .............. .. .. .. .... ..............................................................154 ࣞ䠅䈃 Verbal quantifiers.............. .. .. .. .... .. .................................................. .. .. ...........................................................157 ࣞ䠅䈃φ࠶Ƚ䪾 V knife; cut, ne ne ne ne need ed ed ed edle; stitches ........................... .. .. ...............................................................159 ᰬ䠅䈃 Measure words of timeφ࠼ φ࠼ φ࠼ φ࠼ φ࠼ φ࠼䫕ȽᒪȽ ཟȽ ཟȽ ཟȽ ཟȽ ઞ ઞ ઞ............. .. .. .... .. .. .. ........ ........................................................160 ٕ⭞䠅䈃 Borrowed measure w w w w words ............... .. .. .. .. .. ........ .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .................... .. ..........................................................161 䠅䈃䠃ਖ Overlapping: AA............... .. .. ...................................... .. .. .. .... .. .. ...................................................................163 7 ࢥ䈃 fùcí Adverb .................................................................................................................................165 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adve verb rb rb rb rb rb rb rb rbs s s s s s s of of of of of of D D D D D D D D D D Deg eg eg eg eg eg eg egre re re re re re re ree e e e e e e e e e e 䶔ᑮ 䶔ᑮ 䶔ᑮ 䶔ᑮ 䶔ᑮ 䶔ᑮ 䶔ᑮ 䶔ᑮ 䶔ᑮ 䶔ᑮ 䶔ᑮ 䶔ᑮȽᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ Ƚᖾ ȽᖾȽའ Ƚའ Ƚའ Ƚའ Ƚའ Ƚའ Ƚའ Ƚའ Ƚའ Ƚའ Ƚའ Ƚའ ȽའȽⵕ Ƚⵕ Ƚⵕ Ƚⵕ Ƚⵕ Ƚⵕ Ƚⵕ Ƚⵕ ȽⵕȽᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ Ƚᴶ.. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .............................165 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverb rb rb rb rb rb rb rbs s s of of of of of of of of de de de de de de de de de de degr gr gr gr gr gr gree ee ee ee ee ee ee ee: : : : : : : : : ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽ ཐȽཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾ ཐѾȽ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ླȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ᴪȽ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼ ॷ࠼Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡ ⢯ࡡȽᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ Ƚᥰ ȽᥰȽ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ᴿδ ж ж ж ж ж ж ж ε⛯ݵ................166 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Adverbs of degree ∊䖹ȽᴪࣖȽ䘎 Ƚᖉ ..........................................................................171 ぁᓜࢥ䈃 Ad Ad Ad Ad Ad Ad Adve ve ve ve ve verb rb rb rb rbs s s s of of of of of d d d d d d deg eg eg eg eg eg egre re re re re ree e e e e Ṳཌ Ṳཌ Ṳཌ Ṳཌ Ṳཌ Ṳཌ Ṳཌ ṲཌȽᶷ Ƚᶷ Ƚᶷ Ƚᶷ Ƚᶷ Ƚᶷ Ƚᶷ Ƚᶷ Ƚᶷ ȽᶷȽᶷ Ƚᶷ Ƚᶷ Ƚᶷ Ƚᶷ Ƚᶷ Ƚᶷ Ƚᶷ Ƚᶷ Ƚᶷެ ެ ެ ެ ެ ެ ެ ެ . . ... .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... ...... .. .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ................173 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ ੂࢥ ੂࢥ ੂࢥ ੂࢥ ੂࢥ ੂࢥ䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 R R R R Ran an an an ange ge ge ge ge, , sy sy sy sy syne ne ne ne nerg rg rgy ad ad ad ad ad ad adve ve ve verb rb rb rb rbs s s s s 䜳ȽжඍݵȽж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭 ж䎭... .. .. .... .. .. ............ .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. ............................................174 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ ੂࢥ ੂࢥ ੂࢥ ੂࢥ ੂࢥ ੂࢥ ੂࢥ䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 䈃 Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc Scop ope, s s s s s syn yn yn yn yner ergy a a a a a adv dv dv dv dv dv dver er erbs bs bs bs bs bs: ޞȽжާ жާ жާ жާ жާ жާ жާ жާȽਠ Ƚਠ Ƚਠ Ƚਠ Ƚਠ Ƚਠ Ƚਠ......................................................................175 㤹പȽঅੂࢥ䈃 Scope, synergy adverbs ݿȽӻȽӻӻȽቧȽ㠩ቇ...................................................176
- 21. 6 | P a g e E D E O L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s r e s e r v e d . 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, repetitive adverbs: 䙐ᑮȽᖶᖶȽᙱȽᙱᱥ ............................................196 仇⦽Ƚ䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Frequency, repetitive adverbs 䠃᯦Ƚ㔅ᑮȽ㘷Ƚ㘷ᱥȽ৾......................................198 仇⦽Ƚ 䠃གྷࢥ䈃 Adverbs of frequency, repetition ж߃Ƚ ߃п...........................................................202 ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associative Adverb 䘎.............................................................................................................204 ީ㚊ࢥ䈃 Associated adverbs: ቧ ............................................................................................................204 ީ㚊ࢥ䈃φ߃ Associative adverb: again ................................................................................................205 ީ㚊ࢥ䈃φপ Associative adverb:..........................................................................................................206 ੜᇐࢥ䈃 )ԁXGuQJIFt1HJDWLYH$GYHrbs ࡡȽуȽ⋗Ƚ⋗ᴿ ..........................................................207 ੜᇐࢥ䈃φᵠᗻ Negative adverb ...........................................................................................................210 ᯯᕅࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Manner ᭻ᝅ .........................................................................................................210 ᯯᕅࢥ䈃 Adverbs of manner ӈȽታ䠅ȽӨ㠠Ƚӈ......................................................................211 ᘷࢥ䈃 Modal adverbs ᗻ亱ȽᐤуཐȽླ܅ȽжᇐȽҕ䇮.............................................................213 ᘷࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Modality ཝᾸȽᚆᙋ ...........................................................................................217 ᘷࢥ䈃 Modal adverbsφࠖ҄Ƚղ҄..................................................................................................218 䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of tone ᢃȽ䜳ȽቧȽ↙ླ.......................................................................................219 䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Modal adverbs ⲳȽ ᒬȽᖉ❬Ƚ ࡦᓋȽ ਃ↙Ƚ ṯᵢȽ ᷒❬Ƚ ㆶȽ 㔓ሯȽ 䳴䚉Ƚ ެ ᇔȽ ॹнȽ ⺤ᇔȽ ਠླȽ㓾ӄ............................................................................................................222 䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Modal adverbs Ⲻ⺤Ƚਃ㙂Ƚ䘎Ƚㄕ❬Ƚガㄕ.....................................................................229 8 ԁ䈃 MLqFt3UHSRVLWLRQ...........................................................................................................................232 ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ᡶ Bring out the time and place ԄȽ൞...........................................................................232 ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪 Lead time ᖉȽᖉ. . .Ⲻᰬُ....................................................................................................233 ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ᡶ Bring out time and place ⭧Ƚ㠠ԄȽ .........................................................................234 ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ᡶ Leading time and place 㠠Ƚ .......................................................................................235 ᕋ࠰ᯯੇȽ 䐥ᖺ Leading direction and path ᖶȽੇȽԄ.....................................................................236 ᕋ࠰ᯯੇȽ䐥ᖺ Leading direction, path ᵓȽ........................................................................................241 ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Bring out Objects 䐕ȽૂȽ∊ ................................................................................................242 ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Leading objects ሯȽ㔏Ƚ⿱ ...................................................................................................244 ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Leading object ѰȽੇ.............................................................................................................249 ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Leading object ሯӄȽީӄ Ƚᴵ.........................................................................................253 ᕋ࠰ⴤⲺȽഖ Lead purpose and reason Ѱ.........................................................................................255 ᕋ࠰ⴤⲺȽ ഖ Indicating the purpose and reason ⭧ӄȽѰҼȽഖѰ..............................................256 ᕋ࠰᯳ӁȽ Ӂ Indicating the agent and recipient ᣀȽ㻡ȽਡȽ䇟...................................................258 㺞⽰ᧈ䲚 Express exclusion 䲚Ҽ............................................................................................................260 ᕋ࠰ٕࠣȽᦤד Derives the basis Ƚ ➝.........................................................................................261 ੜᇐࢥ䈃φᵠᗻ Negative adverb ...........................................................................................................210 ᯯᕅࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Manner ᭻ᝅ ᭻ᝅ .........................................................................................................210 ᯯᕅࢥ䈃 Adverbs of manner ӈȽታ䠅ȽӨ㠠 Ө㠠 Ө㠠 Ө㠠 Ө㠠 Ө㠠Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚӈ............. .... .. .. .. .........................................................211 ᘷࢥ䈃 Modal adverbs ᗻ亱ȽᐤуཐȽླ Ƚླ Ƚླ Ƚླ Ƚླ Ƚླ Ƚླ Ƚླ܅Ƚ ܅Ƚ ܅Ƚ ܅Ƚ ܅Ƚ ܅Ƚжᇐ жᇐ жᇐ жᇐ жᇐ жᇐ жᇐȽҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ Ƚҕ䇮......... ......................................................213 ᘷࢥ䈃 Adverbs of Modality ཝᾸȽᚆ Ƚᚆ Ƚᚆ Ƚᚆ Ƚᚆ Ƚᚆ Ƚᚆᙋ ......... .. .... .. ............ .. .. .................. .. .. ........................................................217 ᘷࢥ䈃 Modal adverbsφࠖ҄Ƚղ҄ ղ҄ ղ҄ ղ҄ ղ҄ ղ҄ ղ҄ ղ҄............. .. .. .. .............. .. .............. .. .. .. ...............................................................218 䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Adverbs of tone ᢃȽ䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳Ƚ 䜳ȽቧȽ↙ླ ↙ླ ↙ླ............................. .... ..........................................................219 䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Modal adverbs ⲳȽ ᒬȽ ᒬȽ ᒬȽ ᒬȽ ᒬȽ ᒬȽᖉ❬Ƚ ࡦᓋȽ Ƚ ਃ↙Ƚ ṯᵢ ṯᵢ ṯᵢ ṯᵢ ṯᵢ ṯᵢȽ ᷒❬Ƚ ㆶȽ 㔓ሯȽ 䳴䚉Ƚ ެ ᇔȽ ॹнȽ ⺤ᇔȽ ਠླȽ㓾ӄ ӄ ӄ ӄ ӄ ӄ..................... .. .............................. .. .. .. .... .. .... .........................................................222 䈣≊ࢥ䈃 Modal adverbs Ⲻ⺤Ƚਃ Ƚਃ Ƚਃ Ƚਃ Ƚਃ Ƚਃ㙂Ƚ䘎Ƚㄕ❬ ㄕ❬ ㄕ❬ ㄕ❬ ㄕ❬ ㄕ❬ ㄕ❬ ㄕ❬Ƚガㄕ ㄕ ㄕ ㄕ ㄕ ㄕ ㄕ............. .. .. .. ..........................................................229 8 ԁ䈃 MLqFt3UHSRVLWLRQ.................. .. ............................................ .. .. .... ...............................................................232 ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ᡶ Bring out the time and nd nd nd nd p p p p pla la la la lace ce ce ce ce ԄȽ ԄȽ ԄȽ ԄȽ ԄȽ ԄȽ൞ ൞ ൞ ൞ ൞ ൞...........................................................................232 ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪 Lead t t t t tim im im im im im im ime e e e e e e ᖉȽ ᖉȽ ᖉȽ ᖉȽ ᖉȽ ᖉȽ ᖉȽ ᖉȽ ᖉȽᖉ ᖉ ᖉ ᖉ ᖉ ᖉ ᖉ ᖉ ᖉ. . . . . .Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬ Ⲻᰬُ ُ ُ ُ ُ. ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .... ...... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .............................233 ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪 ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Brin in in in in in in ing g g g g g g g ou ou ou ou ou ou ou out t t t t t t ti ti ti ti ti time me me me me me me a a a a a a a a and nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd p p p p p p p p p pla la la la la la la la lace ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ⭧Ƚ ⭧Ƚ ⭧Ƚ ⭧Ƚ ⭧Ƚ ⭧Ƚ ⭧Ƚ ⭧Ƚ㠠Ԅ 㠠Ԅ 㠠Ԅ 㠠Ԅ 㠠Ԅ 㠠Ԅ 㠠Ԅ 㠠Ԅ 㠠Ԅ 㠠ԄȽ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. ..............................234 ᕋ࠰ᰬ䰪Ƚ༺ᡶ Leading time and place 㠠Ƚ .......................................................................................235 ᕋ࠰ᯯੇȽ 䐥ᖺ 䐥ᖺ 䐥ᖺ 䐥ᖺ 䐥ᖺ 䐥ᖺ 䐥ᖺ 䐥ᖺ Le Le Le Le Le Lead ad ad ad ad ad adin in in in in ing g g g di di di di dire re re re re re re rection n n n n n an an an an an an an and d d d d d d d pa pa pa pa pa pa pa path th th th th th th th ᖶȽ ᖶȽ ᖶȽ ᖶȽ ᖶȽ ᖶȽ ᖶȽ ᖶȽੇȽ ੇȽ ੇȽ ੇȽ ੇȽ ੇȽ ੇȽԄ Ԅ Ԅ Ԅ Ԅ Ԅ. . . . ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... ...... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ................236 ᕋ࠰ᯯੇȽ䐥ᖺ Leading g g g direction, path h ᵓȽ ᵓȽ ᵓȽ ᵓȽ ᵓȽ ᵓȽ ᵓȽ ᵓȽ ᵓȽ........................................................................................241 ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Br Br Br Br Br Br Brin in in in in in ing ou ou ou ou ou out t t Ob Ob Ob Ob Ob Ob Obje je je je je je je je ject ct ct ct ct cts s s s s 䐕Ƚ 䐕Ƚ 䐕Ƚ 䐕Ƚ 䐕Ƚ 䐕Ƚ 䐕Ƚ 䐕Ƚ 䐕ȽૂȽ ૂȽ ૂȽ ૂȽ ૂȽ ૂȽ ૂȽ ૂȽ ૂȽ ૂȽ∊ ∊ ∊ ∊ ∊ ∊ ∊ ......... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .......................................242 ᕋ࠰ሯ䊗 Leading objects ሯȽ㔏Ƚ⿱ ...................................................................................................244
- 22. 7 | P a g e E D E O L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s r e s e r v e d . ᕋ࠰ٕࠣȽᦤד Derives the basis ṯᦤȽ֒Ѱ......................................................................................263 9 䘔䈃 liáncí Conjunction........................................................................................................................265 㺞⽰㚊ਾީ㌱ Indicates a joint relationship 䐕Ƚ䘎ᱥȽᡌ㘻Ƚૂ........................................................265 䘔䈃ᡌ⸣䈣φConnective words or phrases ᡌȽᡌ㘻........................................................................266 䘔䈃ᡌ䈃㓺 Connective words or phrases: ᒬȽԛ .........................................................................267 䘔࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ Connective clauses or sentences у䗽ȽռȽռᱥȽ㙂ъȽ䛙Ƚྸ᷒Ƚ㲳❬Ƚਠ㾷 ..................................................................................................................................................................268 䘔࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ Connective clauses or sentences ᒬъȽ уݿȽ уӻȽ ਜཌȽ 㾷ᱥȽ ഖ↚Ƚ ⭧ ӄȽਠᴿ ..................................................................................................................................................269 䘔࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ Connecting clauses or sentences ↚ཌȽ㙂Ƚ㙂ᱥȽᰘ❬Ƚਥ㿷Ƚ⭐㠩ȽྸٽȽᙱҁ ..................................................................................................................................................................270 10 ࣟ䈃 Zhùcí Particle...........................................................................................................................273 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃 Structural particles ⲺȽ൦Ƚᗍ...............................................................................................273 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃φᗍ Dé Structural particle ....................................................................................................274 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic particleφ 䗽.............................................................................................................275 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic: ҼȽȽ.................................................................................................................276 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃φ Dynamic particle..............................................................................................................277 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφȽҼȽ੍Ƚઘ.........................................................................................278 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ ȽȽⲺ................................................................................................280 ެԌࣟ䈃φOther auxiliary words Ⲻ䈓Ƚㅿ...........................................................................................281 ެԌࣟ䈃 Other auxiliary words ղⲺ......................................................................................................283 11 ਯ䈃 Interjection ஸȽ........................................................................................................................285 12 ᤕ༦䈃 Onomatopoeiaφ૾૾ ...............................................................................................................287 䈣㍖ Yԃsù Morphemes ..........................................................................................................................288 ࢃ㔶 Prefix ㅢЊȽ㘷ЊȽቅЊ..........................................................................................................288 ㅢЊȽ㘷ЊȽቅЊ ..................................................................................................................................288 㔶 Suffix ЊݵȽЊᇬȽЊԢȽЊཪȽЊᆆ..................................................................................289 ЊݵȽЊᇬȽЊԢȽЊཪȽЊᆆ...........................................................................................................289 More phrase with suffix “ᆆ” from HSK Vocabulary Version 2021........................................................292 ⸣䈣 duӽnyԃ Phrase .....................................................................................................................................303 ᮦ䠅⸣䈣 VKOLjQJGXӽQԃ4XDQWLWSKUDVH...........................................................................................303 㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Structure type..........................................................................................................................303 ะᵢ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Basic structure type..........................................................................................................303 ެԌ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Other structure types ........................................................................................................306 㔉ᶺ㊱ශ Structure Type.............................................................................................................................307 䘔࠼ਛᡌਛᆆ Connecting clauses or sentences ↚ཌȽ㙂Ƚ㙂ᱥȽᰘ❬Ƚਥ㿷Ƚ⭐㠩ȽྸٽȽᙱҁ ..................................................................................................................................................................270 10 ࣟ䈃 Zhùcí Particle......................................... .. .. .. ............................ .. .. .. ..........................................................273 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃 Structural particles ⲺȽ൦Ƚᗍ.... .. .. .. .. .................. .. .. .. .......... ................ .......................................................273 㔉ᶺࣟ䈃φᗍ Dé Structural particle . . . ... .................. .. .. .............. .. .. ................ .. .. .. .........................................................274 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic particleφ 䗽..... .... .. .. .. .. .............................. .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .. .... ..............................................................275 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃 Dynamic: ҼȽȽ....... .. .. .................................................... ..........................................................276 ࣞᘷࣟ䈃φ Dynamic particle. . . . ................................................. .. .. ...............................................................277 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφȽҼ ȽҼ ȽҼ ȽҼ ȽҼȽ੍Ƚઘ. . . . ........................... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ........ .. ........................................................278 䈣≊ࣟ䈃 Modal particlesφ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ ȽȽⲺ............. .. .. .. ...... .... .. .. .. ...................... .. ...........................................................280 ެԌࣟ䈃φOther auxiliary words Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓 Ⲻ䈓Ƚㅿ....................... .. .. .. .... .. .. ....................................................................281 ެԌࣟ䈃 Other auxiliary words ղⲺ......................................................................................................283 11 ਯ䈃 Interjecti ti tion on on on on on on on on ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ ஸȽ . . . ... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .............................285 12 ᤕ༦䈃 Onomat at at at at at atop op op op opoe oe oe oe oe oe oe oeia ia ia ia ia ia ia ia ia iaφ૾ φ૾ φ૾ φ૾ φ૾ φ૾ φ૾ φ૾ φ૾૾ ૾ ૾ ૾ ૾ ૾ ૾ ................... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ........................ .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ....................................................................287 䈣㍖ Yԃsù Morphemes ..........................................................................................................................288 ࢃ㔶 Pref ef ef ef ef ef efix ix ix ix ix ix ix ㅢЊ ㅢЊ ㅢЊ ㅢЊ ㅢЊ ㅢЊ ㅢЊȽ㘷 Ƚ㘷 Ƚ㘷 Ƚ㘷 Ƚ㘷 Ƚ㘷 Ƚ㘷 Ƚ㘷ЊȽ ЊȽ ЊȽ ЊȽ ЊȽ ЊȽቅЊ ቅЊ ቅЊ ቅЊ ቅЊ ቅЊ ቅЊ. ... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .................288 ㅢЊȽ㘷ЊȽ ЊȽ ЊȽ ЊȽ ЊȽ ЊȽቅЊ ቅЊ ቅЊ ቅЊ ቅЊ ቅЊ ቅЊ ..... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ........ .. .. .... .. .. .. ........ .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. ........ .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .............. .. .................................................288 㔶 Suffix ЊݵȽЊᇬȽ ᇬȽ ᇬȽ ᇬȽ ᇬȽ ᇬȽЊԢ ЊԢ ЊԢ ЊԢ ЊԢȽЊཪȽ ཪȽ ཪȽ ཪȽ ཪȽ ཪȽ ཪȽЊᆆ Њᆆ Њᆆ..................................................................................289 ЊݵȽЊᇬȽЊԢȽЊཪȽЊᆆ...........................................................................................................289
- 23. 8 | P a g e E D E O L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s r e s e r v e d . ެԌ㔉ᶺ㊱ශ 2 Other structure type 2....................................................................................................308 ᮦ䠅䠃ਖ Number overlap .......................................................................................................................310 ࣕ㜳㊱ශ *ǀQJQpQJOqL[tQ)XQFWLRQWSH+6.9*..........................................................311 䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Noun phrase.........................................................................................................................311 ࣞ䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Verb phrase..........................................................................................................................312 ᖘᇯ䈃ᙝ⸣䈣 Adjective phrases.............................................................................................................312 രᇐ⸣䈣 Fixed phrase ................................................................................................................................313 ެԌ Other ...........................................................................................................................................313 രᇐ⸣䈣 Fixed phrase ................................................................................................................................315 ᆍṲ Four-character Fixed pattern........................................................................................................315 ެԌ other ............................................................................................................................................316 ᆍṲ..........................................................................................................................................................319 ཝ A ཝ B..................................................................................................................................................319 ж A ж B..................................................................................................................................................319 ެԌ other .............................................................................................................................................320 ⵁᶛ it seems (or appears) ........................................................................................................................320 ᶛᗍ / ᶛу have time to / too late to do...........................................................................................321 䈪уᇐ perhaps; maybe ............................................................................................................................322 ж㡢ᶛ䈪 generally speaking ...................................................................................................................323 രᇐṲᕅ Fixed Pattern....................................................................................................................................325 䘎ᱥ…… ..............................................................................................................................................325 ৾... ... ৾... ... ...........................................................................................................................................326 δ൞ε... ... ԛࢃ/ԛ/ࢃ/...................................................................................................................326 രᇐṲᕅ 2 fixed format 2 ...........................................................................................................................327 䲚Ҽ…… δԛཌεθ ……䘎λҕλ䜳…….........................................................................................327 Ԅ……䎭 ..................................................................................................................................................328 ሯ……ᶛ䈪 ..............................................................................................................................................328 ж……ҕ / 䜳ηу / ⋗…… ....................................................................................................................329 䏀……䏀.…… .........................................................................................................................................330 жη䠅䈃η∊ηжη䠅䈃.......................................................................................................................330 δ㠠εԛᶛ (…ԛᶛ)...............................................................................................................................331 ⭧……㓺ᡆ composed of.........................................................................................................................332 ൞……ᯯ䶘 In terms of............................................................................................................................333 ൞……р / ѣ / с On/in/under................................................................................................................333 രᇐ⸣䈣 Fixed phrase ................................................................................................................................315 ᆍṲ Four-character Fixed pattern........................................................................................................315 ެԌ other ........................................................... .. .. .. .......................... .... .. .. .. .........................................................316 ᆍṲ............................................................... .. .. .................. .. .. .. .......... ................ .......................................................319 ཝ A ཝ B................................................ .. .. .. .................. .. .... .. ............ .. .. .................. .. .. ........................................................319 ж A ж B............................................ .. .. .. .. .............................. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .... ..............................................................319 ެԌ other ................................... .. .. .. .................................................. .... ..........................................................320 ⵁᶛ it seems (or appears) ........... .. .. .. .................................................. .. .. ...............................................................320 ᶛᗍ / ᶛу have time to / too oo oo late to do... .. .. ............................ .. .. .... .. .. .. ........ ........................................................321 䈪уᇐ perhaps; maybe ............... .... .. ........................ .. .. .... .. ........ .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .................... .. .. ...........................................................322 ж㡢ᶛ䈪 generally speaking ............. .. .. .................................... .. .... .. .. .. ....................................................................323 രᇐ രᇐṲᕅ Ṳᕅ Fixed Pattern....................................................................................................................................325 䘎ᱥ…… ..... .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... ...... .. .. .. .... ...... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .............................325 ৾ ৾... ... ৾ ৾... ... ...........................................................................................................................................326 δ൞ε... ... ԛࢃ/ԛ/ࢃ/...................................................................................................................326 രᇐṲᕅ 2 fixe xe xe xe xe xe xed d d d d d d fo fo fo fo form rm rm rm rm rmat at at at at at 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .......... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .................327 䲚Ҽ…… δԛ δԛ δԛ δԛ δԛ δԛ δԛ δԛཌε ཌε ཌε ཌε ཌε ཌεθ … … … … … ……䘎λ 䘎λ 䘎λ 䘎λ 䘎λ 䘎λҕλ ҕλ ҕλ ҕλ ҕλ ҕλ ҕλ ҕλ ҕλ䜳 䜳 䜳 䜳 䜳 䜳 䜳 䜳…… …… ……. . ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. ............ .... .. ................................................327 Ԅ……䎭 ..................................................................................................................................................328 ሯ ᶛ䈪 ..............................................................................................................................................328
- 24. 13 | P a g e E D E O L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s r e s e r v e d . Ᾰᮦ㺞⽰⌋ Approximate number notation.................................................................................................433 ᮦ䈃 ཐ 䠅䈃 1XPHUDOཐ TXDQWLILHU ...........................................................................................433 ᮦ䈃 䠅䈃 ཐ 1XPHUDOTXDQWLILHUཐ more...................................................................................434 Ᾰᮦ㺞⽰⌋ 2 Approximate number.......................................................................................................434 ཝᾸȽཝ㓜Ƚࠖ” 㺞⽰Ᾰᮦ....................................................................................................................435 䛱ᮦ䈃䘔⭞㺞⽰Ᾰᮦ...........................................................................................................................436 ⭞ “ᐜȽࢃ” 㺞⽰Ᾰᮦ.....................................................................................................................437 Ᾰᮦ㺞⽰⌋ 3: ᮦ䈃ηᶛη䠅䈃.................................................................................................................438 ቅᮦȽ࠼ᮦȽⲴ࠼ᮦȽكᮦⲺ㺞⽰⌋......................................................................................................439 ᕰ䈹Ⲻᯯ⌋ Methods of emphasis ...................................................................................................................440 ⭞ “ቧ” 㺞⽰ᕰ䈹 8VHቧ MXVWWRH[SUHVVHPSKDVLV ................................................................................440 “ᱥ……Ⲻ” 㺞⽰ᕰ䈹 ,W VRIWRHPSKDVL]H...............................................................................................441 “ᱥ... ... Ⲻ” ਛ 1φ ᕰ䈹ᰬ䰪Ƚ൦⛯ȽᯯᕅȽࣞ֒㘻 ..........................................................................441 ⭞ “ᱥ“ ᕰ䈹 ................................................................................................................................................442 ⭞ “ж⛯ݵҕу……” 㺞⽰ᕰ䈹 ................................................................................................................442 ⭞ਃ䰤ਛ㺞⽰ᕰ䈹......................................................................................................................................443 ਃ䰤ਛ 1 : уᱥ……੍ϋ/ 䳴䚉……੍ϋ ..............................................................................................444 ਃ䰤ਛ 2: ⭧⯇䰤ԙ䈃ᶺᡆⲺਃ䰤ਛ......................................................................................................444 ⭞ਂ䠃ੜᇐ㺞⽰ᕰ䈹 Use double negation for emphasis...........................................................................445 ⭞ “ж η䠅䈃δη䈃εηҕ δ䜳 ε/ ҕ⋗δу ε……”㺞⽰ᕰ䈹....................................................446 ⭞ “䘔……ҕλ䜳……”㺞⽰ᕰ䈹..............................................................................................................446 ᨆ䰤Ⲻᯯ⌋ WtZqQGHIƗQJIӽ Interrogative sentence ................................................................................448 8VH੍WRDVNTXHVWLRQV .........................................................................................................................448 Use “ླ੍Ƚ ਥԛ੍Ƚ㺂੍Ƚ ᙄѾṭ” to ask questions...........................................................................450 ⭞ “ӶѾᰬُȽӶѾṭȽѰӶѾȽ ᙄѾṭȽ ᙄṭ” ᨆ䰤.......................................................................451 ⭞ “ઘ” ᶺᡆⲺⴷ⮛ᕅ⯇䰤ਛ “ԙ䈃λ䈃ηઘϋ ” ᨆ䰤 ......................................................................452 ⭞ “ᱥуᱥ”ᨆ䰤 UVHLVLWWRDVNTXHVWLRQV..............................................................................................452 ⭞ “ ”ᨆ䰤 8VHWRDVNTXHVWLRQV.......................................................................................................453 ⭞⯇䰤ਛ㺞⽰⯇䰤......................................................................................................................................454 ਙ䈣Ṳᕅ .ԁXԃJpVKu6SRNHQIRUPDW........................................................................................................456 䈛......Ҽ ,W VWLPHWR................................................................................................................................456 㾷λᘡ㾷λቧ㾷... ... Ҽ It is going to... ... ..............................................................................................456 䜳……Ҽ ..................................................................................................................................................457 X ቧ X (⛯ݵε.....................................................................................................................................457 ቅᮦȽ࠼ᮦȽⲴ࠼ᮦȽكᮦⲺ㺞⽰⌋......................................................................................................439 ᕰ䈹Ⲻᯯ⌋ Methods of emphasis ...................................................................................................................440 ⭞ “ቧ” 㺞⽰ᕰ䈹 8VHቧ MXVWWRH[SUHVVHPSKDVL VL VL VL VL VLV V V V V V ......................... .. .. .........................................................440 “ᱥ……Ⲻ” 㺞⽰ᕰ䈹 ,W VRIWRHPSKDVL]H.. .. .. .... ................ .. ............ .. .. ................ .. .......................................................441 “ᱥ ᱥ... ... Ⲻ” ਛ 1φ ᕰ䈹ᰬ䰪Ƚ൦⛯Ƚᯯᕅ ᯯᕅ ᯯᕅ ᯯᕅ ᯯᕅ ᯯᕅ ᯯᕅȽࣞ Ƚࣞ Ƚࣞ Ƚࣞ Ƚࣞ Ƚࣞ֒㘻 ֒㘻 ֒㘻 ֒㘻 ֒㘻 ֒㘻 ..... .. .. ................ .. .. .........................................................441 ⭞ “ᱥ“ ᕰ䈹 ......................................... .. .. .. .. .................... .. .. ............ .. ............ .. .... .. .. .. .................................................................442 ⭞ “ж⛯ݵҕу……” 㺞⽰ᕰ䈹 ..... .. .. .. .................................................... .. .. ...........................................................442 ⭞ਃ䰤ਛ㺞⽰ᕰ䈹......................... .. .. .. ................................................ .. .... .. ...............................................................443 ਃ䰤ਛ 1 : уᱥ……੍ϋ/ 䳴䚉…… …… …… ……੍ϋ ....... .. .. .. .......................... .. .. .. .. .......... .. .. .........................................................444 ਃ䰤ਛ 2: ⭧⯇䰤ԙ䈃ᶺᡆⲺਃ䰤 ਃ䰤 ਃ䰤 ਃ䰤 ਃ䰤 ਃ䰤ਛ.................. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ...................... .. .. ............................................................444 ⭞ਂ䠃ੜᇐ㺞⽰ᕰ䈹 Use double neg egat at at at atio io ion for emphasis..... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ......................................................................445 ⭞ “ж η䠅䈃δη䈃εηҕ δ䜳 ε/ ҕ⋗ ҕ⋗ ҕ⋗ ҕ⋗ ҕ⋗ ҕ⋗δу δу δу δу δу ε……”㺞⽰ᕰ䈹....................................................446 ⭞ “䘔……ҕλ䜳 䜳 䜳 䜳 䜳 䜳 䜳 䜳 䜳…… …… …… ……” ” ” ” ” ” ” ”㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ 㺞⽰ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹 ᕰ䈹.. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. ...... .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. ...... .. .... .. .. .... .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. ............................446 ᨆ䰤Ⲻᯯ⌋ WtZq Zq Zq Zq Zq Zq Zq ZqQ Q Q QGH GH GH GH GH GH GH GH GHI I I I I I IƗQ ƗQ ƗQ ƗQ ƗQ ƗQ ƗQ ƗQ ƗQ ƗQJI JI JI JI JI JI JI JI JIӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ ӽ JI JI JI JI JI JI JI JI JI JI JI JI JI JI JI JI In In In In In Inte te te te te terr rr rr rr rrog og og ogat at at at at at at at at at ativ iv iv iv iv iv iv iv iv ive e e e e e se se se se se se sent nt nt nt nten en en en en ence ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ................................................................................448 8VH੍WRDVN VN VN VN VN VN VNTXHVWLRQV .........................................................................................................................448 Use “ླ੍Ƚ ਥԛ ਥԛ ਥԛ ਥԛ ਥԛ ਥԛ ਥԛ ਥԛ ਥԛ ਥԛ੍Ƚ ੍Ƚ ੍Ƚ ੍Ƚ ੍Ƚ ੍Ƚ ੍Ƚ㺂੍ 㺂੍ 㺂੍ 㺂੍ 㺂੍ 㺂੍ 㺂੍ 㺂੍Ƚ ᙄѾ ᙄѾ ᙄѾ ᙄѾ ᙄѾ ᙄѾ ᙄѾṭ ṭ ṭ ṭ ṭ ṭ ṭ ṭ ṭ” ” ” ” ” to to to to to to to to a a a a a a a a ask sk sk sk sk sk sk sk sk q q q q q q q q que ue ue ue ue ue uest st st st st stio io io ions ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns... .......... ...... .... .... ...... ...... .......... .......... .... .... .. .... .... .. .... .... ........ ................450 ⭞ “ӶѾᰬُ ᰬُ ᰬُ ᰬُ ᰬُ ᰬُȽӶ ȽӶ ȽӶ ȽӶ ȽӶ ȽӶ ȽӶ ȽӶѾṭ Ѿṭ Ѿṭ Ѿṭ Ѿṭ Ѿṭ ѾṭȽѰ ȽѰ ȽѰ ȽѰ ȽѰ ȽѰ ȽѰ ȽѰ ȽѰ ȽѰӶѾ ӶѾ ӶѾ ӶѾ ӶѾ ӶѾȽ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ ᙄѾ ᙄѾ ᙄѾ ᙄѾ ᙄѾ ᙄѾ ᙄѾ ᙄѾ ᙄѾṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ ṭȽ ᙄṭ ᙄṭ ᙄṭ ᙄṭ ᙄṭ ᙄṭ ᙄṭ” ᨆ䰤 ᨆ䰤 ᨆ䰤 ᨆ䰤 ᨆ䰤 ᨆ䰤... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. ........................................451 ⭞ “ઘ” ᶺᡆⲺⴷ⮛ᕅ⯇䰤ਛ “ԙ䈃λ䈃η 䈃η 䈃ηઘϋ ઘϋ ” ᨆ䰤 ......................................................................452 ⭞ ⭞ “ᱥуᱥ”ᨆ䰤 UVHLVLWWRDVNTXHVWLRQV 452
- 25. 23 | P a g e E D E O L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s r e s e r v e d . International Chinese Language Education Standards for Chinese Proficiency /HYHOV5HOHDVHG 㔅ളᇬ䈣ည䈣䀶ᮽᆍ㿺㤹ḽᇗᇐညՐᇗᇐθɅള䱻ѣᮽᮏ㛨ѣᮽ≪ᒩㅿ 㓝ḽɆδGF0025-2021εδԛсㆶ〦ɅḽɆε䘇ᰛ⭧ᮏ㛨䜞Ƚളᇬ䈣䀶 ᮽᆍᐛ֒ညՐਇᐹθ֒Ѱളᇬ䈣ည䈣䀶ᮽᆍ㿺㤹㠠 2021 ᒪ 7 ᴾ 1 ᰛ䎭↙ᕅ ᇔ᯳Ⱦ Approved by the National Language Commission’s Language Standardization and 6WDQGDUGV5HYLHZRPPLWWHHWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDOKLQHVH(GXFDWLRQKLQHVH/HYHO 6WDQGDUGV*)-
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- 29. ZDVUHFHQWO released by the Ministry of Educat t t t t ti i i i i io o o on and d d d t t t t t th h h h he N N N N N Na ational l l l l Language Working Committee as the language of th h h h h he e e e Nation n n n nal La a a a an n n n n nguag g g g g ge e e e e e Commission The text specification will be formally i i i i im m mplemen n n nt t te e ed d d o o on n n n n J J J J Ju u ul l ly y y 1 1 1 1 1, , , 2021. ɅḽɆሼᆜҖ㘻ѣᮽ≪ᒩ࠼ ࠼ ࠼ ࠼ ࠼ ࠼Ѱ Ѱ Ѱ Ѱ Ѱćпㅿғ㓝 㓝 㓝 㓝 㓝 㓝Ĉθᒬԛ丩㢸Ƚ≿ᆍȽ䈃≽Ƚ䈣 ⌋〃䈣䀶ะᵢ㾷㍖ᶺᡆć㔪ะ ะ ะ ะ ะ ะ Ĉ Ĉ Ĉ Ĉ Ĉθ θԛ䀶䈣Ӛ䱻㜳࣑Ƚ䈓从Աࣗᇯૂ 䈣䀶䠅ौḽᖘ ᖘ ᖘ ᖘ ᖘ ᖘ ᖘ ᖘ ᖘ ᖘᡆ ᡆ ᡆ ᡆ ᡆ ᡆ ᡆ ᡆ ᡆп п п п п п п п п п пѠ Ѡ Ѡ Ѡ Ѡ Ѡ Ѡ Ѡ Ѡ䇺 䇺 䇺 䇺 䇺 䇺 䇺 䇺 䇺 䇺 䇺 䇺ԭ ԭ ԭ ԭ ԭ ԭ ԭ ԭ ԭ ԭ ԭ㔪 㔪 㔪 㔪 㔪 㔪 㔪 㔪 㔪 㔪 㔪ᓜ ᓜ ᓜ ᓜ ᓜ ᓜ ᓜ ᓜ ᓜ ᓜθ θ θ θԛ ԛ ԛ ԛ ԛ ԛ ԛ ԛѣ ѣ ѣ ѣ ѣ ѣ ѣᮽ ᮽ ᮽ ᮽ ᮽ ᮽ ᮽ ᮽ ᮽ ᮽ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ䈪 䈪 䈪 䈪 䈪 䈪 䈪 䈪 䈪 䈪 䈪Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ䈱 䈱 䈱 䈱 䈱 䈱 䈱 䈱 䈱Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚ Ƚߏ ߏ ߏ ߏ ߏ ߏ ߏ ߏ ߏ ߏ ߏȽ䈇 䈇 䈇 䈇 䈇 䈇 䈇 䈇 䈇 䈇 䈇 䈇֒Ѱӊ亯䈣䀶 ᢶ㜳θԄ㙂⺤ḽᇐᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜ ᆜҖ㘻Ⲻѣᮽ ᮽ ᮽ ᮽ ᮽ ᮽ ᮽ≪ᒩȾ 7KH6WDQGDU U U UG G G G G G G G G G G G G GL L L L L L LY Y Y Y Y Y YL L LG G G G G G G GH H H H H H H HV V V V V VO O O OH H H H H HD D D D D D DU U U U U U UQ Q Q Q QHU U U U U UV V V V V V V K K K K K K KL L L L L L L L LQ Q Q Q Q Q Q QH H H H H H H HV V V V V VH H H H H HS S S S S S SU U U U U UR R R R R R RI I I I I I IL L L L L LF F F F F FL L L L L L LH H H H H H HQ Q Q Q Q Q QF F F F F F F F L L L L L LQ Q Q Q Q Q QW W W W W W WR R R R R R R W W W W W WK K K K K K K KU U U U UH H H H H HH H H H H H H H H H J J J J J J JU U U U U U U UD D D D D D DG G G G G G GH H H H H HV V V V VD D D D D D D DQ Q Q Q Q QGQLQH OHYHOVDQGX X X X XV V V V V V VH H H H H HVW W W W W WK K K K K KHI I I I I IR R R R R R R RX X X X X X XUE E E E E EDVL L L L L L LF F F F F F F F HO O O O OH H H H H HP P P P P PHQWVRIV OODE E E E E E EO O O O O OH H H H H HV V V V V VKLQ Q Q Q Q Q QHV V V V V V VHFKDUDFWHUV YRFDEXODUD D DQ Q Q Q Q Q QG G G GJ J J J JUDP P PP P P P P P PD D D DU U U U U UW W W W WRI I I I I I IR R R RU U U U U U UP P P P PD D D D D D DIR R RX X X X X X XU U U U U-G G G G G G GL L L L L L LP P P P P P PH H H H HQ Q Q Q Q QV V V V V V VL L L L L L LR R R R R RQ Q Q Q Q Q QD D D D D D DO O O O O O O OE E E E E E E E EH H H H H HQ Q Q Q Q Q Q QF F F F FK K K K K K KP P P P P P P PDUNZKLFKLV formed by verbal communication skills, topic task content and language
- 30. 33 | P a g e E D E O L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s r e s e r v e d . Comparing with HSK Version 2009 The new HSK (Chinese Proficiency Test, We call it HSK V2009 here) is an international standardized exam that tests and rates Chinese language proficiency. It assesses non-native Chinese speakers’ abilities in using the Chinese language in their daily, academic and professional lives. HSK consists of six levels, namely the HSK (level I), HSK (level II), HSK (level III), HSK (level IV), HSK (level V), and HSK (level VI). II. Test Levels New HSK Vocabulary HSK (Level I) 150 HSK (Level II) 300 HSK (Level III) 600 HSK (Level IV) 1200 HSK (Level V) 2500 HSK (Level VI) Over 5,000 1. Test takers who are able to pass the HSK (Level I) can understand and use very simple Chinese words and phrases, meet basic needs for communication and possess the ability to further their Chinese language studies. 2. Test takers who are able to pass the HSK (Level II) have an excellent grasp of basic Chinese and can communicate in simple and routine tasks requiring a simple and direct exchange of information on familiar and routine matters. 3. Test takers who are able to pass the HSK (Level III) can communicate in Chinese at a basic level in their daily, academic and professional lives. They can manage most communication in Chinese when travelling in China. HSK (level I), HSK (level II), HSK (level III), HSK (level IV), HSK (level V), and HSK (level VI). II. Test Levels New HSK Vocabulary y y y y y y HSK (Level I) 150 HSK (Level II) 300 HSK (Level III) 600 0 0 0 0 HSK (Level IV) 120 0 0 0 00 HSK (Level V) 2500 0 HSK (Level VI) ) Over 5, ,000 1. Test tak k k k k kers w w w w w wh h ho o o o a are e e e e a a a a able t t t to p p p p pa a as s s s ss t t t the e e e e e H H H H HS S SK K K K K ( ( ( (L L L L Le e e ev v v v ve e e e e el l l I I) ) ) ) ) ) c c c c ca a a a a an n n n n n u u u u u un n n n n nd d d d d derstand and use very si i i i im m m m m m mpl l l le e e e e C C C C Ch h h h h hi i i i i in n n n ne e e es s s s se e e e wo o o or r r r r rd d d d d ds s s s s a a a a a a a a an n n n n n n nd d d d d d d d d p p p p p p ph h h h h hr r r r r ras s s s s s se e e e e e e es s s, m m m m m m me e e e e e ee e e e et t t t t t b b b b b ba a a a as s s s s si i i i i ic c c c c n n ne e e e e e e ee e e e ed d d d ds s s s s s f f f f f fo o o o o or r r r r r r comm m m m mu u u u u u un n n n ni i i i ica a a a a at t t t ti i i i ion n n n n n a a a a a and d d d d p p p p p p p po o o o o o os s s s s s ss s s s s s se e e e es s s s ss s s s s s t the a a a a a ab b b b bi i i i il l l l li i i i it t t t ty y y y y y t t t t to o o o o f f f f f fu u u u u u ur r r r r rt t t t t th h h h h h he e e e e e er r r r r r r t t t t th h he e e e ei i i i ir r r r r C C C C C C C Chinese language studies. 2 Test takers who are able to pass the HSK (Level II) have an excellent grasp
- 31. 43 | P a g e E D E O L e g o o M a n d a r i n A l l R i g h t s r e s e r v e d . Business Chinese Test The BCT, as an international, standardized test of Chinese language proficiency, focuses on assessing non-native Chinese speakers’ abilities to use the Chinese language in real business or common working environments. The BCT consists of a writing test and a speaking test, which are independent of each other. The writing test is divided into two levels, namely, the BCT (A), and the BCT (B). The different levels of the BCT can meet some of the levels in the Chinese Language Proficiency Scales for Speakers of Other Languages (CLPS) and the Common European Framework of Reference (CEF), as well as HSK and YCT levels; details are as follows: The BCT, as an international, standardized t t t te e e e e e e es s s s s s s s s s s s s s s st t t t t t t t t t o o o o o o o o o o o o of f f f f f f f f f f f f f C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C Ch h h h h hi i in nese language proficiency, focuses on assessing non-native Chin n ne e es s s s s se e e e e e e e e e e e e e s sp peak k k ke e e e e e e e e e e e e e er r r r r r r r r r r r r r rs s’ ab b b bi i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i il l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l li i i i it t ties to use the Chinese language in real business or comm m m m m mo o o o o o o o o o o o o o on n n n n n n n n n n n n n w work k k ki i i i i i i i i i i i i in n n n n n n n n n n n n ng g g g g g e e e en n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n nvironm m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m me ents. The BCT consists of a writi in n n n n n n ng g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g test and a a a a a a a a a a a a a s s s s s s s s s s s s s s sp p p p p p p p p p p p p p pe e e e e e e e e e e e e e ea a a a a a a a a a a a a a ak k k k k k k k k k k k k k ki i i i i i i i i i in ng te es s s s s s s s s st t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t, , , , , which are independent of each other. The writing test i is s s d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d di i i i i i i i i i i i iv v v v v v v vi ided into two l l l l l l l l l l le e e e e e e e e e e e e e ev v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v ve e e e e e el l l l l l ls, namely, the BCT (A), and the BCT (B). The e e d d di i if f f ff f f fe e er r re e en n nt level l ls s s o o o of f f f f f f f f f f f f f f t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t th h h h h h h h h h h he e e e e e e e B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B BC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CT T T T T c c ca a an n n m m mee et t s s som m me e e of f f t t th h he e levels in the Chinese Lang gu u u u ua a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ag g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g ge e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Pr r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r ro o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o of f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f fi i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ic c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c ci i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ie e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e en n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n nc c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c cy y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S Sc c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c ca a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a al l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l le e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e es s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f fo o o or r r r r r r r r r r r r S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S Sp p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p pe e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e ea a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ak k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k ke e e e e e e e e e e e e e er r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r rs s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o of f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O Ot t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t th h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h he e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e er r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L La a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a an n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n ng g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g gu u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u ua a a a a a a a a a a a ag ges (CLPS) and the Comm m mo o o o o o on n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E Eu u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u ur r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r ro o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o op p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p pe e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e ea a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a an n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F Fr r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r ra a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a am m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m me e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e ew w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w wo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o or r r r r r r r r r r r r r rk k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k o o o o o o o o o o o o of f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Re e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e ef f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f fe e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e er r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r re e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e en n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n nc c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c ce e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CE E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E EF F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ), a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a as s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w we e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e el l l l ll as HSK and YCT levels; d d d de e e et tails are as follows: