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Normal microflora
The document discusses the normal flora or microbiota that colonize the human body. It describes the major sites where microbes normally reside, including the skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. The gut microbiota plays an important role in digestion and produces vitamins. Antibiotics can disrupt the normal balance of microbes. The Human Microbiome Project aims to characterize the microbes associated with health and disease.
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Normal microflora
- 1. Micro of the humanbody Semester -6th Paper – Medical- microbiology Topic – Normal flora BY: KHAN SHAH RUKH Roll no : 4181457022 Submitted to: Dr. Sweta
- 2. Introduction of normalflora Factors influencing normal flora Distribution of the normal flora Normal flora – skin Normal flora- upper respiratory tract Normal flora-gastrointestinal tract Normal flora-urogenital tract Significance of the normal flora Human microbiome project Summary Reference Questions CONTENT
- 3. Microbes are allover us http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Man_shadow_-_upper.png Thousands of different species on the skin alone Some thrive on dry patches of the elbow, others thrive in moist environment of armpit There are millions of microbes per square inch on your body It is estimated that there are more microbes in your intestine than there are human cells in your body!
- 5. Germ-free Animals Regular Counterparts LifespanTwice One Cause of death Intestinal Atonia Infection Anatomic & Physiological Changes 1. Alimentary lamina propria under- developed 2. No Ab 3. Intestinal epithelial cell renewal rate down half Germ-free Animals vs Counterparts
- 11. 1. Local Environment(pH, temperature, redox potential, O2, H2O, and nutrient levels…). 2. Diet 3. Age 4. Health condition (immune activity…) 5. Antibiotics,…..etc Factors Influencing Normal Flora
- 12. Microbes are normallyfound in and on the human body The followingsitesare “hotspots” for microbial life http://nihroadmap.nih.gov/hmp/ Let’s explore these regions Some microbes are native, normally found in the body Some microbes are introduced, suddenly arriving at a new residence in the body
- 13. Respiratory tract andhead outer ear, eye, mouth, oropharynx, nasopharynx Sterile sites: sinuses, middle ear, brain, lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchiole, lung) Gastrointestinal tract esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine Genitourinary system anterior urethra, vagina Sterile sites: bladder, cervix, uterus Skin Sites of human body that the normal flora microbes colonize
- 14. Normal flora -Skin
- 16. What’s Happening on theSkin? There are several skin environments: oily, dry, moist. Some microbes prefer one over another. The skin has natural defenses including slightly acidic sweat and antimicrobial peptides. Microbes hide in crevices to recolonize skin after washing with soap Antibiotic washes and oral antibiotics disturb normal balance of microbes on the skin There is a normal balance of microbes on the skin that protect introduced microbes from harming us. Damaged skin gives opportunities for microbes to invade the bloodstream and cause serious illness.
- 17. Skin • Propionibacterium acnesbacteria colonizes healthy pores, but if pores become clogged, it grows out of control • Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria normally colonizes on the skin. But when P. acnes clogs pores, S. epidermidis also grows out of control in the infected pores • Staphylococcus aureus bacteria can also infect clogged pores like Staph epidermidis. Even worse, many antibiotic resistant strains of Staph aureus make it difficult to treat the infection.
- 18. Normal Flora- UpperRespiratoryTract
- 19.
- 20. Nose The interior liningof the nose contains mucous secreting glands. A wide variety of microbes are normally found there. Here’s a few: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human-nose.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Staphylococcus_epidermidis_01.pn g • Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria forms a biofilm that coats the mucosal lining • Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is fine when kept under control by a protease found in S. epidermidis, but if left to grow out of control, S. aureus can become pathogenic and cause infection http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MRSA7820.jpg What’s Happening in the Nose?
- 21. Nose http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human-nose.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspergillus_fumigatus_Invasive_Disease_Mechanism_Diagram.jpg • Aspergillusfungal spores are often inhaled through the nose. If the immune system fails to clear these, mold can grow in the lungs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspergillus.jpg • Corneybacterium accolens bacteria is rarely a pathogen, but if it enters the bloodstream due to a torn blood vessel, it can cause serious infections http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corynebacterium_ulcerans_01.jpg
- 22.
- 23. Figure27.9 Major bacteria presentOrgan Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine pH 2 Secretion of acid (HCl) Digestion of macromolecules pH 4–5 Continued digestion Absorption of monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, water pH 7 Absorption of bile acids, vitamin B12 Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Colon Anus Esophagus Lactobacilli Enterococci Prevotella Streptococcus Veillonella Helicobacter Proteobacteria Bacteroidetes Actinobacteria Fusobacteria Bacteroides Bifidobacterium Clostridium Enterobacteria Enterococcus Escherichia Eubacterium Klebsiella Lactobacillus Methanobrevibacter (Archaea) Peptococcus Peptostreptococcus Proteus Ruminococcus Staphylococcus Streptococcus Major physiological processes © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 25. What’s Happening in theGut? http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Intestine_and_stomach_-_transparent_-_cut.png Major barriers for microbes entering the gut: • low pH • Saliva and Bile • Immune system • Finding a place to attach to intestinal wall • Surviving a widely varied diet For those microbes that manage to colonize the gut: • gut flora perform regular tasks of digestion, vitamin production, many others
- 26. Gut http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Intestine_and_stomach_-_transparent_-_cut.png http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/File:G_reaction1.jpg Ruminococcus sp. bacteriacan be found in significantly high numbers in the gut flora. They break down cellulose in the gut, helping with digestion. Helicobacter pylori bacteria has a helical shape and colonizes the stomach and upper G.I. tract. It is known to be a major cause of stomach ulcers, although many with H. pylori do not get ulcers. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Helicobacter_pylori_diagram.png
- 27.
- 28. Alpha hemolytic streptococci anaerobesstreptococci (peptostreptococci) Provotella Clostridium Gardnerella vaginalis Uriplasma urilyticum NORMAL FLORA -VAGINA MOST COMMON BACTERIA LEAST COMMON BACTERIA Lactobacillus sp Streptococcus sp. Alpha hemolytic Streptococci, Anaerobes Streptococci, (Peptostreptococci ) Provotella sp., Clostridia sp., Gardnerella sp,. Uriplasma urealyticum, Sometimes Listeria sp. and Mobiloncus sp.
- 29. Urogenital http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Female_Genital_Organs.svg Lactobacillus and vaginalepithelial cell http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lactobacillus_sp_01.png Lactobacillus normally maintain low pH while other species are kept in small numbers in the vagina If Lactobacillus decreases from antibiotics… Candida albicans can take over and cause a yeast infection http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Candida_albicans_2.jpg G. vaginalis and vaginal epithelial cell Gardnerella vaginalis can grow too much and cause bacterial vaginosis.
- 30. Interplay Between Medicine andMicrobes Antibiotics Kills infectious bacteria but also disrupts natural flora. Can result in yeast infections, digestive problems, etc. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NOVAMOXIN_antibiotic.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chemotherapy_bottles_NCI.jpg Chemotherapy drugs Gut flora has been shown to modify some drugs during metabolism. This causes many side effects, including upset stomach.
- 34. Normal flora mayact as opportunistic pathogens Especially in hosts rendered susceptible by: 1. Immuno-suppression (AIDS & SCID) 2. Radiation therapy & Chemotherapy 3. Perforated mucous membranes 4. Rheumatic heart disease…etc.
- 35.
- 36. Possible questions thatmay be answered by the HMP How stable and resilient is an individual’s microbiota throughout one day and during his/her lifespan? How similar are microbiomes between members of a family, community or across communities in different environments? Do all humans have an identifiable “core” microbiome and how is it acquired and transmitted? What affects the genetic diversity of the microbiome and how does this diversity affect adaptation by the microrganism and the host to markedly different lifestyles and to various physiological or pathophysiological states?
- 37. Goals New diagnostic biomarkersof health Industrial application Deeper understanding of nutritional requirements of humans Personalized drug and diet regimen
- 38. Future Research Better coverageneeded for shotgun sequencing. Also new experimental approach should be created which allow the sequencing of the more fragile phyla of bacteria, such as bacteroitides. Analyses of horizontal gene transfers in gut microbes. Quantitation of metabolites etc, contributed and consumed by gut flora. Effects of antibiotic administration of gut flora and the host, succesion of microbes after antibiotics, and creation of pathogenic specific antibiotics that don’t effeect the gut flora or at least minimalize effects.
- 39.
- 42. • Should adoctor consider a patient a single human organism or a community of organisms? • What is the community of the human host and its microbes called? • Where on a healthy human is the microbiome located? • Does your body contain more of your own human cells or more microbial cells? Comment on the normal flora of the gut and its significance? (2015) Name any two bacteria inhabiting the skin?(2014) Questions?
- 43. Reference Jawetz, Melnick,& Adelberg’s,Medical Microbiology, Twenty-Sixth Edition Google search-slide share.com wikipedia.com and https://www.google.co.in/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=0avdVa3RI6TG8Aeb3p , https://www.google.co.in/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=0avdVa3RI6TG8Aeb3p https://www.google.co.in/search?sclient=psy-ab&site=&source= 1c.1.64.psy-ab..13.0.0.0.rM6dRZ_quqc&pbx=1 . http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lactobacillus_sp_01.png
- 44. In the womb,humans are free of microbes. Colonization begins during the journey down the birth canal, which is riddled with bacteria, some of which make their way onto the newborn's skin.
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