5. REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
It briefly summarizes
studies related to your
research.
It includes the purpose,
procedures, major findings
and recommendations for
further study of various
researches conducted in the
past.
REVIEW OF
RELATED
LITERATURE
6. IMPORTANCE
Determine the similarities
and differences of the findings
between the past and present
studies
To gain insight into the
aspects of the problem that
are critical and controversial
To help you organize the
concepts and principles
fundamental to your research
REVIEW OF
RELATED
LITERATURE
7. 1. Related legal bases
2. Related literature
3. Related studies
THREE PARTS
OF REVIEW OF
RELATED
LITERATURE
8. 1. It must document
accepted facts, concepts
and processes upon which
the research is based.
2. Reference information
should be correctly
recorded.
3. Describe similarities and
differences among
research studies.
TIPS IN
WRITING THE
REVIEW OF
RELATED
LITERATURE
9. 4. Include the following as a general
background information of your
research paper.
A. LIVING THINGS/ORGANISMS
1. Give the common name, scientific
name, and classification of the
organism.
2. Briefly describe the organism’s
Habitat
Anatomy
Physiology
Life cycle
Behaviors or responses to the
environment
TIPS IN
WRITING THE
REVIEW OF
RELATED
LITERATURE
10. 3. Provide detailed information in
areas that are directly applicable to
the study.
4. If you are using more than one
organism, provide information on
each.
5. Based on the given information,
predict how you think the
organism will act in your
experiment.
TIPS IN
WRITING THE
REVIEW OF
RELATED
LITERATURE
11. B. BEHAVIOR
1.Briefly describe the
Type of behavior
Primary factors influencing the
behavior
Value of the behavior
Methods for describing the
behavior
2. Identify critical factors.
3. If you have more than one type
of behavior, describe similarities
and differences.
TIPS IN
WRITING THE
REVIEW OF
RELATED
LITERATURE
12. 4. Based on the given information,
predict how you think the
organism will act in your
experiment.
C. PROCESS/PROCEDURES
1.Describe the purpose of the
process, the major steps, where it
occurs, and how it relates to the
experiment.
2. If more than one process is
involved, provide information on
each process.
3.Based on the given information,
predict how you think the
organism will act in your
experiment.
TIPS IN
WRITING THE
REVIEW OF
RELATED
LITERATURE
13. D. MATTER
1.Briefly describe the substance’s
chemical composition and/or
common name, formula, physical
properties, chemical properties,
method of production and uses.
2. Provide detailed information on
characteristics that are directly
applicable to the study.
TIPS IN
WRITING THE
REVIEW OF
RELATED
LITERATURE
15. 1. If less than 40 words are borrowed
verbatimly, put the borrowed words
under quotation marks and as part of
the text.
1.If more than 40 words are used,
separate the copied sentences in the
main paragraph of the text and flush
it 0.5 to 1 inch and never enclosed it
in quotation marks.
2.Always indicate the source or apply
in-text citation and indicate also the
page of the source where the
verbatimly words or sentences or
paragraph was lifted.
3.After each quoted sentences or
paragraph, follow it up with the
author’s or researcher’s
interpretation.
RULES IN
USING QUOTES
16.
17. Example:
3.1 The rural livelihood approach
Since the main theme of my research is on the workings of
agency, specifically on actors involved in the development of
butterfly livelihood in rural Philippines, it is worth mentioning
the principles and frameworks of rural livelihood from where I
derived some concepts and ideas in drawing up the theoretical
framework.
A lot of discussions on issues of livelihoods, e.g. approaches,
have been discussed in various texts, especially on the issues of
sustainable development (Chambers & Conway, 1992).
Drawing on Chambers‟ & Conway‟s (1992) definition and as
cited by Carney (1998) and Scoones (1998): “A livelihood
comprises the capabilities, assets [both material and social
resources] and activities required for a means of living. A
livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from
stresses and shocks maintain or enhance its capabilities and
assets, while not undermining the natural resource base.”
This part of Literature Review was lifted from:
Labay, P.M. (2005). The social history of a hobby that turned into a livelihood
strategy: The case of butterfly livelihood in rural Philippines (Master‟s thesis:
Wageningen University & Research Centrum, The Netherlands).
Introduction
Body
Cite the
concept or
theory
18. The IDS sustainable rural livelihoods‟ framework cited in the paper of
Scoones (1998) and Carney (1998), they mention the following key
terms: … “Given with particular context [e.g. policy setting, politics,
history, agro ecology and socio-economic conditions], what
combination of livelihood resources result in the ability to follow what
combination of livelihood strategies [e.g. agricultural intensification /
extensification and livelihood diversification] with what outcomes [e.g.
income, security, well-being, sustainable use of resources and other
productive and reproductive goals].? Of particular interest in this
framework are the institutional processes [embedded in a matrix of
formal and informal institutions and organizations] which mediate the
ability to carry out such strategies and achieve (or not) such
outcomes.”
Therefore, it can be noted that the context, which includes the
structures and processes (laws, policies, institutions, norms and
values) constitute also the trends, shocks and stresses that affect
individuals‟ decisions and actions, positively and negatively.
In addition, Ellis (1998) says that, “A livelihood encompasses the
income generating activities pursued by individuals and their
households, and the social institutions, intra-household relations, and
mechanisms of access to resources through the livelihood‟s life cycle.”
In contrast, the Wageningen approach to rural development focuses
on the actors‟ ability and skills as important dimensions for livelihood
development—the human ingenuity to adapt to stress and shock
refers to his „agency‟.
Cite
other
concepts
Critique
the
concepts
Contrast
the
concepts
19. This approach is known as the actor-oriented approach of
Norman Long. Central to this approach is „agency‟, which refers
to “attributes of individual actor, his capacity to process social
experiences and to devise ways of coping with life, even under
the most extreme forms of coercion” (Long & Long (1992).
Furthermore, Long (2002) states that, “values and meanings
are culturally constructed by actors as they follow and practice
their individual choices [vis-a-vis chosen livelihood activities],
thereby generating „new cultural standards‟.
It is emphasized therefore that whatever the case is, it is the
„agency‟ that serves as the hinge between actors, within a
group, household, community, market and structure.
Haan (2000) further defines structure as “the shell in which the
five capitals (human, social, natural, physical and financial
capital) are embedded. The structure has three parts: A social
that consists of the rules that govern common norms and
values, an economic that is defined by the forces of supply and
demand, and a political part that is expressed by power
relations.” He further states that “though structure often
determines the direction of the outcome, structure may also
change through agency.”
Contrast the
concepts
Come-up with
your stand
Cite further
in support to
your stand
20. As such, Long‟s actor-oriented approach for rural livelihood
development is more useful in the analysis of this study. Based
from previous information, though optimistic, the butterfly
livelihood in Marinduque was told as an outcome of actors‟
interests and ingenuity [e.g. Romeo Lumawig‟s interest to
discover new specimens named after him, Angelito and
Grelando‟s perseverance to improve the breeding techniques
introduced to them by Nishiyama], despite the limits of capital
assets [e.g. financial, physical, human (preferably education),
etc.], uncertainty [e.g. market, social relations, etc.] and other
constraints [e.g. village people‟s pressure, state intervention,
etc.]. The actors, like the Layron brothers are not stopped by
these limitations, they are continuously strategizing to solve
problems, intervene in social events and observe how others
react to their actions.
Connect the
concepts to
your research
work
Conclusion
21. FORMAT or STYLE OF
CITING RELATED
STUDIES
-for published works,
mention the relevant
information, then enclose in
parenthesis the author and
year of the publication.
A. Single Author
B. Two Authors
C. Multiple authors
FORMAT or
STYLE OF
CITING
RELATED
STUDIES
22.
23. There are two places in research paper where referencing
is placed: as cited in Chapter II and in the Reference List
or Bibliography
24. Traditional knowledge is tacit
(Rahman, 2000; Dowie, 2008), local
and unique from culture to culture, as
is transmitted orally (Ellen & Harris,
1996; World Bank, 1999; Sillitoe,
2000; Striplen & DeWeerdt, 2002;
Oguamanam, 2008). It is not
necessarily indigenous, but indigenous
knowledge is part of it (World
Intellectual Property Organisation,
1999).
Single author: Just indicate
the surname of author and the
copyright year of publication
Two authors: Surname of
authors with ampersand (&)
and the copyright year of
publication
Name of organisation as
author
In the work of Ames, et al. (1993) as
well as that of Barros, et al. (2007),
mushrooms, especially among
Basidiomycetes were found to have
secondary metabolites of phenolic
compounds. These can protect the
body organs against oxidation and
can premature ageing (Ames, et al.,
1993).
More than two authors :
Surname of first or senior
author followed by et al.
(italized). It is a Latin word “et
alia” which means “and
others”.
Notice: comma
Notice: period and no
comma
Notice: period and comma
25. Ames, B.M., Shigenaga, M.K., & Hagen, T.M. (1993). Oxidants, antioxidants and the
degenerative diseases of aging. Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences,
90:7915–7922.
Barros, L.; Ferreira, M.-J.; Queirós, B.; Ferreira, I.C. & Baptista, P. (2007). Total phenols,
ascorbic acid, β-carotene and lycopene in Portuguese wild edible mushrooms and
their antioxidant activities. Food Chemistry, 103:314–419.
Dowie, J. (2008). Western science and traditional knowledge—No gap to bridge.
Environmental Knowledge for Change, UNEP/GRID-Arendal. Retrieved 23
March 2009 from, http://www.grida.no/ publications/et/pt/page/2579.aspx
Ellen, R. & Harris, H. (1996). Concepts of indigenous environmental knowledge in
scientific and development studies literature - A critical assessment; draft paper
East-West Environmental Linkages Network Workshop 3. Canterbury:
University of Kent.
World Intellectual Property Organisation (1999). Intellectual property needs and
expectations of traditional knowledge holders. WIPO Report on Fact-Finding
Mission on Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge.
References Cited or Reference List
More than 3 authors, from Proceedings
Single author, from website or internet
Two authors, from a university paper
Organisation as author, from an
26. Traditional knowledge is tacit (Rahman,
2000; Dowie, 2008), local and unique from
culture to culture, as is transmitted orally
(Ellen & Harris, 1996; World Bank, 1999;
Sillitoe, 2000; Striplen & DeWeerdt, 2002;
Oguamanam, 2008).
Multiple authors for a single
idea:
Arrange them by copyright
year starting with the oldest
to the latest.
Its contribution in saving the lives of many
people is undeniable; especially those who
are living in far flung areas that are away
from ‘professional’ health services (Anon,
2000).
If of the same year, then enter
them alphabetically
The study followed the works of Brown
(1954); De Padua, et al. (1977); Quisumbing
(1978); Obligacion, et al. (1980-1981); Duke
(1990); Cantoria (1994), De Guzman, et al.
(1998) and PCHRD (1998).
“Anon” stands for
“Anonymous” author
27.
28.
29.
30.
31. Reference List: Basic Rules
Your references should begin on a new page separate from the
text of the essay; label this page References (with no quotation
marks, underlining, etc.), centered at the top of the page. It should
be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.
Basic Rules
1. All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list
should be indented or make hanging 0.5 inch from the left
margin.
2. Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name
and initials for all authors of a particular work unless the
work has more than six authors. If the work has more than
six authors, list the first six authors and then use et al. after
the sixth author's name to indicate the rest of the authors.
3. Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name
of the first author of each work.
32. 4. If you have more than one article by the same author, single-
author references or multiple-author references with the
exact same authors in the exact same order are listed in
order by the year of publication, starting with the earliest.
5. When referring to any work that is NOT a journal, such as a
book, article, or Web page, capitalize only the first letter of
the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a
colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not
capitalize the first letter of the second word in a
hyphenated compound word.
6. Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
7. Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
8. Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of
shorter works, such as journal articles or essays in edited
collections.
33. The following rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors
apply to all APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the type of
work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.)
Single Author
Last name first, followed by author initials.
Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development.
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.
Two Authors
List by their last names and initials. Use the ampersand instead of "and."
Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective
states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality &
Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.
Three to Six Authors
List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last
author name is preceded again by ampersand.
Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993).
There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The
importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.
34. More Than Six Authors
If there are more than six authors, list the first six as above and then "et al.,"
which stands for "and others." Remember not to place a period after "et" in "et
al."
Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al.
(2001). Writing labs and the Hollywood connection. Journal of Film
and Writing, 44(3), 213-245.
Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year
If you are using more than one reference by the same author (or the same group
of authors listed in the same order) published in the same year, organize them in
the reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter. Then assign
letter suffixes to the year. Refer to these sources in your essay as they appear in
your reference list, e.g.: "Berdnt (1981a) makes similar claims...―
Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions
and behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17, 408-416.
Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and
behavior. Child Development, 52, 636-643.
35. Reference List: Articles in Periodicals
Basic Form
APA style dictates that authors are named last name followed by initials;
publication year goes between parentheses, followed by a period. The title of the
article is in sentence-case, meaning only the first word and proper nouns in the title
are capitalized. The periodical title is run in title case, and is followed by the
volume number which, with the title, is also italicized or underlined.
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages.
Article in Journal Paginated by Volume
Journals that are paginated by volume begin with page one in issue one, and
continue numbering issue two where issue one ended, etc.
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles.
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.
Article in Journal Paginated by Issue
Journals paginated by issue begin with page one every issue; therefore, the issue
number gets indicated in parentheses after the volume. The parentheses and issue
number are not italicized or underlined.
Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(30), 5-13.
36. Article in a Magazine
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time,
135, 28-31.
Article in a Newspaper
Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper
reference in APA style. Single pages take p., e.g., p. B2; multiple pages take pp.,
e.g., pp. B2, B4 or pp. C1, C3-C4.
Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies.
The Country Today, pp. 1A, 2A.
Letter to the Editor
Moller, G. (2002, August). Ripples versus rumbles [Letter to the editor].
Scientific American, 287(2), 12.
Review
Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book
The self-knower: A hero under control ]. Contemporary Psychology, 38,
466-467.
37. Multivolume Work
Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary of the history of ideas (Vols. 1-4). New
York: Scribner's.
Encyclopedia Americana (2008) Electricity (Vol. 3) New York: Phoenix Pub.
An Entry in An Encyclopedia with author
Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The New Encyclopedia Britannica (Vol.
26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Thesis / Dissertation Abstract
Yoshida, Y. (2001). Essays in urban transportation (Doctoral dissertation,
Boston College, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International, 62,
7741A.
Government Document
National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental
illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office.
Report From a Private Organization
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice guidelines for the treatment
of patients with eating disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Author.
38. Conference Proceedings
Schnase, J.L., & Cunnius, E.L. (Eds.). (1995). Proceedings from CSCL '95: The
First International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative
Learning. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Reference List: Electronic Sources
Article From an Online Periodical
Online articles follow the same guidelines for printed articles. Include all
information the online host makes available, including an issue number in
parentheses.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of
Online Periodical, volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved
month day, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart: For People
Who Make Websites, 149. Retrieved May 2, 2006, from
http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving
39. Online Scholarly Journal Article
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of
Journal, volume number. Retrieved month day, year, from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal
of Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved February 20, 2001, from
http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html
Reference List: Other Non-Print Sources
Interviews, Email, and Other Personal Communication
No personal communication is included in your reference list; instead,
parenthetically cite the communicators name, the fact that it was personal
communication, and the date of the communication in your main text only.
(E. Robbins, pers. comm., January 4, 2001).
A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style
(pers. comm., November 3, 2002).
40. Motion Picture
Basic reference list format:
Producer, P. P. (Producer) & Director, D.D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title
of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio or
distributor.
Note: If a movie or video tape is not available in wide distribution, add the
following to your citation after the country of origin: (Available from Distributor
name, full address and zip code).
A Motion Picture or Video Tape with International or National Availability
Smith, J.D. (Producer) & Smithee, A.F. (Director). (2001). Really big disaster
movie [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.
41. A Motion Picture or Video Tape with Limited Availability
Harris, M. (Producer), & Turley, M. J. (Director). (2002). Writing labs: A history
[Motion picture]. (Available from Purdue University Pictures, 500 Oval
Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907)
Television Broadcast or Series Episode
Producer, P. P. (Producer). (Date of broadcast or copyright). Title of broadcast
[Television broadcast or Television series]. City of origin: Studio or
distributor.
Single Episode of a Television Series
Writer, W. W. (Writer), & Director, D.D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title
of episode [Television series episode]. In P. Producer (Producer), Series
title. City of origin: Studio or distributor.
42. A Television Series
Bellisario, D.L. (Producer). (1992). Exciting action show [Television series].
Hollywood: American Broadcasting Company.
Music Recording
Songwriter, W. W. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if
different from song writer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording].
Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date).
Taupin, B. (1975). Someone saved my life tonight [Recorded by Elton John]. On
Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy [CD]. London: Big Pig
Music Limited.
